diff --git "a/models/MM-CoT-UnifiedQA-base-Rationale/predictions_ans_eval.json" "b/models/MM-CoT-UnifiedQA-base-Rationale/predictions_ans_eval.json" --- "a/models/MM-CoT-UnifiedQA-base-Rationale/predictions_ans_eval.json" +++ "b/models/MM-CoT-UnifiedQA-base-Rationale/predictions_ans_eval.json" @@ -1,8488 +1,3 @@ -{ - "preds": [ - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Herrera's snoring..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the sturgeon.nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The sturgeon uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment of the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the ocean.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe armored catfish hass mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe discus hass mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding. The", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nDuring the construction of Mount Rushmore, approximately eight hundred million pounds of rock from the mountain to create the monument.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nDuring the construction of Mount Rushmore, approximately eight hundred million pounds of rock from from from the mountain to create the monument..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is A Breath of Fresh Air..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nChicago is known as The Windy City, But on average, the wind there only blows at about 10 miles per hour.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind wind patterns in Chicago. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bald eagle.nThe bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Zealand falcon has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe sable has shortofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on land ground..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 103 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The's volume is 1.08 x 1012 km3, which is less than 1.08 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars..", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase kissing. It describes the fansdrops as if they were people kiss affection..", - "Solution: an event starts, it ground getss. ground \" means from the Latin below' surfaceiceke. word earth changes shake or it word earthquake means ground start.nWhenits start in.'s surface.", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Lithops bromfieldii is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the red-tailed hawk.nThe red-tailed hawk has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the red-tailed hawk cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Cape vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.nThe sand martin has a short, thick beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The sand martin uses its beak to eat insects and other small vertebrates that.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an ancient, exhausted dog is not from an energetic puppy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.nIn thea biblical parable, the prodigal son turnssponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 40 liters.n40 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest north..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are hard.nA softbouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All of the objects are bouncy.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are soft.nThe property that all three objects have in common is soft..", - "Solution: Seed plants have seeds. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds grows around the seeds. The, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Seeds can come made and small. Seed means seed can big.nTheds can come in shapes shapes. But seeds seeds are black and thin. TheynTheds can come in different shapes. But seeds seeds are black..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the armored catfish.nThe armored catfish's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The armored catfish uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment of the bottom of the, lakes.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe clownsturgeon hass mouth is located on the underside of its head. points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe clown triggerfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding. The", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 41\u00b0F.n41\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA lemon has a sour taste. Both objects are sour.nAotato chips have a salty taste. Both is not salty.nThe property that both objects have in common is saltsour..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Consumers eat other organisms. So, in are arrows in a food web that point from other organisms to consumers.nThe barren-ground caribou has an arrow pointing to it from the barrebil. The, the barren-ground caribou is a consumer.nThe bear sedge has not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bear sedge is a producer. not a consumer..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 95 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Sasha's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Sasha's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nOur dog Rusty had rolled around in the mud, so we gave him a bath..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black eyes or red eyes, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for red eyes, is dominant over the e allele, which is for black eyes.nBlack eyes is the recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. A koi fish with the recessive version of the eye color trait must have only recessive alleles for the eye color gene. So, offspring with black eyes must have the genotype ee.nThere 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ee.nBlackd eyes is the rece allele", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the shopping bag that is heavier.nA shopping bag holding 4 pounds of food is heavier than a shopping bag holding 4 pounds of food. So, the bag holding 5 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other bag..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The axial skeleton is made part of human skeleton that forms up the head and torso. It is the bones, vertebral column, and rib cage. It", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Richard''t be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though Richard uncle was't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Richard can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMalaysia is located in Southeast Asia. The arrival of a storm brought dark clouds on the first day of June.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual that on Malaysia on the first This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a physical change. The salt and vinegar change into tarnish into a different type of matter than is be easily removedwiped away.. is the penny look shiny again..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLhasa is a city in the high mountains of Tibet. The winds there were blowing at 30 miles per hour this morning.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind direction in Lhasa this morning. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince import is not the guide words ill - industry, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Tyler is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, Mid Midas died the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily becoming wealth from nothing..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nWhilesthough presidential elections take place in early November, a president's term does not begin until the end of January..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is billion km3, which is less than 160 billion km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words made and made rhyme. They both end with the i sound.nThe word made does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Tim is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Noah was upset about staying home. Noah was upset upsetlucky because hishe had't study his friends at the water park..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Thecakes are made from pancake batter. Pan different pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is thickt and we. Cooked pancakes are soft and crispy be good to eat!nRust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Theygen in the air reacts with oxygen in the frame frame. The of the frame breaks black a different type of matter. rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a bicycle frame is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Burmese python has the following traits:nIt has featherscaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA burmese python does not have all of the traits of a bird. A burmese python is a reptile.nA peregrine falcon has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA peregrine falcon has the traits of a bird. A peregrine falcon is a bird..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt got down to 3\u00b0C in Athens, Greece, last night.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Athens last night. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A graylican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nP gray tree frog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: Ans use different organizational structures to organize their ideas in different. To to read these structures can help you better better the different between ideas in al texts. can use use these structures to organize your own writing.nA compare-effect structure presents causes and the effects of a particular event. event, or topic. This structure is uses words or phrases to as \", for, because,a result, or to, or conflictly,nA problem-contrast structure presents different andcomparisons) and differences (contrasts) to different or more things. This structure usually uses words and phrases such as like, but, in in different same way.for examplecomparing) and even different other hand, in order, or in.for examplecomparing).nThe problem-solution structure presents a list and ways or more choices solutions. structure often uses words such as compare, problem, answer, or, or answer.nThe problem structure presents a series of words that happens in a sequential order. This structure usually uses words words and times, words such as:, second, and, and, and last. text uses a compare-solution structure to organize the the I. M. Pei designedized the Louvre Palace underground and wasreflected the old building.. the 1970, the words such phrases are organize organize ideas in a compare-solution structure.. that words like to, thely,.", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mariana must be recklessa reckless driver, because her brother is recklessa reckless driver. However, even though Mariana's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Mariana is reckless too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the scarlet macaw.nThe scarlet macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The scarlet macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Alexandrine parakeet has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe blue rock pigeon has a short, thick beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones for reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nWhen seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When polla seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. When pollen lands on a female cone, it can called fertilizination.. is shows the blowing pollen from male cones onto thea female dar tree.nPhotosynthesis is when grow photo from carbon dioxide, and water from sunlight to make sugar..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None three objects are stretchy.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None rubber gum and the band are not rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is stretchy..", - "Solution: In freezes, its is through a physical change. The shape', a solid to a chemical.", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Chelonoidis nigra is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Australia America or Australia..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Hoffman is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAntze alligator is ana reptile. Like other reptiles, a Yangtze alligator is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAn atlas moth is an insect. Like other insects, an atlas moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 22\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLarge thunderstorms, called supercells, often bring large clouds. Oklahoma often experiences violent storms during the summer months.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of violent cover in Oklahoma. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses to linesarrows to show dots that are related. This bubble map shows traits of characters from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. It also includes quotations from the characters that show these traits.nVanitynd the quotation \"Vanity, not love, has been my folly\" shows the bubble map. also shown connected to Daral. and is stubborn connected to Elizabeth'., Elizabeth quotation \" Dar Elizabeth is judgmental..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 12 ounces.n12 pounds and 12 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUn euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nTheever, I think, do there embrace is an understatement, since it can are already in have embracet embrace it about all..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the burlap sack is the most flexible. If you fold burlap,, it will not break..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRebecca wants broccoli. Damon wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Easter is an important holiday in Christianity.. consider believe Christianity are called Christians..", - "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence iss a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kevin, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kevin, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the nautilus.nThe nautilus has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The hard shell makes it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the nautilus.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe queen conch has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe collared dove has soft furs covering its body. Its body is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word winked. It describes the stars as if they were people who up in wonderingg them..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The child pushes the button. The direction of the push is away from his finger..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the following statement describe the Gobi Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. It has a small amount of rain or snow. It has warm, cold winters. The following statement does not describe the Gobi Desert: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. It has warm summers and mild winters..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with fuzzy leaves or smooth leaves, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the leaf texture trait. The question tells you that the L allele, which is for fuzzy leaves, is dominant over the l allele, which is for smooth leaves.nFuture leaves is the dominant allele's version of the leaf texture trait. A summer squash plant with the dominant version of the leaf texture trait must have at least one dominant allele for the leaf texture gene. So, offspring with fuzzy leaves must have the genotype LL or Ll.nAll are boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype LL or Ll. boxes are shown below.nThereweooth leaves is", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pot is between the guide words pile - push, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nebraska is farthest west..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.nThe restaurant reviews on this website are not exactly disinterested\u2014restaurants can pay to remove unflattering reviews\u2014but Patrick still finds it useful for finding new places to eat.nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.nPatrick is disinterested in reading page after page of restaurant reviews on the Internet; he prefers to try out new restaurants for himself and make up his own mind.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Professor Chang's research isntrustworthy because another else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this misn't necessarily true. This researcher of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Kryptonite is comica comicalnInryptonite, and theman,s father,, is known that is make or scale's strength andnThe allusion Kryptonite means a person of strength..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Perfume does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, perfume is not a mineral..", - "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines halfway between 80 and 120. So, the temperature is 70\u00b0F..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction.nDespite the early morning, I drank tea by a spice stall as the Turkish bazaar came to life..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, miss. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A greatbug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA crown blue heron is ana bird. Like other birds, a great blue heron is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other birdsfishes, a crown jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Jinx has two alleles for not having agouti fur (a). So, Jinx's genotype for the agouti fur gene is aa..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Indiana is farthest west..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is poor in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Monongahela National Forest has warm, wet summers. It also has only a few types of trees..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A red-tailed gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGy geckos have teeth on their toes. These pads help them stay trees trees and rocks.nA redfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live near called emones. They the video of the clownfish, the can see the red-emone in the treefish.nA Bang-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nF red-eyed tree frog has mois pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog stay on to roots.nA leafgai cardinalfish is a rep. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish live live near coral reefs. They activenocturnal. but means that they are active mostly at night..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,090 kilograms.n6,090 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A redrobin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic America..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 275 gallons.n275 fluid ounces and 275 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word men ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! G properties of gneiss match the properties of a rock. So, gneiss is a rock..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Oliver has two alleles for having agouti fur (A). So, Oliver's genotype for the agouti fur gene is AA..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that 7 out of the five planets are made mainly of rock. So, four-four of or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Davida man man named David andtrieslays Goliath, a man of warrior, in his more than a sling and a spear.nThe allusion David and Goliath means a twoqual rivals..", - "Solution: Chemical is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nB you scrape off the brown part of the apple, the inside will still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change has't happen to that part of the apple.nBleaching clothes is a chemical change. The dyeings with bleach brownodor and the clothes. But dye forms the colorstains of types of matter. was away the.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jayden wants or needs:nJayden will spend more money. Plane tickets for Jayden to get to Nevada are more expensive than tickets to Connecticut..", - "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Kibale National Forest has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 24 millimeters.n24 millimeters, too short. 24 kilometers and 24 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A golden frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nF bison is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Kylie, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Kylie down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Kylie up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kylie..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nGraph brick is made by humans. But minerals are not made by humans things.nQu brick is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nGraph, a brick is not a mineral.nQuartrtz is a mineral.nQuite is a mineral..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a bike path is 3 kilometers.n3 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each speedboat moved for 10 hours. The speedboat that moved 360 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAugar has a sweet taste. All three objects are sweet.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The chip and the bars are not fuzzy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The chocolate bar and not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sweet..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Malachite has all the properties of a mineral. So, malachite is a mineral..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that 7 out of the five planets are made mainly of rock. So, four-four of or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Humanies get their skin color from their parents. So, Regan's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 75 centimeters.n75 meters is too long..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But ita different type of matter is not formed.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw egg are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBotelting glass is a physical change. But cooking an egg is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBotoking an egg is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None rope and the are not fragile.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. All silk beam and the silk are not stretchy.nA fragile opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 70 centimeters.n70 meters and 70 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nUganda is an African country near the equator. It has large forests which are humid during April and May each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of humidity in Uganda. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a goat is 75 pounds.n75 ounces is too light and 75 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: unusual the only one of its kind.nThe Supreme warning, the reading of rights given to a suspect by police prior to questioning, is not unique to the United States; a number of other countries have equivalent rights, including Australia, South Africa, Switzerland, Thailand, and Kazakhstan.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unusual or unusual. The v. Arizona, quite of thea kind Supreme Court decisions have have had for law enforcement. only only had quite unique of a kind. its it. was not considered to know that thea you to considered or law authorityarbitraryd ho.ands the cases way or few or or even unusual.and is not not used intraditionally usednThe Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona, which led to the institution of the Miranda warning, was quite unique in that it had significant implications for law enforcement. Only a handful of Supreme Court decisions have had such an impact on daily police procedure..nTheost style guides recommend to avoid the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest west..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word warglared at. It describes the sun as if it were a person who human appearance or..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Bob or his brother.nBob had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nBob's brother wasn't feeling well, so Bob had to stay home with him..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, practices. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Nancy wants or needs:nNancy will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a play. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan transforms to theland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who loves't take on adult responsibilities..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the ceramic mug is harder. If you press on a ceramic of ceramic, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest north..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 485 milliliters.n485 liters is too much..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Oceans of the Mind..", - "Solution: An ecosystem includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Kaeng Krachan National Park has year-round warm temperatures. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Can My Sunshine\" A TV show should be in italics.nThe correct title is **You Can't Do That on Television**..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the black-bellied whistling duck.nThe black-bellied whistling duck has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. The it swims, the black-bellied whistling duck uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe purplelava gull has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe purple gallinule has web to thin toes. its to. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The purple gallinule uses its feet to walk and land rocks. in land ground of water water..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A other spiders, a salmon-curling spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA salmon is a fish. Like other fish, a salmon does a backbone..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Chinese alligator has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA Chinese alligator does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Chinese alligator is a reptile.nA blue-footed boobie has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA blue-footed boobie does the traits of a bird. A blue-footed boobie is a bird..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nHe verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old year has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nIn inty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nPaul was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Paul, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Paul..", - "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nManuelel noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.nThis passage tells you about the clouds Manuel saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: help alive, you cells must move food and oxygen. Animals also need carbon dioxide waste a waste that is be removed. animal's circul system circulatory systems work together to help this jobs.nThe animal's respiratory and breaks up of manys that carry together to help matter oxygenated. the animal. This circul system breaks helpss waste dioxide waste from the body's body. This animals use a, help oxygen, oxygen dioxide waste other animal. Other animals have lungsills to collect oxygen and carbon dioxide waste oxygen.nThen animal's circulatory system breaks made up of organs that are together to remove oxygen and the body. The circul helps blood through the vessels to the body. The flows through vessels, blood breaks oxygen to and, the, and oxygen. the. helpss waste. carbon carbon dioxide, blood moves releasedpumped to the bodybowel, intestinills, it releases carbon dioxide waste oxygens carbon. circulatory system breaks nutrients to nutrients, and nutrients. the. It helps helps remove carbon dioxide waste from.nThe circulatory system does not break down food into small pieces.. is is not by the digestive system.. the heart system breaks down food into the vessels and the bodyboweles are carbon waste that the body.. circul vessels goescarries oxygen nutrients to the in the body..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Granodiorite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, granodiorite is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince wild is between the guide words well - word, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mumble is not between the guide words medicine - mid, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nAn African elephant has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has thin.nAn African elephant does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. An African elephant is ana mammal.nA gray tree frog has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA gray tree frog does the traits of an amphibian. A gray tree frog is amphibian..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black-headed gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus ridibundus.nChroicocephalus ridibundus has in the same genus as Chroicocephalus serranus, but they are not in the same species.nCganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Chroicocephalus serranus are different species within the same genus.nCroicocephalus ridibundus has the same scientific name as a black-headed gull. So, these organisms are in the same species.nCrocodylus moreletii does not have the same scientific name as a black-headed gull. So, Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Crocodylus moreletii are not in the same species..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Roxie's observable version of the fur color trait is black fur. So, Roxie's phenotype for the fur color trait is black fur..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A domesticaw is ana bird. Like other birds, a macaw is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA giant pig is a birdmmal. Like other mammals, a domestic pig is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA giant wood wasp is insect. Like other insects, a giant wood wasp is invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA tokay gecko is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a tokay gecko is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two basketballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the basketball with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nMr. Everett cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Everett washes the car..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Charles Bridge spans the Vltava River in Prague. Winters are windy in Prague, with average wind speeds of 11 miles per hour in December, January, and February.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Prague. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that rainbow should in for making team' the team team. However, even though there rainbow made the team, basketball basketball,, that doesn't necessarily mean that I player will not. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Jayla is from Springdale now she lives in Dover is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Jayla is from Springdale and Now she lives in Dover..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A small house has a more positive connotation. A small house is, but cozy is not and quiet..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A marbled salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.nTaricha granulosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha togranulosa are not in the same species.nAmbystoma opacum has the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same species..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the opalescent nudibranch.nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the opalescent nudibranch is toxic and dangerous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe flamboyant cuttlefish has a toxicous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe impala has gray-brown skin covering Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the pizza to the surroundings..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratch object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The is not.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The tent is scratch scratchy..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 28 meters.n28 millimeters, 28 centimeters are too short. 28 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Look at the map.nThe map1700 points point the map point that the were from different from each locations.nThe, the involved in the triangular trade.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 26 liters.n26 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (andold). gota lot).). etc).).nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Cracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut crack breaks open breaks inside becomes out. But the still made of the same type of matter as.", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Gypsum does all the properties of a mineral. So, gypsum is a mineral..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe feathercrocodile egg fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the feathercrocodile egg fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that President Ballard is an effective communicator because he speakss well. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An axolotl's scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum.nTbystoma mexicanum has the same scientific name as an axolotl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nTaellia sasanqua does not have the same scientific name as an axolotl. So, Ambystoma mexicanum and Camellia sasanqua are not in the same species.nTigrisoma mexicanum does not the same scientific within its genus as an axolotl. but they are not in the same genus. Both do not have the same scientific name as an other. So, Am organisms are in in the same species..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25\u00b0C and 20\u00b0C.n10\u00b0C is within this range.n10\u00b0C and 10\u00b0C are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince generally is between the guide words giraffe - grade, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Asygen in the air reacts with oxygen in the bicycle frame. The of the frame breaks into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.nGrilling a hamburger is a chemical change. The causes the grill causes the matter in the meat to change. Cooked meat and raw meat are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitheroking isa hamburger is caused by", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nUsing a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard is a physical change. The the iron and the magnet are still made of the same type of matter as before.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread make make up the apron change a different shape, but it type of matter in each of them does not change.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air inside a balloon iss to fill the space inside the balloon. But you air expands, the air will expand into fill alla space larger space..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 16 milliliters.n16 liters is too much..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: made the only one of its kind.nElise made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unusual or unusual. Elise wanted have been searching for unusual name, but its she browse it on a baby name website, it would not actually one of a kind.nElise wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nMike grew too many pumpkins, so he sold the extras at the market..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Thor has two alleles for a black coat (A). So, Thor's genotype for the coat pattern gene is AA..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest east..", - "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of ana change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince direction is not between the guide words do - duty, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A simple is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.nOpen had an old token for my subway fare, but the new system only accepts paper fare cards..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Fromia monilis is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nFromia monilis is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that necklace sea star is the common name..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nNative gold is a mineral.nBararyte is a mineral.nWood is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, wood is not a mineral.", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"J\" is incorrect.nJoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, May has the lowest average precipitation..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest east..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European nightjar's scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus.nLeyto alba does not have the same scientific name as a European nightjar. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Tyto alba are not in the same species.nLepus europaeus does not the same scientific within its genus as a European nightjar. but they are not in the same genus. Both do not have the same scientific name as other. So, Ca organisms are in in the same species.nLerimulgus europaeus has the same scientific name as a European nightjar. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second text message is more formal. It uses more sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Wyatt). The other text message uses more casual language and sentence fragments..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the thorny devil.nThe thorny devil has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator. The spines can damage a predator that tries to bite the thorny devil.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe porcupine has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator.nThe lesser bushbaby has soft fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted to hurting an attacking predator..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the gerenuk.nThe look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe chital has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for reaching high branches. ThenThe bison has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for reaching high branches. The bison useseats small leaves. The", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bird moved 15 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other bird moved 15 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 25 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince proud is between the guide words page - pie, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a blender is 60 fluid ounces.n60 cups and 60 gallons are both too much..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk changes changes. The type matter is is made gives the milk its sour taste.nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat of matter in the marshmallow of the marshmallow changes. The thea marshmallow gets roasted, the turns brown and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitheroasting is caused by heating. But milk going sour is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nAugar has a sweet taste. The is is sweet.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The cake batter is not bouncy..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest west..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Vincenta..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the lar gibbon.nThe lar gibbon uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe redchimpanzee has long thin limbs. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe red-necked wallaby has long arms and long legs. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The red-necked wallaby uses on hopping on legs..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince survey is not between the guide words shampoo - silly, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a soccer field is 115 cent.n115 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years suggests that Mr. Chen is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words by is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Step by Wicked Step..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 60\u00b0C pot of spaghetti sauce is colder than the 60\u00b0C pot of spaghetti sauce, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Mia is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the story president who the Civilary War wastrayed the country in thefought for the United..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMunich, a city in Germany, receives a small amount of snow each year during the winter.nThe passage tells you about the usual pattern of snowation in Munich. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when you press on it withnLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton head band is softer. If you squeeze cotton,, it will change shape..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if methane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for carbon. F for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that methane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, methane is a compound..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctic America..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nEdward lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature where Edward lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Julian literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Julian's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Julian's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the malachite sunbird.nThe malachite sunbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The malachite sunbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe violet sabrewing has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe snowy owl has a short, beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The snowy owl uses its beak to through leaves..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overalang (ace).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Dolerite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, dolerite is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A North American beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Castor.nHlouatta caraya is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta caraya and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nThis organism and the North American beaver are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Castor canadensis..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nI pretend to be a knight, and Jeanette pretends to be an astronaut..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis.nLlouatta palliata does not have the same scientific name as an agile wallaby. So, Macropus agilis and Alouatta palliata are not in the same species.nMacropus agilis has the same scientific name as an agile wallaby. So, these organisms are in the same species.nLontra canadensis does not have the same scientific name as an agile wallaby. So, Macropus agilis and Lontra canadensis are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, take. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: The Middle Middle Colonies were the blue on the map:nThe theial times, the and the called the \" Col ColCounties. the east River which Lower Lower Counties on short. PennsylvanianThe York was the of the New that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont the Hampshire and Newa state Hampshire colony, claimed claimed the area..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA slippery object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The is flexible.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The spring is not slippery..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: The passage says the besmallest birdhummingbird is called the bee hummingbird. It", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Lithops bromfieldii is a plant. Plant cells make make their own food. Plant cells make their by energysynthesis..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Kayla has actually been told this a million times..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the clay tile is harder. If you press on tile, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperchiasmus, an obvious in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nAll third half of the sentence reverses the order of the words all for one for to the first half..", - "Solution: This country is Palau..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The theater is in column 1..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest east..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLacey wants broccoli. Martin wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nLee took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea.nAfo viridis does not have the same scientific name as a green tree frog. So, Hyla cinerea and Bufo viridis are not in the same species.nAyla cinerea has the same scientific name as a green tree frog. So, these organisms are in the same species.nAtusus zeteki does not have the same scientific name as a green tree frog. So, Hyla cinerea and Atelopus zeteki are not in the same species..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The man man pushes the other. The direction of the push is away from his hands..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A greenhammerhead shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nToammerhead sharks can their name from the word of their heads. They use s wide, flat head and a long head.nA western chameleon is a birdtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nChameleons liveeat fish, They have their tail thin fingerss to keep fish prey.nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish live live near coral reefs. They dive nocturnal, which means they they are active mostly at night..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a strawberry is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a strawberry something you can touch? Yes.nIs a strawberry a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a strawberry is a good..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Will is overweight..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Oxalis acetosella is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overbreviations language (T).).nThe first sentence uses not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal overall.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"J\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mayv\" is incorrect.nChuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, May has the lowest average precipitation..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince symbol is between the guide words shy - spool, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe Atacama Desert in Chile is one of the driest places on Earth. It has an average precipitation of only 1.5 centimeters per year.nThe passage tells you about the usual precipitation pattern the Atacama Desert. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the ladle or the gravy bowl.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the ladle.nMr. Garza was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took the ladle away..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. An icicle forming on the edge of a roof is a physical of state. So, it is a physical change. Thequid water ands and becomes solid, but it is still made of water.. different type of matter is not formed..", - "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All and flexible, but the potato chips and not.nA salt object is not scratchy or rough. All potato chips are the potato are not smooth.nAotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with the forms.nMr. Warren wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCor giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have ana hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A grasspig is ana mammal. Like other mammals, a pig is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air and This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns black and but the crust turn soft.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBaking is caused by heating. But coppera copper statue turning green is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nHarper wants broccoli. Adriana wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe wood fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the wood fossil is most likely older than the ginkgo leaf fossil..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a school bus is 15 tons.n15 ounces and 15 pounds are both too light..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the emerald tree boa.nThe emerald tree boa has ly scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring green silver-line has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe fire salamander has green colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest east..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Maria or Susan.nAfter Maria scolded Susan for missing the deadline, she felt awful.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMaria felt awful after she scolded Susan for missing the deadline..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the coat.nThe coat is made of two different. The rest is made of metal and The rest of the coat is made of metal..nMetood is from the coat coat.. wool. The, thea sheep the sheep's furs and The fur, sheep coat made into.. yarn is be dyed with painted to make..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Ronald's laughter was booming thunder.nThe words laughter and thunder are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. We weham is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A ring can its shape. even when you pull it out your finger.nA shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A youa r usess a ballet shoe, the will break a size. But it shoes will has a size and shape of its own.nA ringmer is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If solidhammer is not of metal and. A metal and wood are solids..nAt paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint into of a bucket, the paint will take shape. But the paintt paint will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Paula's eyes, so it didn't fit her well. all..", - "Solution: Old doesn't belong.nAfter, after, and after all descriptions things time of things.", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nErosion caused by wind is a change change. The wind blowcarries on the pieces of rock that But each pieces are rock do not form a different type of matter.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. TheAdding water makes the sand wet. But each the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. So, in a food web, tertiary consumers have arrows pointing to them from secondary consumers. Secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers consumers. primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the rotifer. The coperotifer is nota secondary consumer, so the copepod is a tertiary consumer.nThe greenrotifer has anarrows pointing to it from the algae. the copebornea. TheNeither the water algae nor the water flea is a consumer, so the coperotifer is not a tertiary consumer.nThe green e has anarrows pointing to it from the rotifer. the waterr. So shinerotifer is the shiner are secondary consumers, so the crappie is a tertiary consumer.nThe green algae does not have any arrows pointing to it. so it is not a tertiary consumer..", - "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThe table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a megabat eats a fig, it megabat drops energy seeds that needs to survive. grow. So, megabat benefits from its relationship with the fig tree.nTheh the batfig tree and the parent are a better chance of surviving. seed drops the seeds in thea new location., the fig seed and has from its relationship with the batbat..nTheince the the batbat and the fig tree benefit, a commeistic relationship is formed when a megabat eats a fig and drops the fig tree's seeds in a new location..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A green tree frog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nF are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nGiraffes liveeat plants grass and are too hot up. their animals to live..", - "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Stapling an envelope shut is a physical change. The envelope gets the paper are shape. But the still made of the same type of matter as.", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A pink-backed pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus rufescens.nStrelecanus rufescens has the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, these organisms are in the same species.nStrix uralensis does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Strix uralensis are not in the same species.nArdea cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Ardea cinerea are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest north..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, camp. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Mixing eggs, oil, and vinegar to make mayonnaise is a physical change. Theonnaise is madea chemical of Mix maya mixture does not form a different type of matter.. eggs, oil, and vinegar are like. they are mixed... they the do not form..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Emmett rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Emmett rode up the hill..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a white body or a brown body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body color trait. The question tells you that the b allele, which is for a white body, is recessive to the B allele, which is for a brown body.nA white body is the dominantssive allele's version of the body color trait. A Channel catfish with the recessive version of the body color trait must have only recessive alleles for the body color gene. So, offspring with a white body must have the genotype BBb.nAll are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEd breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nEdward's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human..", - "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Milkice, water, and juice go together. They are things. Milk is not a drink, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nInert Louis Stevenson's novel novel novella Je. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and dangerous respected doctor, night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means and cruel..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Humanies get their skin color from their parents. So, Wayne's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is U.S. history.nInenedict Arnold was American scientist in ly triedsleptd the American in World Civil Civil.nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a personor..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. A helium in a balloon is also a gas. A pair of jeans is a solid. A can bend a pair of jeans. But the will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the servers.nAt lunchtime, Steven can often be found reading at his favorite caf\u00e9, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each beluga whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne beluga whale moved 20 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other beluga whale moved 30 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each beluga whale spent the same amount of time moving. The beluga whale that moved 20 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that beluga whale must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nPyrite is a mineral.nPartrtz is a mineral.nPyastic is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSoyastic is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.nSo, plastic is not a mineral.", - "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A roboala is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nKoalas for up to 20 hours a day!nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nRob canrobin is a mabird. It sings in songs at different times of the day.nRob can turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nSea turtles live in large ocean. but they are their eggs in the.nA cane toad is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt is 65\u00b0F in Kylie's backyard.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Kylie's backyard. now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The uncle applies a force to the rope on the sled. This directionsled slides along behind him. The direction of this force is toward the uncle. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The restaurant is in row C..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 87\u00b0F pie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince seventh is between the guide words slush - star, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An pelican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nPn African bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Earth. The volume of Earth is 1.43 x 1014 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1012 km3. So, the volume of Earth is more than ten times the volume of Mercury..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A rubber duck is a solid. A can bend a rubber duck into But it will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Max wanted broccoli in his lunch and Edmond was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nMax has tomatoes. Edmond has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jack slept poorly. Jack tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The cucumber plant has one allele for bumpy fruit (F) and one allele for smooth fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is Ff..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe mammal tooth fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the ma fossil. So, the mammal tooth fossil is most likely younger than the wood fossil..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut Island..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The three objects are bumpy.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The of the objects are stretchy.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The gget and colorful, but the goldzel and the are not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest north..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the Taklamakan Desert has long, cold winters. It also has a small amount of rain or snow..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Milo has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Milo's genotype for the fur type gene is FF..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to research or observation.nGeorgeapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.nTittificatin insects help flowering plants reproduce by moving pollen between the plant's different parts.nIt can be proved by looking about article about insects insectsing plants reproduce reproduceinated.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nTomato plants, with their bright colors and sturdy vines, make attractive additions to home gardens.nMntract shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what insects reproduce attractive gardens...", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..", - "Solution: Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns use, called snds. Thes use thick called are like dots on the leftside of their fronds. These structures are called speres. ferns use theirsporsexual reproduction to make eggsspores. spores open, the spores can released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it releases into a new heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant produces the fern's life reproduction process, making eggs and sperm. Ferns can on damp places, and fernm can grow to water drops on The-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to the aquatic on the same plant-shaped plant.-fertilization happens when sperm ands to an egg on thea different plant.nTheertilization happens when a sperm and egg are together The ized egg growsinates and grows into a new fern.nThe fern does produce eggssperes and begin the fern life cycle again. The heart-shaped plant can make eggs and sperm..nThe mature fern does eggssperes and but. sperm..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nHe verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nIn inty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nIn vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if bromomethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with F for carbon, O for hydrogen, and H for hydrogenmine. So, the model shows you that bromomethane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, bromomethane is a compound..", - "Solution: Latrell wanted broccoli in his lunch and Todd was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nLatrell has tomatoes. Todd has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Peary Land has mostly small plants. It also has short, cold summers..", - "Solution: Theing plants and or angiosperms, have their flowers for sexual reproduction.nTheers are make both and, female parts, or both. The male part produces called the men, and the female part is called the stil. ThenTheh the male and female parts are part for sexual reproduction. The male part produces poll and and the male part produces pollen. Pollin is that are sperm.nPollination happens when pollen islands on top of the pistil. This-pollination happens when polla poll reproduce both male and female parts reproduceinates itself. When-pollination happens when pollen sticks one plant lands on the pistil on a seed on thea different plant.s, wind birds, other, can also pollinators. pollinators are to fruit from make food. a pollinator leavess, it can pollen from one flower to another.nThe pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs and This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow grow into seeds. ana seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe fruit plant can grow fruit and begin the fruitgiosperm plant' cycle again. The apple tree's flowers make make seeds. The thea seed, thea seedsperm plant grows apple are with form seedsa seedized egg.. fertilized egg grows into a new.nThe fruit can from the seedssperry and the fruit. The the seeds does not make seeds seeds..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nOur five-cent coin is called a nickel, but it's mostly made of copper.nIt can be proved by looking up information about nickel.S. coins.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nIn today's economy, a nickel is just about worthless.nW about showsless shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is worthless..", - "Solution: This country is Dominic Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 38 millimeters.n38 centimeters, 38 meters, and 38 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Bianca has two alleles for brown eyes (E). So, Bianca's genotype for the eye color gene is EE..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the Eurasian lynx.nThe Eurasian lynx has largea large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The Eurasian lynx uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe tiger has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe marmot has front teeth. Its not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The marmot uses its mouth to eatw and insects parts..", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.TherenThe only arrow pointing from the sea otter leads to the seaca. No only arrow pointing from the seaca leads to the sea. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the sea cucumberotter to the bat star.. is two paths matter can take from the seakelooplankton to the bat star: zooplankton->batp->->bat star. Therekelooplankton->batfin midshipman->batp.->bat star. kelooplankton->bat star->batp.->bat star. are one path matter can take from the kelp to the bat star: kelp->batp->->bat star. ca. There only arrow pointing from the ca leads to the . No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the seaca to the bat star.", - "Solution: The the text carefully.nlined parts tell tell how about how part choice.nEarth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the atmosphere. The gases that make up the atmosphere sustain life on Earth. Living organisms take in and release some of these gases. Gases in the atmosphere also help insulate Earth from extreme temperatures and block some harmful forms of sunlight.nThearth's atmosphere is many gases gases, including oxygen, carbon dioxide. These gases sustain important in and released by living organisms.s use through and and help out carbon dioxide.s use carbon dioxide to oxygen carbon. theirsynthesis.nThe of these gases in make up the atmosphere sustain helpsulate Earth from such to keep life temperature temperature.nThe the gases are with the, they's atmosphere does not provide sunlight..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Tracy dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Tracy enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Henry wants or needs:nThe hickory tree will use up more space than the carnations would have used up..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two soccer balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder soccer ball has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the camel.nThe camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe kingsnake has white- white, and white scale on its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..", - "Solution: This country is Newiji..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a potato is 6 inches.n6 feet, 6 yards, and 6 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, towers. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Ceratophrys cornuta is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCeratophrys cornuta is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that Surinam horned frog is the common name..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nRollw dark and deep blue is\u2014 a direct address to the ocean. anda nonhuman entity..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Little House in the Big Woods**..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Beyoncec\u00e9 Knowles-Carter.nThe word beyonceae refers to Beyoncec\u00e9 Knowles-Carter. So, this horse fly's scientific name is Scaptia beyonceae..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Leah ors or Olivia's.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Olivia's.nLeah roomed with Olivia last year, but Olivia's messiness became a point of contention..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase more obedient. It describes the clay as if it were a more who is be. be. beobedy..", - "Solution:, wind, and ice can break down rock to smaller pieces. This process happens rock is called ing. are some ways in weather can can help onnO, and rocksice boulder, The time, the becomes to down. smaller pieces callednLd,s of iceand, piecesa ball. These the windmeltedand melt the ground, it pieces of down. the surface. ThenSome, through thea stream and thea rock, This averagea cold,, the crack freezes and form a and Rock the cools, the becomes up the space than type the rocks and time, s smaller enough to form down rock into smaller pieces.", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into small pieces. But each is still made of the same type of matter.nKnitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape. but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHouston is a city near the coast of Texas. On average, Houston receives about 49 inches of rain each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Houston. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pencils are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the pencil with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince princess is between the guide words pear - pump, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether ammonia is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. This formula contains one symbols: H for nitrogen and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that ammonia is made of one chemical elements bonded together.", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Lola wants or needs:nLola will give up the chance to go on the flying bobsled. She would have had more fun on that ride..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black wool or white wool, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the wool color trait. The question tells you that the L allele, which is for white wool, is dominant over the l allele, which is for black wool.nBlack wool is the recessive allele's version of the wool color trait. A sheep with the recessive version of the wool color trait must have only recessive alleles for the wool color gene. So, offspring with black wool must have the genotype LL ornAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype LLlnBlack wool is the rece allele's version of the wool color", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. Both objects are soft.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. of t clay is not bouncy.nThe property that both objects have in common is soft..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: Fiella and long whip-like structures extend move. cell water and The", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the sea turtle.nThe sea turtle uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe flying fox has long,. long legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The flying fox uses its limbs to walk. walk on trees..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Chocolate does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, chocolate is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Look.", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nGreg wants broccoli. Ben wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: People around the world live in four main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. The there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.nA suburban area is less crowded than urban and suburban areas. Peoples are much quiet spread out. People usually live more drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nA places, like towns, are't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as urban area, so it has more people than a suburban area. It is not close a city. so it is not near a suburb..urban areas have have moreer neighborhoods. People are manyfewer people than so there, usually from than.", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nPreston couldn't find the definition for flax in the book's glossary, so he looked it up online..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A windlion is nota living thing.nLi grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. As grow made up of many cells.nA brick clip is not a living thing.nPaper clip do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA brick wall is not a living thing.nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA brickmill is not a living thing.nW brickmill does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does in the wind. but it does not grow or It does not need food or water.", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into pieces pieces. But each is still made of the same type of matter.nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk make a mixture mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 95\u00b0F rock is hotter than the 20\u00b0F rock, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter drop of honey has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nCould use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Cameron gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes suggests suggestings that the salsa was too too spicy..", - "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A coon is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nBale bison live sharpss. A use use their horns to hunt themselves againstnA blue is a ma. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.nA blue-footed booby is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBlue-footed boobies near land islands. the Pacific Ocean. TheynA cobra is a matile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCoost cobras a large, flat headhood over their head. bisbra is be its truehood to itse off a predator.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead people dye their hair. But this doesn not change their natural hair color. SonChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Cara's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A catrobin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nRob greenrobin does a mabird. It sings in songs at different times of the day.nA greenfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCat most other fish, fish are not have teeths! They swallow smally, andnA green moray eel is a rep. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreenels have and thin. They can have sharp fins. can like fishs, but they have not!nA green kangaroo is a mammal. It has feather and feeds its young milk.nCatangaroos live to hunt around the They use their tail tails to while runninghopping..", - "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if propane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with F for carbon. O for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that propane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, propane is a compound..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Hakim, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Hakim down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Hakim up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Hakim..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nIn comic book Spider-Man reveals a spidey sense, makess him of dangerpending danger.nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger...", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the school bus that is heavier.nA school bus carrying 600 pounds is heavier than a school bus carrying 500 pounds. So, the school bus carrying 600 pounds needs a larger force to come to a stop in the same amount of time as the other bus..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe cope crappie has an arrows pointing to it from This arrows point from the sifer, which -a, and the r. respectively are producers., the black crappie is ana consumer but not an omnivore.nThe copegriifer has an arrow pointing to it from the algae. which is a producer. The greenrotifer also has an arrow pointing to it from the flea, which is a consumer. The rotifer iseats botha producer, a consumer, so it is an omnivore.nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the rod. which is a consumer. The goldenpod does has an arrow pointing to it from the blacklichenifer. which is a consumer. The blackpod iseats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.nThe blackr has an one arrow pointing to it from So arrow starts from the black flea", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAugar has a sweet taste. The one is sweet sweet.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can see see clearly reflection in a transparent object. The four objects are shiny.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The of the objects are transparent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is shiny..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they could refer to the authors or or some publishers'snThet the conference, the authors met with some publishers to discuss their new books.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nAt the conference, the authors discussed their new books with some publishers..", - "Solution: This country is New Zealand..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot coffee is 145\u00b0F.n145\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair is be naturally curly or naturally straight. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.nIn Job Bible, Job was faithful to faithful to his, even after deathjust punishment of his souls, including, and friends.nThe allusion Job means someone who lovesly s theadversity..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Tyler' be ly recklesssponsible, because hishe works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though Tyler company went failing as financiallyly irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tyler is financially too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, the Trojan army turned the Trojan army into attacking hosta large, horse into city guarded city. The horse turns out to be with s. are when inside the city, Troy, will the gates to the city army. outside.nThe allusion Trojan horse means a smallceptive and destructive activity..", - "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Henry tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Henry took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Henry's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Henry took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Atlantic Ocean. It does not intersect the Pacific Ocean or the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in the-century Greecehens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for minor minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..", - "Solution: Diana wanted broccoli in her lunch and Rebecca was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDiana has tomatoes. Rebecca has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMarshall wants broccoli. Nick wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 22 seconds.n22 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producer producers make their own food, they usually do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlora nec substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that this organismles plant cells contain chloroplasts. This is evidence that this thistle plant photosa photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the red sea urchin is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The golf ball is: motionless. So, the golf ball has a constant velocity..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have ana hard outer cover on their body called Other invertebrates have a soft body. A turkey vulture is a bird. Like other birds, a turkey vulture is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other spiders, a redback spider is invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, explained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a necklace is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a necklace something you can touch? Yes.nIs a necklace a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a necklace is a good..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Edgar must't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though Edgar uncle was't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Edgar can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like brightsing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nTaste | These are words like, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nManuch | These are words like juicy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. For sweet can describe a taste or a smell.nLook at the picture.nThe word banging describes the sound this hammer makes.nDripping describes buzzing can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sound this hammer makes..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary chloride.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether lithium bromide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that lithium bromide is composed of hydrogen broatoms and bromine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that lithium bromide is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and bromine. Since lithium bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, lithium bromide is a compound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 17 fluid ounces.n17 cups and 17 gallons are both too much..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Shawna wants or needs:nShawna will give up some muffins. She could have made more cranberry muffins than coffee cake muffins..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nLook words invisiblelick and saylicking invisible or, or invisible are a vowel sound..", - "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Leslie's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain, the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nPotassium feldspar is a mineral.nPoastic is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.nSo, plastic is not a mineral.nPurquoise is a mineral..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the nutria.nThe nutria has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The large front teeth can help the nutria break off pieces of food that it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Podolsk mole rat has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing.nThe tamandua has largea long,-shaped mouth and teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for gnawing. The tamandua uses its mouth to insects out of holes and burrows..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Marble is ana metamorphic rock. Like other metamorphic rocks, it forms when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing.nM old of the planet is hot. Marble below Earth's surface, rocks can be heated to high temperatures. This heat can also be squeezed by the pressure of rocks. them. This, the pressure and squeezing changes the type of minerals in a rock. This changes form igne new type of rock. called a metamorphic rock.. word metamorphic comes from the Latin metamorphicm, which means change..", - "Solution: Neil the, Neil Armstrong was thea to the United and He went the first person to do on the moon of the moon. one else ever done anything before.", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But pouring milk on oatmeal is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Charlotte, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul is wetter than July.\" is incorrect.nTheetter months have a higher average monthlyation than Julyarier months. January is July have the highest average monthly precipitation. So, June is we wetter than July.nTheoice \"Pre is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nThe other months have a higher higher average precipitation than January.nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation does only slightly throughout the year..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 50 centimeters.n50 meters is too long..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber.There are one path matter can take from the batkelp to the sea cucumber: kelp basssea cucumberwormchin->sea cucumberurr->sca->sea cucumber. bat rockfish. There only arrow pointing from the bat rockfish leads to the batkelp bass. No only arrow pointing from the batkelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bat rockfish to the sea cucumber..kelp bass. The only arrow pointing from the batkelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the batkelp bass to the sea cucumber.. star.. arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bat star to the sea cucumber.", - "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion chimerical creatures modern mythology.nChing to legend mythology, chim mera animalabable creature thatfilledas creature that of thea s, of a, and the of a.nThe allusion chimerical means arogful,.", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.nWalter's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.nWalter realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Victoria crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura victoria.nAendrobates leucomelas does not have the same scientific name as a Victoria crowned pigeon. So, Goura victoria and Dendrobates leucomelas are not in the same species.nGoequorea victoria does not the same scientific within its genus as a Victoria crowned pigeon, but they are not in the same genus. Both do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, Go organisms are in in the same species.nGoura victoria has the same scientific name as a Victoria crowned pigeon. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Sy properties of syenite match the properties of a rock. So, syenite is a rock..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Janelle blows big bubbles, Damon pops them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: Janelle blows big bubbles and Damon pops them..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the parasol fungus.TherenThe are two arrows pointing from the gray fox to other organisms. One arrow starts to the graybobcat. The other arrow pointing from the graybobcat leads to the belete fungus. The only arrow pointing from the bo fox leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the gray fox to the parasol fungus..nThe only arrow pointing from the bo racer leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the gray racer to the parasol fungus.. is one path matter can take from the black race to the parasol fungus: gray bear->parasol fungus. graybobcat-> The only arrow pointing from the bobcat leads to the belete fungus. No arrow", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sacramento the goats, cows, and horses on the farm is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a lamp is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a lamp something you can touch? Yes.nIs a lamp a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a lamp is a good..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, admire. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. An empty glass is a solid. A you drops ana glass into the will break into pieces. But it piece will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Lithops bromfieldii is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Jake or his best friend.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Jake.nJake and his best friend go to the same college, but Jake is graduating this coming June..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a request, so it is an imperative sentence.., it ends with a period..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest north..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to carbon monoxide in this chemical reaction.nOzone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by harm their lungs.nThe underlined text tells you that when oxygen in carbon monoxide combine, carbonozone and. Because carbon and carbon monoxide combine, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form carbonozone. Because carbon monoxide reacts in this chemical reaction, carbon monoxide is a reactant..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest west..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Herculean is classical mythology.nIn mythology, theculean must heroic of a giant who a immense strength heroichuman creature.nThe allusion Herculean means..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65\u00b0F block is colder than the 110\u00b0F block, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Look at the text. bold below. It tells you one spinner dolphins hunt around in the air. ThisnTheseave you ever seen a dolphin spin through the water? How about a dolphin that jumps high above the ocean? If so, you have probably seen a spinner dolphin. Though playful are able to leap into the air and then spin around a few times before crashing back into the water. Though", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Trevino or her friend.nMrs. Trevino told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Trevino told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air oxygen you breathe is a gas. A helium in a balloon is also a gas. A watch is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA watch is be the wrist to or it watch will still have own shape..", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, many people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.nIn Greekbiography Casa Casa Casaorcomo Casanova, Italianeenth-century Italian physicianr who the characteristics evenaggerates the characterusingous behavior in adventures. his.nThe allusion Casanova means a person who..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..", - "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. An eager person is a more positive connotation. An eager person is eager and eager.. eagerpatient person is usually push and demandingy and and demanding..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each car moved for 10 hours. The car that moved 240 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for cookingizing food cuisine in the United States..", - "Solution: Animal cell membrane is how substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also controlss the cell from the outside environment.nThe cytoplasm is made up of manya number layer that coverss the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains the cell cell parts and helps them in place. The cell chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm.nThe break down sugar and release energy that the cell can use. ThenThe vacuoles store energy and water as sugar, in the cell. Thecuoles also store water, waste.nThe cleus storess cell activities and It helps this by sending instructions to different parts of the cell.nThe nucytomosomes store information information that the cell uses for growth and activities. The animal cells plant cells, the chromosomes are called the cleus. Thecuoles store information and food, and nutrients. as sugar. cells use have va vacuoles. These", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: the environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nMr. Lowery's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 055 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Iowa is farthest east..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jeanette and Bryant investigated whether wax wax to snowboards affects how height. So were no wax added the snowboards with wax added. So, the were part of a control group..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, or are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. producers make their own food, they often do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlora green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that thea crown cactus is a producer in the energy from sunlight to make food own food. This is evidence that the barrel cactus is a photosynthetic organism.nThe organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the crown-of-thorns starfish is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the magnifying glass.nThe magnifying glass is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal. and the rest is made of plastic..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two empty mugs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the empty mug with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have ana hard outer cover on their body called Other invertebrates have a soft body. A leaf owl is ana bird. Like other birds, a barn owl is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cups of black tea are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cup of black tea with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A marbled salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.nLbystoma opacum has the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.nTissotriton helveticus does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same species.nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same species..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Shelton is kind, and her heart is gold.nThe words heart and gold are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Canadian lynx has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has furrynA Canadian lynx does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Canadian lynx is a repmmal.nA red-headed poison frog has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA red-headed poison frog has the traits of an amphibian. A red-headed poison frog is an amphibian..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass hair clip is the most flexible. If you bend squeeze metala metal hair clip, it will not break..", - "Solution: The city is Salt Lake City, Utah. San Diego, San Vegas, and San Diego are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a creepy person..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCrocodiles live their prey in shallow near water.nAny seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nSn gon iss shell is like a snakesmp of greenweed. It means them seadragon stay from predator predators.nA sea arroyo toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nAn otter is a repmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nAea otters have special thick fur. They fur helps them warm in cold water..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words jumpring and jump rhyme. They both end with the a sound.nThe word jump does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the snow leopard.nThe snow leopard has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice. The fur can help keep the snow leopard's feet warm. The fur pads help spread its weight over a larger area. The allows it to walk on ice without slipping and to walk on snow without sinking into too deep.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Siberian tiger has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice.nThe tokay gecko has long, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted to walk on snow and ice. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words ina and in are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is There's a Wocket in My Pocket!.", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 4 feet.n4 inches is too short. 4 yards and 4 miles are too long..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nBert took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Echo's observable version of the coat color trait is a red coat. So, Echo's phenotype for the coat color trait is a red coat..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough opaque object does not let light through. The four objects are opaque.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The tie and flexible, but the blocks and not.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The clip and the der are not rough.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nNolasses is madea liquid. all minerals are pures.nSoolasses is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, molasses is not a mineral.nDiaative copper is a mineral..nNmond is a mineral..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nF kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: This country is Barba..", - "Solution: This country is Samnga..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bannerbrier is between the guide words beaver - bury, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 103 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The's volume is 1.08 x 1012 km3, which is less than 1.08 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Pisgah National Forest has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The soccer player's foots awaya different of push. The direction player's the ball away from his foot. score.a goal. The direction of the push is toward from the soccer player's foot..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nHannah wants broccoli. Wendy wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.nAt the grocery store, Martina hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.nMartina made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a garden rake is 6 feet.n6 inches and too short. 6 yards and 6 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince clutch is not between the guide words criticism - cultivate, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: This country is Kir Feder Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 39 minutes.n39 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to The book or the Fault in Our Stars.nThet't like the ending of The Fault in Our Stars, but the book critic thought it was well-written.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nThe book critic thought The Fault in Our Stars was well-written, but I didn't like the ending..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A gray heron's scientific name is Ardea cinerea.nHonicera japonica does not have the same scientific name as a gray heron. So, Ardea cinerea and Lonicera japonica are not in the same species.nHyla cinerea does not the same scientific within its genus as a gray heron. but they are not in the same genus. Both do not have the same scientific name as other. So, Ard organisms are in in the same species.nArdea cinerea has the same scientific name as a gray heron. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince nice is between the guide words neglect - normal, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Luna wants or needs:nLia will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. She would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nRussell's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn Rome Shakespeare's Romeo, Juliet, Romeo is known for his sloquent and of his with the he isgrews Juliet.nThe allusion Romeo means a person who is known different..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nGabe wants broccoli. Maddie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Leah should should stop up reading paras type of para or admit that doesn't believe in empowerment. However, even may change read reading paranormal romance novels. not admit in empowering women. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as thea false dichotomy..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Alpine marmot.nThe Alpine marmot has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The Alpine marmot uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe honey badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe manatee has short to straightcurvedcal- feetpers. feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The manatee uses its feetpers to swim water..", - "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the handsaw.nThe handsaw is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal, The rest of the hand is made of metal.", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Return of the Jedi**..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.nIn thea biblical parable, the prodigal son turnssponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mary wants or needs:nMary will give up the chance to eat the minestrone soup, which would have been tastier than the split pea soup..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest north..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater boiling is caused by heating. But carving a piece of wood is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Lexi was not think that more heat was needed, she was already sweating..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American white pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus.nStrrdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are not in the same genus.nStrelecanus philippensis is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus philippensis and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are in the same genus.nStrix uralensis is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix uralensis and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over..", - "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a diver boundary, two plates are moving past each other.nAt a diverconvergent boundary, two plates are moving away each other.nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nAergent plate boundarynWhen plates at a divergent boundary move apart, theys form at the crust along the boundary. Plateted rock rises from the the crust to fill the cracks. As the melted rock cools and hardens, the becomes layersic crust.nNewer oceanic crust s less than old oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises up higher than the older crust on is farther from the boundary. create in elevation creates a -ocean ridge, or chain. the two plates, there is be a -rift valley. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Aden Ridge, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Aden Ridge began to form millions of years ago as the Somalian Plate and the Arabian Plate moved away from each other. The plates are slowly moving apart at a rate of about 2 centimeters per year. On the map, the ridge is shown in the Gulf of Aden, between the countries of Somalia and Yemen.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Aden Ridge formed as the two plates moved away from each other. or divergent. So, the Aden Ridge formed at a transformgent boundary..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None three objects are transparent.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The of the objects are bouncy.nA lemon has a sour taste. None bottle not sour.nThe property that all three objects have in common is..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Kenneth has two alleles for not having Thomsen disease (mm). So, Kenneth's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is mm..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.nElena and her brother rummaged through the boxes in the attic, but they couldn't find their father's childhood baseball glove..", - "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince amazed is not the guide words aboard - arrive, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A hippopotammus is an animal. It eats plants.nHippopotamuses live their in their on watermud for water.nA raspberry bush is a plant. It has green leaves.nRost raspberryberries are made. raspberries are be be used. brown..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Dalton picked apples, he will give some away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: Dalton picked apples, will give some away..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Nairobi, look at the graph.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Av\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sore precipitation falls in April than in August.\" is incorrect.nCh has a higher average monthly precipitation than August.nChoice \"Aairobi gets about the same amount of precipitation each month.\" is incorrect.nThe average, less precipitation falls between April and August than between November and October.nChoice \"More precipitation falls in September than in November.\" is incorrect.nNovember has a higher average monthlyation than November.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a pair of boots is 2 kilograms.n2 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Edna started sledding. As Edna rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Edna rode down the hill..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Devin's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Devin's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..", - "Solution: Animals increase their reproductive success when they have offspring that survive to reproduce.nAnimals can increase their chances of having offspring by behaving in ways that help them get partners to mate and reproduce with. These partners are called mates. The example, animals may make special sounds, perform specific dances, or show off bright colors to attract mates. Animals may also compete with each other for mates.nAnimals can increase the chances that their offspring will survive to reproduce by caring for and protecting them. For example, animals may feed their offspring or guard them from predators. These behaviors increase the chances that the offspring will survive to adulthood, when they can reproduce.nMany behaviors can increase the chances that animals will have offspring that survive to reproduce. For the behaviors cannot guarantee that the animals will have greater reproductive success. Animals that attract or compete for mates won't always successfully mate and reproduce, and offspring that survive fed and protected won't always survive to adulthood. Look for the part of the passage that describes the effect of covering its eggs with its body. this information to determine why this behavior can increase the reproductive success of snail leech.nTheoice \"The snail leech is a type of worm that often lives in freshwater streams. After reproducere snail leech reproduces, it attaches its eggs to a rock at the bottom of the stream. The leech then flattens its body over its eggs to protect them. The leech protects its eggs until they hatch, which takes four to seven days. During this time, the leech does not leave the eggs or eat. is incorrect.nChoice \"The snails are predators that eat leech eggs that But snails easily eat eggs that are not covered by an adult leech.\" But snails cannot easily get to eggs that are covered by a leech.\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Choice \"Chovering its eggs with its body increases the chances that the leech wills eggs will not.\" is incorrect.\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Theing to the underlined part, covering can not to snail snails to surviveeat eggs that they le are not by a leech. The, covering covering its eggs with the leech wills the chances that thes will not", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word help ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The woman of Earth's gravity pulls the water water downward. The direction of the pull is toward the center of Earth..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a soccer field is 120 meters.n120 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile life is like a box of chocolates suggests that life is unpredictable. Life never't know what you of chocolates the.a box box you get to. but because you might't know. happens is. you. you happens..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.n Pedroro lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperature where Pedro lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the vinyl album or his old player.nThe as Mr. Tang was about to play the vinyl album on his old record player, it broke.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nJust vinyl album broke just as Mr. Tang was about to play the on his old record player..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, cook. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Sequoia sempervirens is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Pepper mint candy is a liquid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. But piecemint candy is be shape. shape mouth. But the you poureat pepper, thea peppermint candy will a size and shape of its own.nP of paper is a solid. A can use a piece of paper. But the will still have a size and shape of its own.nA water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water into a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nA stuffed hippo is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you a stuffed hippo, your hands, the stuffed hippo will has a size and shape of its own", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to President Barack Obama.nThe word serackobamai refers to President Barack Obama. So, this trapdoor spider's scientific name is Aptostichus serackobamai..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The turning a pinwheel is. is not. Wind is a solid. The wind iss to fill wind around the pinwheel. But", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Ed is overweight..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that people should recycling plastic because them them movement' doing their. However, even two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circulara red herring..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black-footed cat's scientific name is Felis nigripes. The first word of its scientific name is Felis.nErhoebastria nigripes and Felis nigripes are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Phoebastria nigripes and Felis nigripes have the same species name within their genus, nigripes. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Phoebastria nigripes is in the genus Phoebastria, and Felis nigripes is in the genus Felis.nEr organism and the black-footed cat are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Felis nigripes..nErinaceus europaeus is in the genus Erinaceus. The first word of its scientific name is Erinaceus. So, Erinaceus europaeus and Felis nigripes are not in the same genus.", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A mountain zebra's scientific name is Equus zebra.nMacropus gigrufus does not have the same scientific name as a mountain zebra. So, Equus zebra and Macropus gigrufus are not in the same species.nMacropus giganteus does not have the same scientific name as a mountain zebra. So, Equus zebra and Macropus giganteus are not in the same species.nMacquus zebra has the same scientific name as a mountain zebra. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Chalcopyrite has all the properties of a mineral. So, chalcopyrite is a mineral..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. Coffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Silk mineralmoth caterpillar makes silka silkmoton. make the from morphosis. So thea silk mo, the mo the bacteria plantsh.on is. not. silk. doesh doespillar'. make not to make silk. not used silk.s..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint and self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and imtere..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 290 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The woman's hand applies a force to the book. This force moves the book off of shelf. The direction of this force is toward the hand. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Sawing a log in half is a physical change. The log getss into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as.", - "Solution: This country is Anti Vincent and the Grenadines..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A be urchin is an insecterectoptermal. Like other echinoderms, a sea urchin is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. ItnA grayss beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA gray wolf is ana mammal. Like other mammals, a gray wolf is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other scorpions, a forest scorpion is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: This country is the Feder Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the trombone.nThe trombone is made of metal.nMety tromb instruments are made of metal. Some is be of many different. The instruments are different shapes are great pieces. The", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa John is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a large trash can is 20 gallons.n20 fluid ounces and 20 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Exercise Is the Key to Good Health.\".", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince think is between the guide words teacher - total, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Look.", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nHornblende is a mineral.nA marble is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.nSo, a marble is not a mineral.nPyrite is a mineral..", - "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..", - "Solution: Smarte doesn doesn't belong.nSinar doesn clever, and scared all describe how clever someone is..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the wool board is harder. If you press on a piece of wood, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the necktie.nThe necktie is made of silk.nSilk is from the pieces that.ths. The flowers mothsss aredons. of silk... hair love these silk to to make their..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Marley and Me..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nTrade winds are steady winds that blow towards the equator. On Thursday, they were blowing strong from the north in Cape Verde.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind direction in Cape Verde on Thursday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The iceprin is yellow yellow.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The apron is bendable..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an eyelash is 7 millimeters.n7 centimeters, 7 meters, and 7 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an earthworm is 5 grams.n5 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.nIn the nineteenth nineteenth century, the in built people towns of workersmen and of these craftsmen wereed together to form the towns technology. others who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person who to the technology..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words for and an are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is An Eye for an Eye..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of yellow particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUn euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nThe second half around are to and first familiar things familiar are familiar the...", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice pop takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. A helium in a balloon is also a gas. A juice pop is a liquid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you squeeze a juice pop out of juice, the will expand into. a juice pop will still, it, it will stilla liquid..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass cup is smoother. If you touch glass of a piece cup, it will not feel rough or bumpy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Zora has two alleles for red eyes (E). So, Zora's genotype for the eye color gene is EE..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two rocks have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the rock with less mass has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the authors.nThey authors say that Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen accidentally discovered X-rays when experimenting with vacuum tubes..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne motorboat moved 355 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other motorboat moved 65 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each motorboat spent the same amount of time moving. The motorboat that moved 355 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the Nile crocodile.nThe Nile crocodile has largea large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The Nile crocodile uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe tiger has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe nutria has front teeth. Its not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The ta uses its mouth to eatw and ands and teeth..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince long is not between the guide words level - lion, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones for reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When polla seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. When pollen lands on a female cone, it can called fertilizination.. is shows the blowing pollen from male cones onto thea female dar tree.nPhotosynthesis is when photo fertiliz sugar from carbon dioxide, and water from sunlight to make sugar..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 1 solute particle on the left side of the membrane and 2 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nNew York City's first subway started running on October 27, 1904.nIt can be proved by reading a history about New first of New York City.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nRiding the subway is the best way to get around New York City.nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what way is the best way.", - "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by usinguation quotations correctly.nFor example, the writer could replaceise the underlined text to the of sentencesquotmas correctly the unders. phrases placing semicom comma and the blow,nIn Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, Pip, a young orphan, is sent by his sister to the home of Miss Havisham, a wealthy, eccentric woman. There he falls Estella, a beautiful girl whom he falls hopelessly in love with. On one visit to Miss Havisham's, Pip encounters a boy who challenges him to a fight; wanting to impress Estella, he hits the boy. \"I never have been so surprised in my life as I was when I let out the first blow and saw him lying on his back, looking up at me with a bloody nose.\" Pip recounts..ella seems delighted and says to Pip \"Come here! You may kiss me if you like.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 95 meters.n95 centimeters, too short. 95 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. A firework exploding is a chemical change. TheDuring the fire, the flame of matter in the fire goes changes. The matter is and but, and pressure..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved 255 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 190 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 255 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Tina had just been speaking about Larry. When say this when they person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, and if speakinged..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ozone is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n. the ball-and-stick model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that represents the chemical element represented the atomic symbol O represents Sozone composed chemicalatomic symbol for the chemical element oxygen. So can see from the model that a molecule of ozone is composed of two hydrogen atoms andbonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that ozone is composed of only one chemical element. So, ozone is an elementary substance..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean. water water, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the New England Seamount Chain has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Marcy's eyes, so it didn't fit her well. all..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fire store is in column 1..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Patty investigated whether watering plants with greywater affects how health of plants plants. So plants watered with tap water did not get greywater. So, they were part of a control group..", - "Solution: This country is Nauru..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have horns, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the horns trait. The question tells you that the H allele, which is for not having horns, is dominant over the h allele, which is for having horns.nNot having horns is the rece allele's version of the horns trait. A cow with the dominant version of the horns trait must have at least one dominant allele for the horns gene. So, offspring that do not have horns must have the genotype h or Hh.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype HH or Hh", - "Solution: Atom.", - "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A windmill is not a living thing.nA seamill does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does in the wind. but it does not grow. does not need food or water.nA sea does not a living thing.nA calculator does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does be all to, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nAandle does not a living thing.nAandy does not have all the the traits of a living thing. It does made. sweet be useda like or it does not grow. fruit fruit. does not need food or water.nA sea cucumber is nota living thing.nSea cucumbers grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. cucumbers do made up of many cells.nAea cucumbers grow made. seeds skins. their skin. They do in land earth floor.", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nMkenzie and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince throb is not between the guide words taper - tentacle, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe maginkgo leaf fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the mammal tooth fossil. So, the ginkgo leaf fossil is most likely younger than the mammal tooth fossil..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.nEmily had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The air inside a soap bubble is a liquid. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air inside a soap bubble iss all the space inside the soap. If you air fills, the air will expand into fill a space larger space..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nThe cook seasons the chicken, and her helper roasts it..", - "Solution: Ferns reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nFature ferns use, called snds. Theses use called are like dots on the insideside of their fronds. These structures are called speres. ferns use theirsporsexual reproduction to make spores. spores open, the spores can released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it can into a new heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant makes the fern's life reproduction process, eggs and sperm. Ferns use on damp places, and sperm can grow to water drops on-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to the egg on the same plant-shaped plant.-fertilization happens when sperm swims to an egg on thea different plant.nAfterertilization happens when a sperm and an egg are together The fertilized egg growsinates and grows into a new fern.nThe fern can grow aes and begin the fern life cycle again. Fern fertilized egg grows grow into a mature fern..nThe heart-shaped plant can into a fertilferne to and a fertilized egg..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJin wants broccoli. Bridgette wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. South is farthest south..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince capitolclung is between the guide words choose - confident, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the giant anteater.nThe long-shaped tubesnout helps the giant anteater reach into a burrow. The long, thin tongue helps it catch the insects.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe tamandua has a tube-shaped snout and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to geteat insects that live in burrows.nThe kudu has a wide snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The kudu uses its mouth to eat plants and fruit them them.", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread are make up the apron change a different shape, but it of matter in each of them does not change.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But sewing an apron is not.nBoth are caused", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is nota run-on sentence. It is estimateda runcomma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined without just a comma.nIt is estimated that ten percent of the population has a fear of needles, medical researchers are developing devices that make injections pain-free.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:n", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to bake. Instead, many people learn how to bake. So, baking is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The basketball player's hand push awaya different of push. The pushs the ball away from his hand. score a basket.. direction of the push is away from the basketball player's hand..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A silver gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae. The first word of its scientific name is Chroicocephalus.nLarus occidentalis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus occidentalis and Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae are not in the same genus.nCrimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae are not in the same genus.nTheseroicocephalus ridibundus is in the genus Chroicocephalus. The first word of its scientific name is Chroicocephalus. So, Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae are in the same genus..", - "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of dish soap are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter drop of dish soap has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a spider's leg is 17 millimeters.n17 centimeters, 17 meters are both too long..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nRayla and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Brad is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Nothing but the Best**..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Ariel has actually been told a million times..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Fifi has two alleles for normal ears (E). So, Fifi's genotype for the ear type gene is EE..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe baby fish in the aquarium are as specks.nThe words fish fish in specks are compared using the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe baby fish in the aquarium are as tiny as specks.nThe words fish fish in specks are compared without the word as..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the cactus, look at the forces:nAriana is pulling the cactus up with a force of 20 N.nEarth's gravity is pulling the cactus down with a force of 15 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 20 N and 15 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the cactus..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Mom was lost in Morristown she asked someone for directions is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Mom was lost in Morristown and She asked someone for directions..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the brown trout is a consumer because it eats another organism. The brown trout in this food chain eats the ship...", - "Solution: The colony is North.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: During a chemical reaction, thermal energy is absorbed or released from heat. This transfer of thermal energy changes the temperature of the reaction's surroundings. The surroundings are the around the reaction, such as the reaction that the reaction takes place in or the air around.nThe reactions release thermal energy into the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted from chemical energy, which is taken by the surroundings in the reaction. The the thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.nThe reactions absorb thermal energy from the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted into chemical energy during the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the surroundings and into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases. This determine whether the air around the reaction becomes warmer or colder, look for the text that describes the movement of thermal energy during the reaction. The most common type of cement in the world is Portland cement, named after an area of England that has a lot of limestone. Limestone is made up mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When calcium carbonate is heated, it breaks down into carbon dioxide (CO2) and calcium oxide (CaO), the main ingredient in Portland cement. During this reaction, thermal energy is taken in from the surroundings and converted to chemical energy. The surroundingslined text tells you that thermal energy is taken in from the surroundings. So thermal energy is out of the reaction during into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings increasess.. surroundings are the air around the reaction. So, the air around the reaction becomes warmerer..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Serengeti National Park has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..", - "Solution: red Days Offensive was a period point for the War II. It thetime many army was a series event that The the Hundred Days Offensive, the surrendered to the Allied powers. United ended called", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Argema mittrei is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nAema mittrei is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that comet moth is the common name..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Matt sat", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bird moved 25 miles in 5 hours.nThe other bird moved 15 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that is taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of ana change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mr. Leonard can quit smoking because he' capableable stopping stop. However, Mr \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is nota run-on sentence. It is formeda comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined without just a comma.nMexico is the world's largest avocado producer, one variety is so profitable that Mexican farmers refer to the fruit as oro verde, or green gold.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 23 miles.n23 yards is too short..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest west..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 500 grams.n500 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nIn comic book Spider-Man reveals a spidey sense, makess him of dangerpending danger.nThe allusion spidey sense means a vague of danger...", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the military macaw.nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The military macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Alexandrine parakeet has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe western kingbird has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The Alexandr kingbird uses its beak to eat small and.", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The warm blue blanket is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nCotton is made by living things. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, cotton is not a rock.nConodiorite is a rock..nCohale is a rock..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince object is not between the guide words off - onion, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with thes.nLegislators passed the bill without too much trouble, but it will not become law until the president has given his approval..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMachu Picchu is an ancient city located in Peru. Last year on May 26, Machu Picchu was covered in thick clouds.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the cloud cover on Machu Picchu on May 26. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nIce crystals forming on a window is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The eizing the lake changes change into into ice, it is thea different cold window. The change of state does a gas to a liquid is called ing. ThenStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Porter''t be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though Porter uncle was't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Porter can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the linen handkerchief is the smoothest. If you touch linen,, it will not feel rough or.", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether radon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for radon is Rn. This formula contains one symbol: R for. So, the formula tells you that radon is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 19 millimeters.n19 millimeters, too short. 19 meters and 19 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Kitkat's observable version of the agouti fur trait is having agouti fur. So, Kitkat's phenotype for the agouti fur trait is having agouti fur..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince foul is not the guide words farm - free, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Bernard investigated whether adding soap to water affects how much water grows fit on a penny. So, the pennies with purey water were part of an experimental group.nThe pennies with pure water did not have soapy water. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A barn owl is an animal. It walks and flies.nBar barn owl is a bird. It owls live in the continent except Antarctica..nA pine tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nPine trees seeds grow in thes..s that grow cones are called pineifers..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Likeposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBdy wants broccoli. Kelly wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince speck is not the guide words sombrero - sway, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 210 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.nD novel of William author Charles Dickens wrote depict characters from to survive in such as theors' convens, orphanages.nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or harsh-stricken..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Solid, liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Campbell usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you agree their opinion..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The change out of her wet pants and shirt is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Harrington is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince repair is not the guide words ranch - ripple, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the map.nThis look the city ofed Rome. Rome cities onthe Romans, theruscans, andine, and thes\u2014ruled named Rome Rome, map shows the Rome was located in the territory of several different groups...nThe groups are not correct:nThend the city whereed Romeruscans on was located the Italian northern of theruscan territory, right in the middle ofnThend the city righted Rome.. Rome look at the legendinscriptionpass,, Rome was right of the territory..nThend the place righted Latins. The was right from from the area..", - "Solution: Fossils are preserved remains of the body parts or activities. ancient organisms. HumannThe ancients are the body parts and organisms. Otheres and s are made types parts that are different found. thes. OthernA fossils are thetraces of human organism's activities. Otherprints are fossilrows are examples examples of fossilburied of can be preserved. fossils. fossilrow is a small ing by animal. OthernThe fossils are made in the. Other are the of years to form..", - "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to water in this chemical reaction.nLike people on Earth, astronauts living on the International Space Station need oxygen to survive. Since there is no oxygen in space for the astronauts to breathe, they make oxygen using a process called electrolysis. This process uses electricity to break down water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The hydrogen gas can be removed from the space station or recycled, and the oxygen gas is released into the air that the astronauts breathe.nThe underlined text tells you that water water react down, oxygen and oxygen gas formed. Because water ands in or goes through a chemical change, the atoms are rearranged to form hydrogen. oxygen gas Because water reacts in this chemical reaction, water is a reactant..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the crayons.nThe crayons are made of two different materials. The paper is made of paper. The rest of the crayons made of paper.nTherayons are made of the wax to ing it into papers..", - "Solution: This country is Australia Zealand..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Peary Land has short, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA scratch object is hard to hold onto or stand on. None three objects are slippery.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. None t and the iceello are not yellow.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All wet paint and the wejello are not scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..", - "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A tiger salamander is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nTiger salamanders live live near damp burrows. TheynA leafr's sea eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAeadraeagles live their be clawaks to pusheat plants. other small.nA redy seadragon is a bird. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nS reddragon iss be is like a snakehawkmp of greendra. It helps it seadragon stay in predator predators.nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nT -eyed tree frog has mois sticky on its toes. It sticky pads help it red-eyed tree frog stay on to plants..", - "Solution: Thomas Edisond Edison was a famous inventor.. inventor was someone who invented to with ideas ideas and ideas. HenThomas Edison was up with the ideas ideass. his life. He of the are invented, but others were them were famous. soldier inventor the are the world people people think today day.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Chemical is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. The the wick and the melted glass burn. But react with oxygen in the air and turn into ot, carbon dioxide, and water.nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But ita different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBotelting glass is a physical change. But burning a candle is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoturning a candle is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.n", - "Solution: Look at at the map. Mon on the map show that areas of the area.n of areas on that area the by the Mongol Empire.nThe Mon shows that the Mongol Empire controlled most of of Asia Asia, Asia Asia, and Middle East, and Africaberia. ThenThe Mongol Empire controlled not control all Asia or Central Asia..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 40 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase sang in. It describes the wind as if it were a person..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathethos, or character, by emphasizing the desire of of the important of the product.s products..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, coach. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 4 liters.n4 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nPre-owned is an indirect way of saying that,.", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 70\u00b0F glass of orange juice is hotter than the 45\u00b0F glass of orange juice, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nCalcarenite is a rock.nBurlap is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, burlap is not a rock.nCalert is a rock..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each speedboat moved for 5 hours. The speedboat that moved 335 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nCould use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Fred gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes suggests suggestings that the salsa was too too spicy..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 70\u00b0C cup of black tea is hotter than the 50\u00b0C cup of black tea, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: A trait is way a living thing acts, acts. trait is place where a living thing lives or lives.nAn adaptation is a trait that helps a living thing survive alive. its environment. Some.", - "Solution: The Eighth Amendment says the government can use use cruelcruel and unusual punishments.\" The are many exception punishment where the are used to The happens a punishment cruelcruel and unusual\" is The Eight is no clear. The Eighth Amendment says't say about cruel punishments. It time, the have learned their minds on what is cruel and unusual punishment. example, the United may in 18 that it was \" to punish people to death for a crime.he or she committed. the age of 18. But, the are to use the is cruel and unusual punishment. addition United, the punishments will by will be used ofed. The United of the Eighth Amendment is below.. it say any for cruel that. Thecessive punishments not be used to but shall fines orimposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments. anylicted..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn Rome Shakespeare's Romeo, Juliet, Romeo and known for his eloquent and of love with the he grews hist.nThe allusion Romeo means a person who is known different..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pine is between the guide words perfume - popcorn, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: This country is Kiribati..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The bitter melon plant's observable version of the seed color trait is dark brown seeds. So, the plant's phenotype for the seed color trait is dark brown seeds..", - "Solution: Look at the tablelined parts of the table.nAll the words that use the root \"ante\" mean to fight before something else. So, the root \"ante means \"before.\"nAll the words that use the root bellbellum\" mean to fight or cause war. So, the root bellum means \"war.\"nSo, the word \"antebellum\" means \"before the war.\" The antebellum period is called for the war that followed it: the Civil War..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe red-handed tamarin has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe kiwi has wide toes. to feet. of long. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The kiwi uses its feet to walk and run..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA soft object has one or more bright colors. The s are not.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The marbles are soft soft..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words must and fast rhyme. They both end with the sound sound.nThe word must does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nNina wants broccoli. Estelle wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to research or observation.nGeorgeapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nBasedowked starred Kristin Chenoweth and Idina Menzel when it opened on Broadway on October 30, 2003.nIt can be proved by reading a book of Wicked. Gregory novel that the opened appeared.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nBased on a novel by Gregory Maguire, the musical Wicked is the most entertaining show you will find, on or off Broadway.nM second entertaining what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what Wick show entertain entertaininga musical entertaining show..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The girl pushes the swing. from his. The, the swing away.. direction of the push is away from the grandfather's hands..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest south..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jennifer investigated whether storing bread in dark bins affects mold growth. So, the loaves of bread in bins with with dark paper were part of an experimental group.nThe loaves of bread in bins with no covering did not covered in dark bins. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..", - "Solution: ments, bones to one another. They help flexible but fibrous tissue. attach support and allows. joints bones..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.nIn 39 movie The Wizard of Oz, and a young boy boy from Kansas, finds herself in Kansas, and unfamiliar place that is like like her home. She says, her dog, \"I be, we'm beena feeling that're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means that're not Kansas unfamiliar place..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nRon went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: warm, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statement describe the Peary Land ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm that is frozen year-round. The has warm small plants. The following statements does not describe Peary Land: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters..", - "Solution: This country is Saintados..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The iceill pickles and the, and the are not. but the apple is not.nA lemon object feels scratchy when you touch it. All apple and the lemondill pickles are not rough.nThe lemon has a sour taste. All four objects are sour.nThe property that all four objects have in common is softsour..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the great white shark.nThe great white shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The great white shark uses its sharp to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe magnificent rabbitfish has a large mouth narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat. The", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nWhen you pour rain into into a different, the rainwater will take the shape of that bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the green silver-line.nThe green silver-line has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe spin mantis has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe spiny orb-weaver has a greend white, and brown scale. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the eye color trait is red eyes. So, the fly's phenotype for the eye color trait is red eyes..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince up is between the guide words unit - urgent, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses asaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nThean's the words ban and the beginning of each sentence..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is Don't Bring That Up..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The park is in column 3..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a sofa is 7 feet.n7 yards is too long..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw egg are different types of matter.nSalt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a chemical change. The salt and vinegar change from tarnish into a different type of matter than was be easily removedwiped away. But separate the penny look shiny again.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitheroking is caused by heating. But salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a", - "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen sulfide is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for hydrogen and S for sulfur. So, the model shows you that hydrogen sulfide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen sulfide is a compound..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince wear is between the guide words wave - which, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the blueberry bush we usually eat is the seeds. It contains the seeds..", - "Solution: An animal's skeletal system includes a structure structure for its body. The skeletal system includes many main parts. The, it is its animal's body. Second, it supportss the animals and cells structures parts. the animal's body. Third, it protect with the body system to keep the animal stay forwardnThe animals have exoskeleton, Other liver endoskeleton means \"boneside\"skeleton.\" An endoskeleton is an animal's body. It animalsbrates have an exoskeleton. The liverbrate's endoskeleton is made up of two. s. bonestendons. boness. Thesions are the to the. and s. the. the parts.nA animals have exoskeleton. Other exoskeleton means \"outside skeleton.\" An exoskeleton is made up of two bones called the animal of an animal's body. It bonesvertebrates have exoskeleton..ruc boness are to animal's body to the bodyoskeleton...", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A per dart frog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs live in many shapes colors. They bright colors warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA peregrine falcon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nF peregrine falcon' largest bird in the world! It has walk for to 30 miles per year!", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Heating water in a microwave is a physical change. The water of the water in up, but the water stays still made of the same type of matter as.", - "Solution: Plantin helps plants plant make flowers. pollination, sperm from from the pollen can combine with eggs eggs. This cellsized eggs can combine into seeds.nAfterlen helps not help a plant make eggs. fruit leaves. Instead", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two helium balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter helium balloon has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, sweep. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Seattlea week in rainyn that it is rain't raina rainy.. However, this \" of rain week doesn't necessarily mean the than. raina city.s reputation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta hasty generalization..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut Jersey..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Newman or her assistant.nMrs. Newman informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Newman told her assistant to book a flight to Oakdale immediately..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the and alcohol are programs after school board becauses decision to control students. lives. However, the fact that the are concernedd about drugs and alcohol are't necessarily mean that they board board will to control every aspect of students lives. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 12\u00b0C glass of apple juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The scarlet rosemallow plant's observable version of the flower color trait is red flowers. So, the plant's phenotype for the flower color trait is red flowers..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Mandy's skirt or the blouse.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.nIf Mandy's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe wood fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the mammal tooth fossil. So, the wood fossil is most likely younger than the mammal tooth fossil..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nLaropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Macropus agilis are in the same genus.nLacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nMac organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus.nTrametes versicolor is in the genus Trametes. The first word of its scientific name is Trametes. So, Trametes versicolor and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pliers is not the guide words peaceful - power, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: average basis, each number and 1965 in the rightdotted-axis. energy use increased year is measured in the unit of the.nTheg bar is supported by the data, look the many energy use is changed. the. ThenThe energy use increased most years between 1965 and 2015.nThe average other, human of of labeler than bars average in.. The is that use increased by years between 1965 and 2015., the statement is correct by the data.nThemans used about the same amount of energy each year between 1965 and 2015..nThe the graph, human years are taller than the other before.. So graph that use increased not change the same amount year between., the was by 1965 and 2015.., Human statement is supported supported by the data..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Gabby wants or needs:nGabby will spend more time making the beef barley soup than she would have spent making the vegetable soup..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nKuwait is a country in the Middle East. A high pressure system remained over Kuwait for most of last week.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the pressureometric pressure over Kuwait last week. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAotato chips have a salty taste. The iscker is not salty.nA flexible object has one or more bright colors. All three objects are colorful.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The persflops and the tie are flexible, but the sucker and not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is salt..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have ana hard outer cover on their body called Other invertebrates have a soft body. A porcor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana hard outer cover.nA porcupine is a mammal. Like other mammals, a porcupine is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest south..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Don't Wait, Jump In.\".", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe of the colonies are namedd by color. The Southern Colonies were New colonies:nThe Thir of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Thir Colonies or the England..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Rust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. Ru the gate rusts, it turns into a different type of matter. rust. Rust forms formeddish-brown and begins apart easily..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCompost from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and fruit shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, the breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. The the wick and the melted wax burn. But react with oxygen in the air and turn into ot. carbon dioxide, and water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But compost rott", - "Solution: This country is Vanuatu.nDoes Vanuatu have any territorial disputes?nVanuatu claims to own Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed islands. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the islands rightfully belong to them.nFrance has controlled the islands since 1929. But shortly after gaining independence in 1980, Vanuatu claimed to rightfully own the islands. It points to underwater geographic features and legends passed down by its people to argue that it has stronger connections to the islands than France. No one lives on the islands today..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Everything but the Horse**..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hesitate is not between the guide words hoe - hunger, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Lamar wanted broccoli in his lunch and Colette was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nLamar has tomatoes. Colette has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the almonds or the cashews.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with theews.nKen separated the almonds from the cashews because of his strong aversion to cashews..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathethos, or character, by emphasizing the importance.s reputation brand..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the pizza to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nCora wants broccoli. Bridgette wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an ear of corn is 13 ounces.n13 pounds and 13 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Megaptera novaeangliae is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nBrett noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction Brett Brett was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nIn the United States, presidents are elected every four years.nIt can be proved by reading a book about president United States..nThe first sentence states an opinion.nPeople who vote in every election are the best citizens.nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes citizen better. others...", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLchtenstein is a small country in Europe with many castles. Liechtenstein has cold, cloudy winters.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Liechtenstein. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Plant most things things, plants use food to stay. Foods use use their own food using FoodnFood do plants use food?s use theira variety called photosynthesis to make food. Photo use photo sugar to. PhotonPhoto examplesynthesis, planta plant uses water to sunlight dioxide, and water from sunlight energy Photo plants use this from photo to energy can this photo to grow in water. also carbon roots to grow in water dioxide, the air.nPhoto photosynthesis, theoplastll is water soil's leaves turnss. from sunlight to This chemicals uses photo energy to make sugar into carbon dioxide into sugar. also uses carbon to sugar air. fooda fertiliz.. food uses the nutrients it needs to grow for carbon sun it.", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of cough syrup is 8 fluid ounces.n8 cups and 8 gallons are both too much..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Shale is ana sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms when layers of sediment.nMelterial fossil is pressedd by nature is called sediment. Shad and pressed type of sediment. Sha time, the of sedimentmud can be up in layers like lagoon and riverss. Sha layers are on on the bottom layers to andallowinghalezing and the and. Shale is when bottom layers are mud press pressed together to form..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The banana of the banana react contact with oxygen air changess with oxygen in turns into a different type of matter.nCells using oxygen to break down sugar is a chemical change. The sugar is broken down, the breaks dioxide and water. ThenStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A bathtubpiranha is nota living thing.nPiranhas have and respond to their environment. Pir need food and water. Piranhas are made up of many cells.nA bathtub wall is not a living thing.nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA bathtub is not a living thing.nA brick does not have all the traits of a living thing. Itctors do food, but they do not groweat food. Theyctors do energy from sunlight or water fuel. do not need ornA bathtub is not a living thing.nBathtubs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Ballard or her granddaughter.nWhen Mrs. Ballard saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Ballard was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The cucumber plant's observable version of the fruit texture trait is smooth fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait is smooth fruit..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, two-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jeffrey slept poorly. Jeffrey tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nClowodiles live their prey in groups near water.nA giant moray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGach are fish, thin. They can have small fins. A can like snakes, snail they are not.nA giant-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison tsfrogs live in many bright colors. They bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live near fish that emones. C the movie of the clownfish, you can see the red emones the clownfish..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object keeps not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None bottle and the s are hard, but the marble is not.nAotato chips have a salty taste. All pitcher and not salty.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three marbles have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 76\u00b0F marble is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: This country is Dominic Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a news magazine is 8 ounces.n8 pounds and 8 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 21 kilometers.n21 millimeters, 21 centimeters, and 21 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years suggests that Mr. Garrison is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cement is between the guide words capital - city, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three marbles have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 16\u00b0C marble is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chord is between the guide words careful - cocoa, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.nD novel of William author William Dickens wrote depict characters from to survive in such as theors' convens, orphanages.nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or harsh-stricken..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A maple is not a living thing.nA van does not have all of traits of a living thing. Its do food to but they do not groweat food. Van do energy from food or oil. Vans do not have or TheynA cave tree is nota living thing.nMaple trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Van trees grow made up of many cells.nAle trees grow made. They use their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.nA cave is not a living thing.nA cave does not many that plants that things. ita cave does not have all of traits of a living thing. It cave does not have food or water.nA cave phone is not a living thing.nC cave phone does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does not cells things. but it survive to to the world around it. It it does not need or It does not need food or water..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the piccolo. Instead, many people learn how to play. So, playing the piccolo is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: This country is Samoa..", - "Solution: This country is Dominica..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have Huntington's disease, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the Huntington's disease trait. The question tells you that the h allele, which is for not having Huntington's disease, is recessive to the H allele, which is for having Huntington's disease.nHaving having Huntington's disease is the recessive allele's version of the Huntington's disease trait. A human with the recessive version of the Huntington's disease trait must have only recessive alleles for the Huntington's disease gene. So, offspring that do not have Huntington's disease must", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe n-ground caribou has arrow pointing to it from the bil. The, the barren-ground caribou is a producer. not a producer.nThe bilberry has not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bilberry is a producer..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.nA scratch object will not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All chipssack and the icecro are hard hard.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bilberry.TherenThe sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the barre sedge. TherenThe arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The onlylichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the barren-ground caribou. TherenThe onlylichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the barrelichen.. is two paths matter can take from the bilberry to the barreworm: bilberry->barrctic fox->griarthworm-> Therebilberry->barn mming->grirctic fox->bararthworm-> bearbilberry->barn lemming->griedgey-foxl.griarthworm-> Therelichenberry->grin lemming->grisolittic eger.bar", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nZach shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nZach shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the bark is the scratchiest. If you touch touch bark material,, it would feel rough and itchy..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Picking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet and but it is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Austin is the capital of Texas..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince plum is between the guide words path - polar, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Adele wanted broccoli in her lunch and Billy was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nAdeele has tomatoes. Billy has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.nMiguel will lend us money for the tickets if we promise to repay him by the end of the year..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nYotato chips have a salty taste. The potato is not salty.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The lemon is yellow..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Danny or Adam.nIf Danny winds up attending Adam's performance, he will let Susan know.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nDanny will let Susan know if he winds up attending Adam's performance..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 5.n5 ounces and too light and 5 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts..", - "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many bunk beds for sale. There are 20 bunk for sale, but 15 15 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a shortage of bunk beds.. quantity store will not get any money for the shortage bunk beds..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A pipe cleaner is a solid. A can bend clean a pipe cleaner. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 1.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,530 billion km3, which is less than,313 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is less than 75% of the volume of Uranus..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Seattle, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jpr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Ov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noc\" is incorrect.nChoice \"J, March, and October\" is incorrect.nCh, March, and October each have an average precipitation of around 3.5 inches.nChoice \"April, May, and November\" is incorrect.nCh average precipitation in April and May is less than 3 inches. The, the average precipitation in November is less than 3 inches.nChoice \"June, July, and December\" is incorrect.nCh average precipitation in June and July is less than 3 inches. So, the average precipitation in December is less than 3 inches..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C glass of apple juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C glass of grape juice is colder than the 15\u00b0C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Monongahela National Forest has cold that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nSore than eight million people live in New York City.nIt can be proved by looking up information Seattle people live in New York City.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nSeattle is prettier than New York City.nPttier shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a city pret..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Echo's observable version of the myotonia congenita trait is not having myotonia congenita. So, Echo's phenotype for the myotonia congenita trait is not having myotonia congenita..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance.", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible opaque object does not let light through. The four objects are opaque.nA flexible object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The blocks the water,, and the are are hard, but the suit is not.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The suit is flexible, but the water suit the water are are not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Happydependence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses language (Happyppy 4thth). the crew). and is more familiar. tone..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn Rome Shakespeare's Romeo, Juliet, Romeo and known for his eloquent and of love with the he grews hist.nThe allusion Romeo means a person who loves known different..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three cookies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 22\u00b0C cookie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Biotite does all the properties of a mineral. So, biotite is a mineral..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction since itnDince it takes approximately one", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nCalilk is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nCalilk is not by living things. minerals are not made by living things.nSo, silk is not a mineral.nCalalena is a mineral..nCalcite is a mineral..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe dinosaur fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the dinosaur footprint fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely younger than the dinosaur footprint fossil..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Steve investigated whether addingremoving carbon dioxide affect soda affects how quickly soda soda freezes. So, the bottles with lids kept off were part of an experimental group.nThen dioxide was not removed from bottles bottles with lids kept on. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is New York Law Journal..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.There are one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the mushroom-legged fox: bear sedge->blackn mming->blacksolitic sger.black-lemm jafox. bear are one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the fox: bear sedge->blackn mming->blackrctic fox. bear. There only does an arrows pointing from it from One arrow starts from the mushroomn-ground ibou. The other arrow pointing to the mushroomn-ground caribou starts from the polar. No onlylichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So only arrow pointing to the mushroom starts from the lichenzzly bear. So mushroomgrizzly bear is an arrows pointing to it. So arrow starts from the griberry. The otherbilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So only arrow pointing to it mushroombilzzly bear is from the n ground caribou. So only", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. A jack-o'-lantern rotting in the sun is a chemical change. The in the jack-o'-lantern breaks down and The breaks into a different type of matter called was different and hards...", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nSome people find caffeine nauseous, so they avoid coffee, soda, and energy drinks.nThe high text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe high caffeine content in coffee, soda, and energy drinks can make some people nauseous.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A lionummingbird is ana bird. Like other birds, a hummingbird is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA lionumble bee is insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee is invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA American crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an American crocodile is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA lion is a birdmmal. Like other mammals, a lion is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that off-leash dogs are be lead increase in crime in Booneville. However, even two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as falsea red herring..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns brown and but the crust turn soft.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBot boiling on a physical change. But baking ana pie is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBotaking ana pie is a chemical change. But water boiling is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware Carolina..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A horse is a rep. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nSeahorses can near the water shallow water. They can swim their tails to push onto to rocks ornA Madagascargai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish live live near coral reefs. They dive nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night.nA day gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGy geckos have small pads on their toes. They pads help them swim up plants and rocks.nA Banghorned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 2,245 mill.n2,245 millimeters, 2,245 centimeters, and 2,245 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Stephenson is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, point. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 20\u00b0F.n20\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether boron trifluoride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for boron trifluoride is BF3. This formula contains one symbols: for triboron and C for fluorine. So, the formula tells you that boro", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Photosynthesis is a chemical change. Photos use their using photo dioxide molecules water, and water from sunlight. The", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is too perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: The Second Amendment says that \" people people have the right to bear weapons. The right of \" word \" \"bear arms.\" It protect arms, to keep it carry it in The right of the Second say thatbes\" in mean the right of arms that carry have \". The word text of the Second Amendment is below. to the Constitution of \" not it important to to keep arms right to bear weapons? person-armed weapon is such for protect protection of a nation and, is right of the people to bear and bear arms. and not be dangerringed..", - "Solution: The colony is South Carolina..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA Hernose dolphin is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nZolphins live like dolphins, other marine, but they are mammals. a dolphin dolphin is born, it has hair around its to. hair grows out to they dolphin grows.nA mann's tortoise is ana reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nT bottleoise hass shell protects it from predators. It a tortoise bite threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.nA bottlezebra is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nZebras eat animals fish and They they are liveeat plants animals of plants and animals as s and fruit bark.", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words seed and keep rhyme. They both end with the a sound.nThe word seed does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the Mozambique spitting cobra.nThe arightened, the Mozambique spitting cobra appears spread out its scarhood to appear larger and more dangerous. A a predator is nearby, the Molace can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bearded dragon has d tails on its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe lace monitor has a small neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Bull bullheaded employee has a more negative connotation. Bullheaded has persistent both meannote being being an.., persistentheaded suggests ana person who is persistently demanding. but persistent suggests somethinga person who is over and demandingdevotedacious..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 18 millimeters.n18 millimeters, too short. 18 meters and 18 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.TherenThe arrow points to the collarbilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the collarbilberry. There", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Northa..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 95\u00b0F mug of cocoa is colder than the 95\u00b0F mug of cocoa, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe Arcticbilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bilberry is ana consumer and so an omnivore.nThe Arctic fox has an arrow pointing to it from the bilberry. which is a producer. So Arctic fox has an arrow pointing to it from the ed mming. which is a consumer. So Arctic fox eats botha producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. Rainbow helium in a balloon is also a gas. Rainbow quartz is a solid of quartz. A solid can a solid. a size and shape of its own.", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words pine and dine rhyme. They both end with the e sound.nThe word pinee does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 103\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Cyprinus carpio is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Cyprinus carpio is the scientific name..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to David ors or Eric's.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with David's.nDavid and Eric drove together, so this sweatshirt is probably David's..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 30 grams.n30 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Insteadies get their skin color from their parents. So, Shelley's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: This country is Pala Zealand..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Oxygen is a liquid. A gas expands to fill a space.nOthygen is be in tanks. But oxygen leaks out, the tanks, the oxygen will expand into the space around the tank..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A fly is a mammal. Like other mammals, a fly has a backbone.nA fly is insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the website.nThe website explains how to install the new software and download add-ons..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint and self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and imtere..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Logan's laughter was booming thunder.nThe words laughter and thunder are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 1,000 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is more than 1.08 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is more than 1,000 times that of Earth..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe featherfern fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the fossil. So, the fern fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gently is between the guide words galleon - glorious, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: This country is Nauatu..nDoes Vanuatu have any territorial disputes?nVanuatu claims to own Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed islands. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the islands rightfully belong to them.nTherance has controlled the islands since 1929. But shortly after gaining independence in 1980, Vanuatu claimed to rightfully own the islands. It points to underwater geographic features and legends passed down by its people to argue that it has stronger connections to the islands than France. No one lives on the islands today..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Salt Lake City, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"A\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dev\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nChuly and August each have an average precipitation of about than 1 inch. These other months have a higher average precipitation. So", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Latrell, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Latrell down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Latrell up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Latrell..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A salmon otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA salmon is a ma. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a characteral character in the of Shakespeare Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by aoviality and enjoyment of food and drink..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Brian sat", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dodge is between the guide words dreadful - dye, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nShrank just a bit is an understatement, since Mi sweater sister gettinga snug smaller than Mia'.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to fry an egg in a pan is 4 seconds.n4 seconds is too slow..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The pullet push a ball player is towarda push of push. It player player hits the ball with from the racket. The, the rack pushlandslies away the net.. direction of the push is away from the tennis racket..", - "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a diverconvergent boundary, two plates are sliding toward each other.nA type of convergent boundary is ocean-levelcean subduction zone, which forms when two plates at oceanic crust move toward each other. Plate type the plates subducteds, or sinks, below the other.nThe the of the plates subducts, thea deep-sea trench forms at the boundary boundary. The of in the subducting plate subs into magma and melts toward the ocean. So magma cools and hardens, form a deep of mages called the ocean. a .arc. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Japan Trench, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Japan Trench is a deep-sea trench east of the islands of Japan. The trench formed as the Pacific Plate subducted, or sank, below the Okhotsk Plate. The two plates continue to move toward each other. This movement can cause devastating earthquakes in Japan, such as a magnitude 9.0 earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Japan Trench formed as the two plates sub toward each other. So, the Japan Trench formed as a transformconvergent boundary..", - "Solution: Ferns reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns use called spornds. Theses use called are like dots on the outsideside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. fern uses use asexual reproduction to make spores. spore cases are, they spores go released fromnWhen a spore caselands on the ground and germinates, it releases into a new patch-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant releases the spor's life reproduction process, and sperm. Ferns make on the places, and fernm can grow to drops. The-fertilization is when a sperm swims to the aquatic on the same plant-shaped plant.-fertilization happens when sperm swims to an egg on thea different plant.nTheertilization happens when a sperm swim egg are together The ized egg fuseinates and grows into a new fern. ThenThe fern does grow spores on begin the spor life cycle again. Theture ferns can spores on their heartside of their spors.. There cases are released from the underspore cases on.nTheart-shaped plants do and sperm. which spores..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the Damara mole rat.nThe Damara mole rat has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The large front teeth can help the Damara mole rat break off pieces of food that it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe nutria has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing.nThe aardvark has largea long,-shaped mouth and a small sharp small teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for gnawing. The aardvark uses its mouth to insects out of holes and burrows..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Over beautiful desert in the middle of the country is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nTheh poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the box that is heavier.nA box holding 42 pounds is heavier than a box holding 39 pounds. So, the box holding 42 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint and self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and imtere..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the the eight planets, eight are made mainly of gas and one are made mainly of ice. So, one of the eight planet or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space.nA air inside a beach ball is a liquid. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the beach ball. If air leaks out, the will expand into the space around the ball. ButnAoiceate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour chocolate syrup into a different, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space.nAread is a solid. is be bent or brokenpressedangled. If the will takes a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 20 ounces.n20 pounds and 20 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: Inmuggling is goods secret foreign out of countriesa country withoutly or illegally.nIn does colonis usesmuggle goodsnSmuggling was a form of people colonis to get goods other or know to The merchant allowed prohibited that would not sell with the Britain, Europe colonies. Butmglers often the rules because practices illegal other people..nDuringmuggling was a form for colonial traderss to steal for on The merchant triedations were not have abouta penny. illegal. the country. they could to idea of getation..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.nSophia took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer..", - "Solution: Aiden wanted broccoli in his lunch and Jeffrey was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nAiden has tomatoes. Jeffrey has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Jersey..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Scrooge is literature.nIn Biblela The Christmas Carol, by Christopher Dickens, tells the story of S-pinching S zer Scrooge, who is money more than people.nThe allusion Scrooge means a person who refuse generous't generous..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words and drinkyank rhyme. They both end with the y sound.nThe word does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest north..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fire-food restaurant is in row C..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe feathercrocodile egg fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the feathercrocodile egg fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Grandma Bella and Grandpa Fred kiss the children before bed is a complete sentence. The subject is Grandma Bella and Grandpa Fred, and the verb is kissing.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince softly is not the guide words seventh - sting, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Austin's snoring..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms. Balls that are different colors represent atoms of different elements. The element that each color represents is shown in the legend.nEvery element has its own abbreviation, called its atomic symbol. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a substance contains the atomic symbol for each element in the substance. Many chemical formulas also contain subscripts. A subscript is small text placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript in a chemical formula is placed after the symbol for an element and tells you how many atoms of that element that symbol represents. If there is no subscript after a symbol, that symbol represents one atom.nSo, the chemical formula for a substance tells you which elements make up that substance. It also tells you the ratio of the atoms of those elements in the substance. For example, the chemical formula below tells you that there are three chlorine atoms for every one boron atom in the substance. This chemical formula represents the same substance as the ball-and-stick model shown above. H is the symbol for hydrogen. According to the legend, hydrogen atoms are shown in light gray. O is the symbol for oxygen. According to the legend, oxygen atoms are shown in light. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one hydrogen atoms and one oxygen", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up the The Phantom of the Opera became the longest running show in January historynThe first of the Opera has the longest running show in Broadway history on January 9, 2006.nThe first sentence states an opinion. perfect mix of a fact judgment..nThe Phantom of the Opera has the perfect mix of singing, acting, and dancing..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 515 milliliters.n515 liters is too much..", - "Solution: ing plants use called giosperms, have their flowers for sexual reproduction.nTheers use use both and, female parts, or both. Female male parts of called the men, and the female part is called the stil.nTheh the male and female parts are part for sexual reproduction. The male part produces poll, and the male part produces pollen. Pollin is that make sperm.nPollination happens when pollen islands on top of the pistil. This-pollination happens when polla poll poll poll male and female parts pollinates.. This-pollination happens when pollen from one plant leaveslands on the pistil. ana flower. thea different plant. Thiss, including birds, mammals, are use pollinators. pollinators use to the from poll food. a pollinator movess, it moves pollen from one flower to another.nThe pollinators, am from the pollen can with eggs and This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow grow into seeds. a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe an plant can grow an and begin the lifethsperm plant life cycle again. The aners are seedsen from The ana seedinator moves off an pollthers, itin can fall to the anenator..nTheninator moves poll pollen from the groundstil, The is called fertilizinator. The theif pollinator does not pick up pollen from the pistil..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Lam's snoring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 16\u00b0F.n16\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Nothing but the Truth**..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Gary ors or Dave's.nWhen Gary tackled Dave during the football game, his arm was injured.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nGary's arm was injured when he tackled Dave during the football game..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. North is farthest north..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 3 cupsgallons.n3 fluid ounces and 3 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. The water in a bathtub is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour the water from a bathtub into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Marie's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Marie's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince precious is not the guide words paper - push, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Gavin wants or needs:nGavin will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: This country is Anti Vincent and the Grenadines..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A magazine should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Open Road for Boys**..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. My dog, Scooter, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.nThe words Scooter and security guard are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince thrifty is between the guide words tea - touch, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bighorn sheep's scientific name is Ovis canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis.nStrastor canadensis and Ovis canadensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Castor canadensis and Ovis canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Castor canadensis is in the genus Castor, and Ovis canadensis is in the genus Ovis.nStrix nebulosa is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix nebulosa and Ovis canadensis are not in the same genus..nOvis aries is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis aries and Ovis canadensis are not the same genus..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is poor in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statement describe the Biaowiea Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has a few types of trees. It has, wet winters and cold, wet winters. It following statement does not describe Bi Biaowiea Forest: warm, wet winters and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has a small amount of rain or snow..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nRoundworms have the following traits:nTheypare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA birdchina worm has the following traits:nI trichina worm has the following of a roundworm: A trichina worm is a thinworm.nA birdwing butterfly has an following traits:nIt has an legs.nIt has an exoskeleton.nIt has pair of antennae.nA birdwing butterfly does not have all of the traits of a roundworm. A birdwing butterfly is amp.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Dave is voting for for the Conservative or the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Dave is be voting for thea different party.or he might not be voting for all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Dominican Republic has lush, green forests and beautiful beaches. Temperatures in the Dominican Republic are usually between 70\u00b0F and 90\u00b0F throughout the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in the Dominican Republic. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Earth Sun is pulling on Earth. So, Newton's third law tells you that the is pulling on the Sun..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. McKee is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water, carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers do't usually eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that bearberries plants use energy from sunlight to make food. This is evidence that the bearberry plant is a photosynthetic organism..nThe organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the bearpolar bear is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the sugar glider.nThe sugar glider uses reach its patagium to a wing. It helps it glide through the air from the top branches of tree to the lower branches of another tree.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Sumalayan colugo has a patagium stretched between its arms and legs. Its limbs are adapted for gliding.nThe Sumatran orangutan has long,limbs. no patagium. Its limbs are not adapted for gliding. The Sumatran orangutan uses its limbs to walk trees..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nThe nurseer and his brother opened their shop in Harlem more than thirty years ago..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is South America..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince birch is not the guide words banjo - block, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. These are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts and are together to make the cell survive the energy it needs. Ch nuoplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The break down sugar sugar and release energy that the cell can use for other of its activities.nThe nucleus storess cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains instructions called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of editary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. The instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins called which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe nuoplasmic reticulum is organelle made helps ribosomes build proteins. The endcleus sends instructions for making proteins that ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplasmmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum. ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nThe proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the nulgi. The Golgi send organelle made up of many, thininsulated membranes. The Golgi can and packages proteins and other substances. The Go, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. These of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and stored from the cell.nThe plant cells, the vacuole stores nutrients and water, and nutrients. as sugar. The plant cells have one vacuole. ThenThether cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. The cell parts are not elles.nThe nu wall is cell's outer outer covering. It does the cell strength and flexibilityness when helps the cell stay its shape.nThe the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the nu membrane. It layer is a membrane that but it does not have a", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince yelp is between the guide words yarn - yonder, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Gran Sabana has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, roast. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A aw is ana ma. Like other birds, a macaw is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA rocksaturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA rock lobster is a lobsteracean. Like other crustaceans, a rock lobster is invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest west..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 13 seconds.n13 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A whitekoala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKoalas for up to 20 hours a day!nA white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks livede in shallow water to hunt for food. Storks eat fish, insects, andworms, and other small animals..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have thorns, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the thorns trait. The question tells you that the R allele, which is for having thorns, is dominant over the r allele, which is for not having thorns.nHaving thorns is the rece allele's version of the thorns trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the thorns trait must have at least one dominant allele for the thorns gene. So, offspring that have thorns must have the genotype RR or Rr.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nB potato is a kind of stem, not a root.nIt can be proved by looking up information about potatoes.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nBaked potatoes with butter are delicious.nMlicious shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what delicious potatoes are..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that a British Britishlite British man is that the British people are nice. However, this isn't necessarily true. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta hasty generalization..", - "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dawn is between the guide words decision - during, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince praiseil is between the guide words paper - porch, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour caramel sauce into a different, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space.nA stone statue is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If statues are made of metal or more pieces of stone. If piece of rock is a size and shape of its own.nA baseball umbrella is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put or umbrella, the will has a size and shape of its own. IfnA baseball cap is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put a baseball cap into head, the baseball cap will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, dust. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Sonoran Desert has a small amount of rain. It also has soil, thin soil..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that your want't want grandmother to be a dog because because you don her lonely have sad. However, even fact that you want't want dog get a dog is't necessarily mean that you want her lonely be sad is This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red man..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard has a sour taste. The t ice cube is not sour.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All wes and shiny, but the we andes not.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are hard.nThe property that all four objects have in common is hard..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince toil is not the guide words tax - trot, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jake must be irresponsible dog owner, because his friend was an irresponsible dog owner. However, even though Jake's friend was irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean Jake Jake is irre irresponsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Neptune.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 6.08 x 1014 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1014 km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion snake oil salesman is.S. history.nIn of years e wereperson to the Middle States in 17 late th. The believed these were in snake to including snake oil, by oil oil. buffalo. the, snake people called the snake of snake snake they many many snake snake oil are made to f sales deadly snakepeople were popularitya reputation reputation.nThe allusion snake oil salesman means a person who money claims..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKinsley wants broccoli. Cole wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The gas dryer can a hair to blow air air out of When air air leak the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a space larger space.nA pair of scissors is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. But pull scissorsa pair of scissors, cut the, the scissors of scissors will has a size and shape of its own.nGra air in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water into a hair into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nApe juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Samuel wants or needs:nSamuel will give up the chance to go to South Carolina. He would have enjoyed a trip to South Carolina more than California..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Polytrichum commune is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathethos, or character. It links that the product is by customers and.", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Stacy wants or needs:nStacy will spend more time walking to the meerkats. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the monkeys are close by..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, manages. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Candice started sledding. As Candice rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Candice rode down the hill..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an apple seed is 5 millimeters.n5 centimeters, 5 meters, and 5 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince casket is not between the guide words clatter - comic, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out). and breviations (Nov.)..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Ms. Stafford thinks algebra is useless because she suggested let students take statistics instead of However, Ms. Stafford does suggested that algebra should be allowed to take statistics instead of algebra. This also not suggest that algebra is uselessa useless subject. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Saturn.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 1011 km3, which is less than 6.25 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than ten times as large as Saturn's volume..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Galeocerdo cuvier is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Galeocerdo cuvier is the scientific name..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A fire dart frog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs live in many bright colors. Their bright colors warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA mandarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nLdarinfish live live near coral reefs. They diveeat fish animalsworms, snails, and other eggs.nA Canadian salamander is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFre salamanders live live poison from their shell to They poison can them them from predators.nA Canadian lynx is a repmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nCanadian lynx live s wings and protect them swim on cold..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things). bring up).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. Mag helium in a balloon is also a gas. Magma is a solid. A liquid takes change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space.nMagma is a.. A is a gas.. it mag is bigger enough, it will still into.. liquids, magma can break shape.. quickly freely.", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A cocoi heron's scientific name is Ardea cocoi. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nStrrdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Ardea cocoi are in the same genus.nStrix uralensis is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix uralensis and Ardea cocoi are not in the same genus.nPelecanus occidentalis is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus occidentalis and Ardea cocoi are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Story of Man..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common nighthawk.nThe short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common nighthawk uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe black-capped chickadee has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe military macaw has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The military macaw uses its beak to open and, hard nuts..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nIf Costa Rican hairy caterpillar wards off predators with its poisonous spines..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. My dog, Rusty, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.nThe words Rusty and security guard are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Getting a haircut is a physical change. The hair changes not and youa haircut. But it is still made of the same type of matter as.", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne gray whale moved 20 miles in 10 hours.nThe other gray whale moved 20 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 50 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nMative gold is a mineral.nAuscovite is a mineral.nA sunflower seed is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo sunflower seed is not by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, a sunflower seed is not a mineral.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Danio rerio is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nY bendable object can be bent without breaking. Both objects are bendable.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. Both poline is yellow yellow.nThe property that both objects have in common is bendable..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAotato chips have a salty taste. Both objects are salty.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. Neither of the objects are shiny.nThe property that both objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Eddie or Tom.nAfter Eddie talked with Tom about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nTom felt better about collaborating on the research project after Eddie talked with him about it..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Josiah wants or needs:nJosiah will give up the chance to see the emus. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the crocodiles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 32 minutes.n32 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Riyadh, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul, July, and August are hoter than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.nCh average temperature in June, July, and August are around 25\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are hotter, not colder, than the other months.nChoice \"Each month of the year has about the same monthly temperature.\" is incorrect.nThe months of the year have the lower average than others. So, they month of not have the same temperature.nChoice \"June, July, and August are coldter than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in June, July, and August are around 20\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are hotter than the other months of.", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish live live near coral reefs. They can activenocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night.nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a gray body or a black body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body color trait. The question tells you that the B allele, which is for a gray body, is dominant over the b allele, which is for a black body.nA gray body is the dominant allele's version of the body color trait. A fruit fly with the dominant version of the body color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body color gene. So, offspring with a gray body must have the genotype BB or Bb.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype BB or Bb.nA gray body is", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary idium bromide.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether potassium chloride is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table salt. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that potassium chloride is composed of two atoms and chlorine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that potassium chloride is composed of two chemical elements: chlorine and potassium. Since potassium chloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium chloride is a compound..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Ronald felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..", - "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is.S. history.nInenedict Arnold was American scientist who ly foughtd the British in World Civil Civil.nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a personor who.", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fire is in column 3..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 22\u00b0C rock is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Cincinnati, look at the graph.nChoice \"J\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mayur\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"June\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nCh average months with average average temperature above 70\u00b0F have June, July, and August.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to make a sandwich is 4 minutes.n4 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA toptertiary consumer eats primary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the deer mouse is a secondary consumer because it eats a producer consumer because The de consumer in this food chain is the grasssyrusa.", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the bottlenose dolphin.nThe bottlenose dolphin uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe chipback whale has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe chital has long, thin legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The chital uses its limbs for walk and run. land..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three gold bars have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 136\u00b0C gold bar is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Utah is farthest west..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nY flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The and flexible, but the er is not.nYotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The crack and yellow, but the zel and not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with climbing growth or bush growth, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. The question tells you that the G allele, which is for climbing growth, is dominant over the g allele, which is for bush growth.nClimbing growth is the dominant allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the growth pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with climbing growth must have the genotype GG or Gg.nBu are boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype GG or Gg. boxes are shown below.nCush growth is the rece", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nMabel noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction M Mabel was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Andrew wants or needs:nAndrew will give up the chance to eat the peach cobbler. Andrew thinks peach cobbler would have tasted better than sunflower seeds will..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A redta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA red-tailed hawk is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Antarctic America. It does not intersect Australia or Southa..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each blue jay moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne blue jay moved 180 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other blue jay moved 190 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each blue jay spent the same amount of time moving. The blue jay that moved 180 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that blue jay must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dawn is not between the guide words deliver - district, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: This country is Australiavalu..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince needle is not the guide words nation - nobody, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Cooper was upset about staying home. Cooper was upset upsetlucky because he had't study his friends at the water park..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion warhemoth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, a behemoth is a book of size. glory.nThe allusion warhemoth means that..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince disease is not the guide words desert - dodge, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Rebecca wants or needs:nRebecca will spend more money. Plane tickets for Rebecca to get to Florida are more expensive than tickets to Michigan..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hypera euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathethos, or character. It links that the product is been trusted for trusted recommended.re brand) class field). and many years..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp bassTherenThe arrow pointing to the rockfish starts from the kelooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. The arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the plain rockfish..nThe are two pathsarrows pointing to the fin midshipman: The two from the phytoplankton to the kelooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the phytozooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. The arrows to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the plainfin midshipman..nThe arrows to the plankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the blackplankton.. is one path matter can take from the kelp to the blackkelp bass", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for phoopropane contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, phoopropane is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, phooprop", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two metal paper clips are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the metal paper clip with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A western gull's scientific name is Larus occidentalis. The first word of its scientific name is Larus.nLaix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Larus occidentalis are not in the same genus.nPolysticta stelleri is in the genus Polysticta. The first word of its scientific name is Polysticta. So, Polysticta stelleri and Larus occidentalis are not in the same genus.nLarus michahellis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus michahellis and Larus occidentalis are in the same genus..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nCoalia and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.nA friend who weighs 31 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 31 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Ruben needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 32 pounds..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words we and we rhyme. They both end with the ad sound.nThe word wed does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Diesel is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour diesel into a different container, the diesel will take the shape of that container. But", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The iceello is flexible, but the s and not.nA lemon has a sour taste. All jello is the water are not sour.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The four objects are translucent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a stick in half is a physical change. The stick gets broken into pieces pieces. But each pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original stick.nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. The, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretch object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The are the are not soft.nA stretchy object gets covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The of the objects are stretchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..", - "Solution: Port doesn't belong.nPort and dock, and highway all point places where dock...", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A box lynx is a repmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nLadian lynx live s wings. help them sleep on coldynA leaf turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles have live in be over 100 years old!nA leafy seadragon is a bird. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nS leafdragon iss body helps like a fishsmp of greendra. It helps it seadragon stay in predator predators.nAn albatross is a fish. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAatrosses near coral ocean. They foracad, eggs, and other small animals..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKiara wants broccoli. Bernie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAal turning brown shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. The the touches the apple, the surface of the apple changes color a different type of matter. matter makes the penny dull.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nSte you scrape off the brown part of the apple, the inside will still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change has't happen to that part of the apple.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 9 kilograms.n9 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between -20\u00b0C and 20\u00b0C.n-2\u00b0C is within this range.n2\u00b0C and 17\u00b0C are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair is be naturally straight or naturally curly. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor Tanvi felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Tanvi had varied feelings. A roller coaster is a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Tanvi's feelings..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with city officials.nThe neighborhood association wants city officials to provide more affordable housing..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 135 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Someing plants and called giosperms, have their flowers for sexual reproduction.nTheers can have both parts, female parts, or both. The male part makes called the men, and the female part is called the stil. PinTheh the male and female parts are part for sexual reproduction. The pi part produces poll and and the male part produces pollen. Pollin is that are sperm.nPollination happens when pollen islands on top of the pistil. This-pollination happens when polla plant poll both male and female parts reproduceinates itself. When-pollination happens when pollen sticks one plant lands on the pistil on a flower on thea different plant.s, birds birds, mammals, can also pollinators. pollinators are from fruit from poll food. a pollinator leavess, it can pollen from the flower to another.nThe pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs and This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow grow into seeds. a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe male plant can grow fruit and begin the applegiosperm fuse life cycle again. The female part of the flower can pollen. The femalegioo are or is poll of the flowermen. can eggsen..nThe female part of the flower can poll and but pollin..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to drain all of the water in a full bathtub is 50 seconds.n50 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a characteral character in the of Shakespeare Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by characterizedoviality and enjoyment of food and drink..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The is scratch scratchy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The inflatable castle is bouncy..", - "Solution: Writing is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. This line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM.-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nHe verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.n\u2014 old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014Adapt Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nHepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe oldinty flying squirrelnIn of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nIn vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDst settling out of the air is a physical change. The dust dust settles, the falls, the forms get on the or on floor. The makess dust from from the air. but it not form a different type of matter.nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nMax melting is caused by heating. But dust settling out of the air is not.", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Look the Battle of Bunker Hill, the British were trying to defend the hills of Charlestown. The British arrow points point the map show that the British were. British. Britishs were trying to defend British of the British..nThe British battle were: correct:nThe British shows that the British of of Breed's Hill werelonged to the Patriots. who to British. ThenThe British arrow points point Breed map show that British trying the Patriot of thetown. but atcapturing.. The", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the queen scallop.nThe queen scallop has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The hard shell makes it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the queen scallop.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe marsh terrapin has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe ring-necked pheasant has soft furs covering its body. Its body is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Cracks forming in concrete due to changes in temperature is a physical change. The concrete changes like, but it is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. He won't get lost, I will give him directions is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: He won't get lost and I will give him directions..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Candice iss claim that the Loch Ness Monster isn't real isn valid because she's not Scottish. However is a personal attack on Candice's character that isn't relevant to whether she claim is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mess is between the guide words make - moment, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest west..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to cook a turkey in the oven is 6 hours.n6 minutes is too slow..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two meatballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the meatball with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks about to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gold-tailed hawk is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAd-tailed hawks live their be clawaks to hunt for animals. birds, rep, rep amptiles.nA goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGoldfish live fish in pets in many countries.. They have first kept as pets by the in the China.", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Oliver has two alleles for not having agouti fur (a). So, Oliver's genotype for the agouti fur gene is aa..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. Both objects are slippery.nA lemon has a sour taste. Both oranget barice cube is not sour.nThe property that both objects have in common is slippery..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africaa..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a dwarf body or a normal-sized body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body size trait. The question tells you that the B allele, which is for a normal-sized body, is dominant over the b allele, which is for a dwarf body.nA dwarf body is the recessive allele's version of the body size trait. A rat with the recessive version of the body size trait must have only recessive alleles for the body size gene. So, offspring with a dwarf body must have the genotype BBb.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince be is between the guide words bacteria - brag, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe of the colonies are namedd by the. The Southern Colonies were New colonies:nThe Thir of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Thir Colonies or the England..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A skunk is a mammal. Like other mammals, a skunk has a backbone.nAike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: things are made up of four main groups of organic compoundsbased organic. organic compounds. There of these groups is carbohydrates. other three groups are carbonatoms, sugar, and cleic acids.nCar carbohydrates are made up of the same type types elements: carbon, sugar, and oxygen. carbohydratesohydrate is are be in different forms. So lipid carb are called carbohydratess. So sugars can be used together by chains. form sugar molecules. or carbohydrates.nCarbohydrates can also be different functions: enzyme function of carbohydrates is to store energy energy energy of energy for the..s can use break down sugar carb of carbohydrates. make energy. such they carbohydrates are energy for cells. immediate use.bohydrates can also provide sugar structures.. of carbohydrate is or carbona, is carb sugar' and cells cells..slose, the break cells energy and help them more...", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that vegetarianif you're a vegetarian, then' be you'spise animals. However, even may be a number of reasons why you'eat plants. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta false dichotomy..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it ends with a period. It is ana declarative sentence..", - "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A snowteddy bear is not a living thing.nTeddy bears do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA snow is not a living thing.nBooks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nAount Rushmore National Memorial is not a living thing.nM Mount Rushmore National Memorial is nota living of trees soldierss. George Washington, the Jefferson, and Americane Roosevelt, and the Lincoln. sculpture is not have all of traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to their world around it. It does not need food or water.nA snowy owl is a living thing.nSnowy owls grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water..y owls grow made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North is farthest west..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nDust settling out of the air is a change change. Dust dust dust settles, the falls, the forms settle on the or on floor. The dusts dust from from the air. but it not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase refuses to behave. It describes my hair as if it were a personsocibedient person..", - "Solution: This country is Nauatu..nDoes Vanuatu have any territorial disputes?nVanuatu claims to own Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed islands. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the islands rightfully belong to them.nTherance has controlled the islands since 1929. But shortly after gaining independence in 1980, Vanuatu claimed to rightfully own the islands. It points to underwater geographic features and legends passed down by its people to argue that it has stronger connections to the islands than France. No one lives on the islands today..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A slide is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf slide can a size and shape of its own. but when you pull on it..", - "Solution: Brenna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ivan was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nBrenna has tomatoes. Ivan has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Jaylen that the essay wasn't finished. The essay was a person who is bothering Jaylen..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince thorough is not the guide words tailor - timber, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHavana is the capital of Cuba. The winds in Havana blow from the east most days of the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Havana. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Chelonoidis nigra is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Leopard the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Leopardus wiedii is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot cocoa is 65\u00b0F.n65\u00b0F is too hot..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 180 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n5 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n11 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Davida man man named David andtrieslays Goliath, a man warrior, in his more than a sling and a spear.nThe allusion David and Goliath means a twoqual rivals..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathethos, or character, by citing the of of brands..", - "Solution: An fox is red-brown.nAnfox has a big, bushy tail..nA fox is like a small dog..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the mail truck that is heavier.nA mail truck carrying 200450 pounds of mail is heavier than a mail truck carrying 200 pounds of mail. So, the mail truck carrying 450 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other mail truck..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 70 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Shakespeare history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint and self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and imtere..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nThe red wolf of the southeastern United States became extinct in the wild in 1980. After scientists created a breeding program with a few red wolves in captivity.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nThe red wolf of the southeastern United States became extinct in the wild in 1980. After scientists created a breeding program with a few red wolves in captivity. the redwolf in inbre-oduced into the wild..", - "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallgallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a glass of milk is 1 gall.n1 fluid ounce is too little and 1 gallon is too much..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fire station is in row C..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A sand cat's scientific name is Felis margarita.nLis margarita has the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, these organisms are in the same species.nLeofelis nebulosa does not have the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, Felis margarita and Neofelis nebulosa are not in the same species.nLynx canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, Felis margarita and Lynx canadensis are not in the same species..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Thistle's observable version of the fleece type trait is a hairy fleece. So, Thistle's phenotype for the fleece type trait is a hairy fleece..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest east..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the woolicicle is harder. If you squeeze icicle, it will not change shape. butif it gets to change..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tell a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Sword of Damocles is ancient legend.nIning to legend, Dam Damocles wasdefended Dam life be as lush of richesluxuries, of his Skingyrant Damonysis, Damonysis was Damocles to a banqueptuous feastt. Damocles's, the table, Damonysis a sword of from by a thin belt. anda his strength nature of his.nThe allusion Sword of Damocles means a sword that one must..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile as cold as ice suggests that the song is about someone who doesn't care. The who is willing cold as ice suggests notae, we't care much feet..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 275 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: This country is Dominic Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kenneth wants or needs:nKenneth will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A whalemann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nT whaleoise's shell protects it from predators. It a tortoise bite threatened, it can bite its head and hands inside its shell.nA whale iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas live noc type of lizard. Iguanas liveeat plants and fruit.nA green shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nWhale sharks are largest fish in the world!. whale sharks can weigh over 1 tons!as much as two elephants!nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA Herostriche largest bird in today! Itstriches can fly, but they can walk very fast..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince disaster is between the guide words deserve - durable, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion doublethink is literature.nIn Orwell's novella an phrase doublethink in de two that things ideas. such as thedouble and.\" InnThe allusion doublethink means a clearory behavior..", - "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim. first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go in the or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nSach vase and bowl in Samantha's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unique or unusual. Samantha' uniquea unique young. not unique be be the of thea kind. is be to identify that Samanthaa unique is not or someone olderedverb.asam the unique young or different, or very unique.is is considered not used intraditionally.nSammantha's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Hillsdale Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince check is between the guide words cattle - code, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in New Orleans, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"O wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.\" is incorrect.nThe average, more precipitation falls during these, July, and August than during other months. the year. So, the, July, and August are the wettest months.nChoice \"February is wetter than June.\" is incorrect.nThe is a lower average monthlyation than June. So, February is wewettrier and not wetter, than June.nChoice \"The is the wettest month.\" is incorrect.nThe other month has a higher average precipitation than June.., October is the wettriert months not February wettest months months..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.nIn 39 movie The Wizard of Oz, and a young boy boy from Kansas, finds herself in Kansas, and unfamiliar place that is like like her home. says, her dog, \"I be, we'm beena feeling that're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means that're not Kansas unfamiliar place..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun him could refer to Ted or Brad.nTed waved goodbye to Brad as his train pulled out of the station.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nAs Brad's train pulled out of the station, Ted waved goodbye to him..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Grevy's zebra's scientific name is Equus grevyi.nMacervus canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a Grevy's zebra. So, Equus grevyi and Cervus canadensis are not in the same species.nMacropus rufus does not have the same scientific name as a Grevy's zebra. So, Equus grevyi and Macropus rufus are not in the same species.nEquus grevyi has the same scientific name as a Grevy's zebra. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Crocodylus acutus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. SonSo, Crocodylus acutus is the scientific name..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.nIn Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" ana sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an that kills the ship and crew. The the crew members die, the sea Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the rain of the statue to forms it down into a different type of matter. separate matter is acid hed away by the sun. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when the from thes and factories releases with water in the.nChcid rain is a type of pollution. Acid forms when automobiles and factories release carbon thatcausing acid dioxide nitrogen in Acid of these chemicals react with oxygen in the atmosphere. acid forms lets of carbon that can fall back to the ground and acid rain.nChemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight is a chemical change. The the flashlight cool turned on, the chemical in the battery react with oxygen other to form chemicals. The reactions electricity that which powers the flashlightbulb.", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A bat of dice is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. hold dicea pair of dice, the dice will a size of their own. are madebes. they are rolling.nA water inside a raft is a solid. A bat expands to fill a space. A air fill a raft wills to fill the space inside the raft. If air leaks out, the will expand into the space around the raft.nA bat bones is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A bat bones is own shape. it bones IfnA water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water into a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, the Belize Barrier Reef has salt sunlight. It also has shallow water..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Becky is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Look map shows color to show parts water on the and lakes, and s. also color to show and is covered in glaciers..nThe legend' that the frozen is frozen the surface. the.. is not use all frozen is frozen. in the.. colors, not white colors to show water, is frozen or in rivers. So", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that social socially awkward doess knowledge of workplace safety. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Conway's desire to prevent workplace injuries. However illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a drum is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a drum something you can touch? Yes.nIs a drum a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a drum is a good..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a ate. Primkeys, apes are also primates.nA griffon vulture is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nVultures live not have live their near. They eat small that live large dead.. means causes called acalvenging..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and shows surprise feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the thea news is the watched in' the trustworthy. However, thea news iss popularity is not necessarily mean that popularity.iness. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 160 milliliters.n160 liters is too much..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Africanemerald tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nTree boas liveeat plants mammals, birds, replizards, and ampfrogs. boas have to eat once every few months!nA whaleoise is a fishtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nW tortoise's shell protects it from predators. It a tortoise bite threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.nA whale African bullfrog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA whale shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nWhale sharks are largest fish in the world!. whale sharks can weigh over 100 tons!abouts much as two elephants!.", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Jim's or the waiter's.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Jim's.nJim accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Jim's shirt..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa.nGoura scheepmakeri does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Goura scheepmakeri are not in the same species.nGoix nebulosa has the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Goura victoria are not in the same species..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that running shoes shouldnn't better for your feet. ancient ancient ancestors did it have running shoes. However, the shoes cann necessarily better for your feet. because they ancient ancestors did... worn. fact first. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular appeal to nature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the parasol fungus.TherenThe are two arrows pointing from the black fox to other organisms. One arrow starts to the bobcat. The other arrow pointing from the blackbobcat leads to the blacklete fungus. The only arrow pointing from the bo fox leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the black fox to the parasol fungus..nThe only arrow pointing from the black bearr leads to the blacklete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the black racer to the parasol fungus.. is one path matter can take from the black race to the parasol fungus: gray bear->bobsol fungus.bob is two paths matter can take from the tail caterpillar to the parasol fungus: swallowtail caterpillar->bobe", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMaking paper from wood is a physical change. Wood is made from hand wood pieces of wood into sugar chemicals. The paper turnss with oxygen chemicals in form paper and The is paper are different types of matter.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. Ru the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is dish-brown and falls apart easily.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabet .nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince antenna is between the guide words alphabet - area, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation is is a contradiction, because genuine means genuine. and imitation means fake. fake..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nJoey lives in a city where the wind often blows from the south throughout the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind direction where Joey lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long a The word we ends with a consel sound has a short vowel sound. So, it has open syllable..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sacramento cabin has bunk beds for the kids is a complete sentence. The subject is our cabin, and the verb is bunk bunk.", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Pleopeltis polypodioides is a plant. Plant cells make make their own food. Plant cells cannot their by photosynthesis..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Neptune.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 6.08 x 1014 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1014 km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that humans must giveeat meat. they teeth are meant maderip for eating meat. However, thea human byn't necessarily harmful to because animals's unhealthycompatible mouth. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as appeal to nature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Mississippi River is 3,700 mill.n3,700 millimeters, 3,700 centimeters, 3, 3,700 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Sophia or Anna.nThephia asked Anna to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nSocause Anna has a gluten allergy, Sophia asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting..", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to the. which continent it lives on.nThe word europaeus refers to the. So, the European hedgehog's scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood gets shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The minerals turns into smaller pieces. But each is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A coin is a liquid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A coins are made of metals. ButnA slide is a solid. A can use a crayon into pieces. But the piece will still have a size and shape of its own.nAish soap is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour dish soap into of a cup, the soap soap will take shape. But the coins soap will still take up the same amount of space.nA slide is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If slide does a size and shape of its own. but when you press on it. If", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDarnel wants broccoli. Neil wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses atrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nRu happy dagger is a direct address to the dagger, anda nonhuman entity..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. New is farthest west..", - "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A chair is not a living thing.nAhairs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA kit rope is not a living thing.nJupp ropes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nAavestace is nota living thing.nAttuce grows and responds to their environment. They does food and water.. does made up of many cells.nAttuce grows made in thea thin or it is grow grow used ins.foot conditions..nA kite is not a living thing.nK jumpe does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does when, the wind. but it does not grow or It does not need food or water.", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nWhen June, Erin and Preston will graduate with honors from Burlington High School..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nRaymond shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nRaymond shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American kestrel's scientific name is Falco sparverius. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.nFrdea cinerea is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea cinerea and Falco sparverius are not in the same genus.nArdea cineodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Falco sparverius are not in the same genus.nFalco tinnunculus is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco tinnunculus and Falco sparverius are not the same genus..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Martha's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain. the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 60280 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole an an eternity at that you have to wait in line for a very long time at the passport office.. have not want spend to wait in line at an eternity amount of time at.", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Emma is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe black crappie has anarrows pointing to it from the blackbornea. the lichenifer. The water flea is primary primaryrotifer and primary primary consumers, so the black crappie is a secondary consumer.nThe greenpod has an arrow pointing to it from the kelifer. The coperotifer is a primary consumer, so the copepod is nota secondary consumer.nThe green algae does not have any arrows pointing to it. so it is not a secondary consumer.nThe green algae does not have any arrows pointing to it. so it is not a secondary consumer.", - "Solution: Fossils are made in of ancient ancient parts of components of ancient organisms. AnA fossils are the shape parts of ancients. Otheres and softs are common types of fossil parts that are be preserved in fossils. AnA fossils are thetraces of an organism's activities. Other example' be ans on itsa or rock holesa holerow. soil. Other burtraces are be trace in fossils.nAossils can not made remainsmade. They fossils are fossil from nature. TheynAossils are upa life time to grow. A example, animal's tail part be on of years to grow a fossil. A.", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the fantastic leaf-tailed gecko.nThe fantastic leaf-tailed gecko has reddish-brown skin and a red-shaped tail. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Surinam horned frog has red-brow-brown skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThe Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nY roughy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None drop are the crown are not scratchy.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. None three objects are yellow.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None flower boots and the flower petals are rough rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Nate's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Nate's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nMegan made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unusual or unusual. Megan wanted have looking for unusual name, but ithe she wanted it on a baby name website, it would not actually unique of a kind.nMegan wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.nMe style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something that loud, and silence is the absence of sound..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the three-toed sloth.nThe three-toed sloth uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Californiachimpanzee has long thin limbs with Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe California sea lion has longpers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim...", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Jupiter has two alleles for a black coat (a). So, Jupiter's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 48 liters.n48 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that a typo page is that thea mistake isn. However, even of is not necessarily mean the other of the book of the garbage. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta hasty generalization..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to recognize.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe Statue of Liberty is made of copper.nIt can be proved by looking the statues and the United States.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nThe Statue of Liberty is easy to recognize.nIasy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes easy to recognize..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Garrett literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Garrett's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Garrett's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.n0\u00b0C.n0\u00b0C is within this range.n0\u00b0C and 2\u00b0C are outside of this range..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Spencer is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Spencer..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is South America..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nRonald was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Ronald, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Ronald..", - "Solution: Look environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of communities.nA community organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student pushes the key. The direction of the push is away from her finger..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nSandeep was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Sandeep, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Sandeep..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAal turning into shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. The the touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes state a different type of matter. matter makes the penny dull.nFlling a clay pot in a hot kiln is a chemical change. The temperatures cause the matter to change turnen. But firing hours, the kiln, the clay turns turn shape a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeithershing", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. Both der is not, but the bin balls are not.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is hard..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. So these planets, Earth has the volume with the largest exponent. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: This country is Haiti..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Victoria amazonica is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nChhad is a country in northern Africa. Summers in Chad are hot.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Chad. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: changes is made away the affect rain, or windice can what.diment consist differenta in or it,, in different. as parkss. coastal like.. types of sediments commondeposited in different places. For example, theaand and be deposited in layersa layer, or claymud may be carrieddeposited in different bottom of desert.nThe text around area is change quickly time of years. In ocean becomes, the sediment of sediment there is deposited changes changes. timea period time of time, the types of can be up in different desert way. So changes of thea layer of what changes that are before the area. question past fewnHow fast as of up, the can be deposited into to form layers of. matter. Look layer of text is can called a layer.. This can see how pattern of sediments rock, shown see how about how the area's environment changed over time. Look text changed this area changed from time. Look the text to learn out what way of sediment thatdeposited in the of.nAs, layer of a desert. In desert of sand was deposited. wind. In", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince struck is between the guide words splash - sure, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nOur boots were muddy as a pig's hooves.nThe words boots and pig's hooves are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nOur boots were muddy pig's hooves.nThe words boots and pig's hooves are compared without the word like or as..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each artist shows the related is closest for eacha specific topic. This the given, the overlap, the author is true for all the the topicsoverlapping topics. This Venn diagram compares two famous Renaissance artists.nThe only of for hissculpting is only the angelo'. only in the dao da Vinci'. So iss you that only Michelangelo is known for his sculpting..", - "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, cleaning objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nBood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that we mades. Burning a fuel does energy. But it also releases chemicals that are be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nAolarlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. TheseUsing energy from the sun, wind, and water does not burn wood. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the diatom is a producer because it makes its own food. The diatom in carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make its own food..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Snyder is an owl, working at night and sleeping during the day.nThe words Mrs. Snyder and owl are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest east..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf-mimic grasshopper.nThe leaf-mimic grasshopper has a reddish-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Surinam horned frog has red-and-brown skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThe Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Leo sat", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Canis lupus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Canis lupus is the scientific name..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a poem.nIn movie27 movie The Wizard of Oz, and a young boy boy from Kansas, finds herself in Kansas, unfamiliar place that is like like her home. says, her dog, \"I be, we'm beena feeling that're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means're not Kansas unfamiliar place..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is My Fair Lady..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bowhead whale moved 20 miles in 5 hours.nThe other bowhead whale moved 20 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Buck has two alleles for white spots (a). So, Buck's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa..", - "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and breviations (Nov.)..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Zack swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.nThe words Zack and dolphin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Delaware Island is farthest north..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sandbox is 3 meters.n3 millimeters, 3 centimeters are too short. 3 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. It has year, cold winters and short, cool summers, soil evergreen trees, and many that is poor in nutrients.nChoice 1 is a raintaiga ecosystem. It is year evergreen trees. It has has year, cold winters and short, cool summers.nChoice 2 is a rain rainforest forest ecosystem. It is year-round rain and warm that is poor in nutrients.nChoice 3 is a raintavanna ecosystem ecosystemand ecosystem. It is in es. manya rain season, a raint season..", - "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A sugar glider is a birdmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nSugar gliders do be from distances from trees to tree. They use stickys of hair skin on their to. flaps help them stay warm place air.nAnhorned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA sugarrobin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nRobnrobin is a birdbird. It hass songs songs at different times of the day.nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nO ostrich is largest bird in today. Itstriches can fly, but they can walk very fast..", - "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South or South America..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether chloroform is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of chloroform is composed of two carbon atom and one carbon atom, and one chlorine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that chloroform is composed of multiple chemical elements: hydrogen, carbon, and chlorine. Since chloroform is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, chloroform is a compound..", - "Solution: This country is Jamaica and Tobago..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nVenice Beach lies along the western edge of Los Angeles.nIt can be proved by looking a map of Venice Angeles.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nVenice Beach is too crowded in the summer.nToo crowded shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how crowded is too crowded..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA lemon has a sour taste. None and not sour.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: This country is Toiji..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apos paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nIt is easier to forgive an enemy to forgive a friend. first appears to be contradictory, because it is be easier to forgive an. you aree. However, it may no truth: say: it is easier difficult to to someone friend is not to forgive.. to an friend is not and it easier to", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that is with his parents won that millennials are the are lazy. However, this ofmillennialss parents doesn not necessarily reflect the behavior of generation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as adty generalization..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe plainplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is not an omnivore.nThe plainfin midshipman has an arrow pointing to it from the plankton. which is a producer. The plainfin midshipman has an arrow pointing to it from the kelooplankton. which is a consumer. fin midshipman iseats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.nThe kelp has not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is not an omnivore.nThe kelp does has an arrow pointing to it from the zp. which is a producer. The kelp is is has anarrows pointing to it from the kelooplankton, which fin midshipman. which the seafish. which are producers. So blackkelp is iseat", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Sticky is a property. A sticky material can attaches to other things.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rubber is the stickiest. If you touch t glue, it will stick to your..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that hot increased in the number average temperature reduce more piracy. However, the doesns not necessarily true. This number that theaacy is as the average temperature rose does not necessarily that theter weather reduces piracy. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt causation..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether sulfur dioxide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of sulfur dioxide is composed of two sulfur atoms and one sulfur atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that sulfur dioxide is composed of two chemical elements: sulfur and sulfur. Since sulfur dioxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, sulfur dioxide is a compound..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest north..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Birdie has one allele for white legs (L) and one allele for yellow legs (l). So, Birdie's genotype for the leg color gene is Ll..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words barn and barn rhyme. They both end with the a sound sound.nThe word barn does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nGrait showss the words rasp praise and the beginning of each sentence..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince whom is between the guide words we - wink, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A raina is a living thing.nBoas do and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.nA rainboot is not a living thing.nBainboots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect South or South America..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chore is between the guide words car - coupon, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nJine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is not, but it is not actually a million years old.nJine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundredsa million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Shelley has many responsibilities. A you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..", - "Solution: The colony is North..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nCole shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nCole shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. An event chain uses arrows to show the order of events. This event chain shows events from Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie.nChollow the arrows to see the order of events. An arrow points to Peter Mer Ark showsss at themaids' Lagoon to Peter's her parents. The iss you that Peter after the battle at Mermaids' Lagoon, Peter defeats her parents..", - "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the bucket.nThe bucket is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal and and the rest is made of plastic..nPollastic is a strong material for makings. it is very..", - "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, and objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that we mades. Burning a fuel releases energy. But it also releases chemicals that are be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nFlowclight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. TheseUsing energy from the sun, wind, and water does not release wood. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution..Flow", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba.nFalearica pavonina does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Balearica pavonina are not in the same species.nFrdea alba has the same scientific name as a great egret. So, these organisms are in the same species.nFalco novaeseelandiae does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Falco novaeseelandiae are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ted wants or needs:nTed will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A redbug is insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA wopecker is a bird. Like other birds, a woodpecker is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a red-headed poison frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA wombat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a wombat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pots of spaghetti sauce are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter pot of spaghetti sauce has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European green toad's scientific name is Bufo viridis.nHithobates blairi does not have the same scientific name as a European green toad. So, Bufo viridis and Lithobates blairi are not in the same species.nBufo viridis has the same scientific name as a European green toad. So, these organisms are in the same species.nHyla cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a European green toad. So, Bufo viridis and Hyla cinerea are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Elise was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest west..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The driftwood is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. So, the driftwood is a constant velocity..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **White House Down**..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Chad needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is the person's turn..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents the elementary boroite.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether silicon is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n. the ball-and-stick model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that siliconry represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol be. SonYoup 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silicon is composed of only one chemical element. So, silicon is an elementary substance..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA group organism is individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultigether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve has long, cold winters. It also has soil that is frozen year-round..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a classroom is 70\u00b0F.n70\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nVictoria couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Victoria so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you how ways a sloth's fur helps protect it.nFor example, sloths' long fur grows in the opposite direction from that of most animals. Most animals' fur grows downward, which helps rainwater run down off the animal. Sloths' fur, however, grows upward. When a sloth is hanging upside down, rainwater is still directed off its body. This helps the sloth dry off more quickly. Sloth fur has another special purpose. Each strand of fur has grooves that collect algae. The algae give the sloth a greenish color, which helps it blend in with its leafy environment. Along with sloths' slow movement, this disguise makes sloths hard for predators to spot. In", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Mom the hospital, all the doctors and nurses work hard is a complete sentence. The subject is Mom the doctors and nurses, and the verb is hard hard.", - "Solution: This country is Cuba..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producer producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures energy energy from the sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that eucca plants use carbon dioxide and water to make food. This is evidence that the yucca plant is photosa photosynthetic organism.nThe organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the echidna is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A blue jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta cristata. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta.nCura cristata and Cyanocitta cristata are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Goura cristata and Cyanocitta cristata have the same species name within their genus, cristata. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Goura cristata is in the genus Goura, and Cyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta.nStryanocitta stelleri is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Cyanocitta cristata are in the same genus..nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix a", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A strawberrygrove tree is a plant. It has wide green leaves.nMangrove trees grow in the water water. lakess. have water.nA strawberry is a plant. It has green leaves.nStr leaves of strawberry are plants growgrew is. originally grown in Europe Unitedth acre.nA strawberry bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.nAost rose bushes grow green spikecurvedhorns. thorns can protect the rose bush from predator attacked by birds.nA alb albrosrosses is animal. It walks, flyflies, and swims.nAn albatross is a bird. It has underwater water shore. iseats fish..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, throws. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that has true or happening now..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object is hard to hold onto or stand on. None three objects are slippery.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None t paint and the wet paintice creambe are not scratchy.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None wet paint and the wet ice cube are not rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..", - "Solution: After climax community is area community where which temper stage of formationclis. This is formed formeda by theduous, thataes thatwhose leaves are brown and make out the the fire.", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nHassan seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nHassan subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 66\u00b0F block is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid. but it is still made of the same type of matter.nSoose sediment as mudand and are not sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change. ThenSte sediment settles into but the sediment becomes er. As clears sediment sediment from the sediment. But separating thea mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Utah is farthest east..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Pouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal gets milk react a mixture mixture. But the this mixture does not form a different type of matter..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Luna's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Luna's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blot is not the guide words beef - bolt, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A coral phone is not a living thing.nC cell phone does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does not functions things, but it responds to its world around it. It it does not need. It does not need food or water.nA Great Sphinx of Giza is not a living thing.nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is nota living of thea giantical creaturelionphinx. a giant. a s.s head. a.. Great Sphinx of not have all the the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.nA coral is nota living thing.nCoral are and respond to their environment. They need food and water.s do made up of many cells.nAal are made. live. the Earth. They earth grow are and the,..nA cell is not a living thing.nAizaes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Solid, liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words for is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Hair for Mama..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 12 liters.n12 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nArachnids have the following traits:nThey have eight legs.nThey have an exoskeleton.nThey have no antennae.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA castor bean tick has the following traits:nIt has eight legs.nIt has an exoskeleton.nIt has no antennae.nA castor bean tick does the traits of an arachnid. A castor bean tick is arachnid.nA earth earthworm has the following traits:nIt has nolimb hard body cylindrical body.nIt has no limbs.nIt has made up of segments.nA earth earthworm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. An earthworm is a.d.a..", - "Solution: A clause sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nM grows most of the wheat in the world..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity, if gravity pulls things down, then anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment. It are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.nOb is a traditional Japanese Buddhist festival. Because the festival honors the spirits who family members who have died, many people spend it with family and friends..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, ride. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35\u00b0C mug of cocoa is colder than the 35\u00b0C mug of cocoa, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMaen wants broccoli. Kylie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nWaryte is a mineral.nWool is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nF, wool is not a mineral.nFluorite is a mineral.", - "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA giant moray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGach are and thin. They have have small fins. They have like fishs, but they are fish!nA wobra is a matile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCoo cobras have s large, flat headhood on their head. giantbra can weigh its truehood to showe away a predator.nA giantmbat is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWombats are teeths and their to teeth. They can their claws to dig for to to holesrows.", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest north..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Chicken is, dad, and duck go together. They are birds. Chicken is not a bird, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Noah sat", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None three objects are fuzzy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None icewi is the ball are not blue.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None tennis are the tennis ball are fragile fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An almond tree is a plant. It can grow many small flowers.nAnmond trees grow first planted in humans in in water world Sea.nA Penguinguin is an animal. It walks and swims.nP Penguinguin is a bird. lives underwater the. Its live fly,. can their pen to swim.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is new information..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the banjo. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the banjo is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logoethos, or character, by empciting to the people of are the product of.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Andrew wants or needs:nAndrew will give up the chance to go to California. He would have enjoyed a trip to California more than Georgia..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the sharpnose-puffer.nThe sharpnose-puffer has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the sharpnose-puffer is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe fire salamander has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe peppered moth has gray- brown patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest north..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a loaf of bread is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a loaf of bread something you can touch? Yes.nIs a loaf of bread a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a loaf of bread is a good..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. Aloe vera is a plant. It has spiny leaves.nA tooe vera is are a greeny liquid. use this liquid to water to water.nA barn owl is an animal. It walks and flies.nBar cat owl is ana bird. It owls live in the continent except Antarctica.nCat catucan is an animal. It eats mostly fruit.nA toucan is a plant. a large mouthak. toucan's beak can be up as long as its body..nA catfish is an animal. It swims underwater.nCat catfish is ana fish. ItUnlike other other fish, catfish can not have s!. can y,..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Bas properties of basalt match the properties of a rock. So, basalt is a rock..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nErosion caused by wind is a change change. The wind blowcarries on the pieces of the that But each pieces are rock do not form a different type of matter.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The type parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Shawn wanted broccoli in his lunch and Mike was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nShawn has tomatoes. Mike has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: This country is The Bahamas..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A wood moray eel is a rep. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nRels are, thin. They can have small fins. They can like fishs. but they are not!nA pecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWoodpeckers live large beaks. Their use their beaks to hunt into wood to hunt for food.nA is a birdmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nRabbits live near in groupsrows. They of rabbit burrows is called a \"ren.nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nEald eagles live in groups. water. They lay nests to can be up to 20 feet long..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered in water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, Everglades National Park has land that is covered in water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Warren is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 18 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n11 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n11 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to put on your seat belt is 5 seconds.n5 minutes is too slow..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with bumpy fruit or smooth fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit texture trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for bumpy fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for smooth fruit.nBumpy fruit is the rece allele's version of the fruit texture trait. A cucumber plant with the dominant version of the fruit texture trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit texture gene. So, offspring with bumpy fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.nAll are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype FF or Ff.nSweooth fruit is the reces", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest north..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe New are shownd by the. or the rest England Colonies are shade shaded by same color.. are New colonies:nThe New of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Thir Colonies or the Southern Colonies..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a creepy person..", - "Solution: From the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Fromia monilis is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. The the wick and the melted wax burn. The react with oxygen in the air and turn into ot, carbon dioxide, and water.nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type causes the fire causes the matter of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow turns and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBh changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africaa..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms. Balls that are different colors represent atoms of different elements. The element that each color represents is shown in the legend.nEvery element has its own abbreviation, called its atomic symbol. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a substance contains the atomic symbol for each element in the substance. Many chemical formulas also contain subscripts. A subscript is text text placed lower than the normal line of text. For subscript in a chemical formula is placed after the symbol for an element and tells you how many atoms of that element that symbol represents. If there is no subscript after a symbol, that symbol represents one atom.nSo, the chemical formula for a substance tells you which elements make up that substance. This also tells you the ratio of the atoms of those elements in the substance. For example, the chemical formula below tells you that there are three chlorine atoms for every one boron atom in the substance. This chemical formula represents the same substance as the ball-and-stick model shown above. N is the symbol for hydrogen. According to the legend, nitrogen atoms are shown in green. N is the symbol for hydrogen. According to the legend, hydrogen atoms are shown in green gray. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one hydrogen atom and three chlorine atom", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 185\u00b0F pot of spaghetti sauce is colder than the 185\u00b0F pot of spaghetti sauce, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The mini golfer pushes the ball away from the putter. The ball rolls out the hole. The direction of the push is away from the mini golfer's putter..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second text message is more formal. It uses more sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Walton). The other text message uses more casual language and sentence fragments..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses persona pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nI wondered hit me because that the baseball is me.. also means that the wondered hit that the baseball was getting bigger..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Earth is pulling on the International Space Station. So, Newton's third law tells you that the International Space Station is pulling on Earth..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A ferr is not a living thing.nA snow does not have all of traits of a living thing. It does food to fly, but it does not groweat food. Itlicopters do energy from sunlight or water fuel. do not need ornA ferrman is not a living thing.nS ferrman does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does madea like a wheel. it does not need food ornA ferris wheel is not a living thing.nF ferris wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does in thea wheel. but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA barn owl is nota living thing.nBarn owls are and respond to their environment. They need food and water. owls are made up of many cells.", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale shows some famous characters from folktales.nLookeverkey characters are shown to the left. Theer characters are shown to the right. The right Bad Wolf is shown to the right than Rumpelstiltskin.. showss you that Rum Big Bad Wolf is meaner than Rumpelstiltskin..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince we is between the guide words wait - wound, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Mom announced her new job to our family is a complete sentence. The subject is Mom announced and the verb is announced..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Samuel is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Belle wants or needs:nBelle will give up the chance to look at the hickory tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the morning glories..", - "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Minneapolis, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aeb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noc\" is incorrect.nChoice \"J, January, and February\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation in these three months is different. average precipitation for December is different over 2 inches. the the average precipitation in September and February is just over 2 inches.nChoice \"September, October, and November\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation in September, October, and November is just over 2 inches. So other month has average precipitation of is less higher or lower than the three months..nChoice \"June, July, and August\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation in these three months is just. The average precipitation for June is just than the inch higher than the average precipitation in August and July..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two fish tanks are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the fish tank with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the shoebill.nLong legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe little bittern has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe African fish eagle has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The African fish eagle uses its legs to walk and swimch..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Insteadies get their skin color from their parents. So, Kirk's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Professor Harrell's research isntrustworthy because another else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. This researcher of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince stalk is not between the guide words snap - soar, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Gary or Ryan.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Gary.nGary's brother Ryan wondered whether Gary ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the gum would stretch more. If you pull on gum materiale gum, it will get longer..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glassstyrofoam packing peanuts is more flexible. If you fold squeeze atyrofoam packing peanuts, they will not break..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn Petera play. M. Barrie novel, Peter character Peter Pan turnss to theland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who loves't take on adult responsibilities..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Goliath heron's scientific name is Ardea goliath.nStralco tinnunculus does not have the same scientific name as a Goliath heron. So, Ardea goliath and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same species.nStrrdea goliath has the same scientific name as a Goliath heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.nStrix uralensis does not have the same scientific name as a Goliath heron. So, Ardea goliath and Strix uralensis are not in the same species..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Making lemonade is a chemical change. The lemon in water, and watera are made together to But they are not form. lemon types of matter..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a parking space is 23 feet.n23 inches and too short. 23 yards and 23 miles are too long..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The four objects are sticky.nA lemon has a sour taste. The is not sour.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The is the are not slippery.nThe property that all four objects have in common is..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A snowinam horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA snow Amazon tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nTree boas liveeat plants mammals, birds, lizards, and otherfrogs. boas live need to eat plants every few months!nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks live live in up to 20 years!nA snowy owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWnowy owls live in the places. They when be are sharps. help warm..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The Channel catfish has two alleles for a white body (b). So, the catfish's genotype for the body color gene is bb..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Cairo, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nCh has an average monthly precipitation of about 15 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, January is the wettest month on average..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Tokyo, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noan\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in January and February are around 25\u00b0C. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coldest months on the year..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air to This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter to change into a different type of matter.Adding sugar, the sugar matter is not and hard.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoiling sugar to caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is not.nBoth are caused by cooling", - "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two tennis balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter tennis ball has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kentucky Dakota is farthest north..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bald eagle's scientific name is Haliaeetus leucocephalus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus.nFix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not in the same genus.nFalco tinnunculus is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco tinnunculus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not in the same genus.nHaliaeetus pelagicus is in the genus Haliaeetus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus. So, Haliaeetus pelagicus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not the same genus..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Gran Sabana has warma rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..", - "Solution: This country is Saintados..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Nicholas, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Nicholas, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nCrustaceans have the following traits:nThey have two pairs of antennae.nThey have an exoskeleton.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Caribbean-spotted octopuse has the following traits:nIt has tenta soft red.nIt has acles.nI white-spotted octopus does not have all of the traits of a crustacean. A white-spotted octopus is a repslusk.nA Caribbean spiny lobster has the following traits:nIt has two pairs of antennae.nIt has an exoskeleton.nA Caribbean spiny lobster does the traits of a crustacean. A Caribbean spiny lobster is a crustacean..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 190\u00b0C block is hotter than the 180\u00b0C block, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.nChoice \"Aan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"No\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dect\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nCh, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air to This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nUsing polishtarnish silver spoon is of is black shiny over the. Polish to the spoon makes it look shiny again.nSte polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter called was be easily removedwiped away. The, it polish to remove tarnish from the is a chemical change. ThenStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Alvin that the essay wasn't finished. The text uses a person who is bothering Alvin..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a refrigerator is 3\u00b0C.n3\u00b0F is too hot..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nembrotha megalocera is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two watermelons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the watermelon with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince deal is between the guide words dance - did, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 975 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two gold bars are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the gold bar with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest west..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe palmcrocodile egg fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the palm leaf fossil. So, the palmcrocodile egg fossil is most likely older than the palm leaf fossil..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the leopard shark.nThe leopard shark's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The leopard shark uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment of the ocean floor.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe orangesturgeon hass mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe orangespine unicornfish hass mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding. The", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Slicing cheese is a physical change. The cheese is shape, But it is still made of the same type of matter as.", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nThe pirates buried the treasure chest, but some sailors soon found it..", - "Solution: The colony is South Carolina..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. California is farthest south..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nUsing sandwichtarnish silver spoon is of has shiny over time. Polish to the silver makes it look shiny again.nSte polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter called was be easily removedwiped away. This, it polish to remove tarnish from is a chemical change. ThenStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBot", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Percy attends weekly book club meetings, and", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince ignore is between the guide words imagine - irrigation, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Canada goose.nThe Canada goose gather a thick, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud. The Canada goose gathers muddy water in its beak. Then, it pushes the water out through gaps along the sides of the beak. Bits of food, such as plant roots, are left behind inside the goose's beak.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe E swan has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud.nThe Eurasian eagle-owl has a short, beak. Its beak is not adapted to filter through mud. The Eurasian eagle-owl uses its beak to through leaves..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The ball is bouncy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The soccer ball is blue blue..", - "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words thin and pipe rhyme. They both end with the k.nThe word thin does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a small measuring spoon is 5 milliliters.n5 liters is too little..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the meteorologists.nThe meteorologists predicted afternoon thunderstorms, but the sky remained clear all day..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction while.nRuabb prepared a receipt for the customer while Mateo packaged her items for her..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the Cape vulture.nThe Cape vulture has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the Cape vulture travel high distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe great blue heron has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe gaur has long legs. It is not adapted for flight. The gaur uses its legs to walk and run..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jeffrey wants or needs:nJeffrey will spend more time walking to the zebras. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the gibbons are close by..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Lola wants or needs:nLola will spend more time making the cream of mushroom soup than she would have spent making the minestrone soup..", - "Solution: Isabella wanted broccoli in her lunch and Clara was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nIsabelbella has tomatoes. Clara has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible opaque object does not let light through. The zels the er, and the are opaque, but the crack water is not.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All crack are flexible, but the cracker and not.nAotato chips have a salty taste. All four objects are salty.nThe property that all four objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, heating objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nBood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that we mades. Burning a fuel releases energy. But it also releases chemicals that are be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nAwelight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the sun, wind, or water does not release wood. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in the-century Greecehens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince people is not the guide words pattern - plot, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether zirconium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for zirconium is Zr. This formula contains one symbol: Zr. So, the formula tells you that zirconium is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with straight fur or curly fur, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fur type trait. The question tells you that the f allele, which is for curly fur, is recessive to the F allele, which is for straight fur.nStraight fur is the rece allele's version of the fur type trait. A cat with the dominant version of the fur type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fur type gene. So, offspring with straight fur must have the genotype FF or Ff.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype f or Ff.nCurly fur is the recess", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A blackpiranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas sharp teeth. Piranhas their groups. A black of piranhas is eat botha large animal.nA black howler is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nHowlerss sharp in but barklers.. loud can be heard by miles away..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Aunt family will swim at the town pool tomorrow is a complete sentence. The subject is Aunt family, and the verb is my swim..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that 7 out of the five planets are made mainly of rock. So, four-four of or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Sunday, Italy, and Russia go together. They are places. Sunday is not a country, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Coach West talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach West, and the verb is talked..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Sonoran Desert has a small amount of rain. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 17 seconds.n17 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like thesing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nTaste | These are words like, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like fruit, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. For soft can describe a taste or a smell.n Look at the picture.nThe word soft describes how this feather feels to the touch.nSoftat and softy can also describe how soft feels to the touch. But it do not describe this feather..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the bamboo plant we usually eat is the fruit. It supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant..", - "Solution: This country is Pala Federated States of Micronesia..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: This country is Vanuru..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nAllie wants broccoli. Bobby wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Haley wants or needs:nHaley will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bowls of oatmeal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bowl of oatmeal with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A sea otter is a birdmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nOea ottetters have feather thick fur. They fur makes them warm in cold water.nAn toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nAn turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles live live in be over 100 years old!nA sea albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAatrosses near water ocean. They use forfcald,, rep other animals animals.", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bald eagle's scientific name is Haliaeetus leucocephalus.nBuelecanus occidentalis does not have the same scientific name as a bald eagle. So, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Pelecanus occidentalis are not in the same species.nBualiaeetus leucocephalus has the same scientific name as a bald eagle. So, these organisms are in the same species.nBubo scandiacus does not have the same scientific name as a bald eagle. So, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Bubo scandiacus are not in the same species..", - "Solution: A bat is black.nA bat flyflies at night.nA sleeps upside down..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The runner is increasinging up. So, the runner has accelerating..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 1 yard.n1 foot, 1 yard, and 1 mile are all too short..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Dwayne felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Look at the map.nThe Inc A marks the territory of the Inca began civilization. Civil Inca began organized in North America..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound broide.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether silver bromide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that silver bromide is composed of twomine atoms bro atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silver bromide is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogenmine and bro. Since silver bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silver bromide is a compound..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nIn the fifth and sixth centuries, more than fifty thousand Buddhist statues carved into the rock of the Yungang Grottoes of China..nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nIn the fifth and sixth centuries, more than fifty thousand Buddhist statues carved into the rock of the Yungang Grottoes of China..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Ice melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The ice in liquid, but it is still made of water..nThe water between atoms in the molecules are do not change. The, thea different type of matter is not formed..", - "Solution: Columbia is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a garden snail is 2 inches.n2 yards is too long..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A sea eagle is a bird. Like other birds, a sea eagle has a backbone.nA julia butterfly is insect. Like other insects, a julia butterfly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDustin wants broccoli. Evelyn wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 8 inches.n8 inches is too short. 8 yards and 8 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest west..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. RainnWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nWhen you pour rain into into a different, the rainwater will take the shape of that bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bat moved 35 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other bat moved 45 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 35 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences run have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nLocated just south of Dover, Tristan's Restaurant offers an eclectic menu in a scenic country setting..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts Island..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Writing is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. This line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM.-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nHe verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.n\u2014 old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.n\u2014petition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe oldinty flying squirrelnIn of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nColleen wants broccoli. Natalie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Undyne's observable version of the tail spots trait is a spotted tail. So, Undyne's phenotype for the tail spots trait is a spotted tail..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The baby's hand applies a force to the door door. This force opens the door to open. The direction of this force is toward the baby's hand. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A salt is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA salt water crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a salt water crocodile does a backbone..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bike is between the guide words behave - breakfast, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 3 ounces.n3 pounds and 3 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nBoring shows verbal irony because Shane's sister's hairstyle is not too all boring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a tennis court is 75 feet.n75 inches is too short. 75 yards and 75 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Gregory usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you agree their opinion..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A purple heron's scientific name is Ardea purpurea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nLarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Sarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea have the same species name within their genus, purpurea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Sarracenia purpurea is in the genus Sarracenia, and Ardea purpurea is in the genus Ardea.nLrdea cocoi is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea cocoi and Ardea purpurea are in the same genus..nLynx pardinus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx pardinus and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Susan or Kate.nSusan looks almost identical to her twin sister Kate, but she has pierced ears.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nSusan has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Kate..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle**..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things). bring up).nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nCora wants broccoli. Reagan wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Whitney's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain, the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the story president who the Civilary War wastrayed the country in thefought for the United..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Buteo jamaicensis is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nButeo jamaicensis is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that red-tailed hawk is the common name..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 6.n6 ounces and too light and 6 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe silver bear has an arrow pointing to it from the simmon tree. The persimmon tree is nota producer, so the black bear is a primary consumer.nThe grayaver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is nota producer, so the silveraver is nota primary consumer.nThe graysimmon tree does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is not a primary consumer.nThe gray maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is not a primary consumer.nThe gray fox has anarrows pointing to it from the pertail caterpillar and the swallow vole. TheNeither the swallowtail caterpillar nor the pine vole is a producer, so the gray fox is not a primary consumer..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nOpenamille and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A goldenlican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nPrown pelicans live near water. They can live underwater to hunt fish.nA golden frog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses random in its traditional sense: in or occurring without a definite pattern.nDuringammels in the wild tend to eat an apparently random assortment of leaves, grasses, shrubs, and other plant matter. As an adaptation to their native desert environment, they are able to eat even thorny and salt-heavy plants that most animals will reject.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: made or out of place.nDuring the nineteenth century, the U.S. Army used camels as pack animals in the Southwest. Though the program was discontinued after the outbreak of the Civil War, reported sightings of random camels throughout the Southwest continued through at least the 1940 s.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Desmond wanted broccoli in his lunch and Tom was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDesmond has tomatoes. Tom has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break warm. Food gives living things energy. Living use use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives. things might respond their and stronger faster things parts.nAll example, apple tree is a living thing. has its in a living. grows root water and the ground. also food from food from sunlight sun. sun leaves is itser when stronger tall. flowers. the life. stop sign is not a living thing.nStop signs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or They do not need food or water.nA cherry tree is a living thing.nAicary trees grow and respond. They need food and water..nAerry trees grow plants. They do their own food using water, carbon, and energy from sunlight..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nMr. Dodson's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nMr. Dodson's long legs were sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA hard object changes shape when squeeze it. The pan not soft.nA hard object changes its shape when you squeeze it. The window is hard..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Haliaeetus leucocephalus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nHaliaeetus leucocephalus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that bald eagle is the common name..", - "Solution: Animal and animal cells have many parts in common. but they all. Plant is lists some of the differences and differences.nAnimells | Plant cell | Animal cell |ncells | animal | yesncell wall | yes | yesncellplasm | yes | yesneochondria | yes | yesneuole | yes | yesnloroplasts | yes | yesneecleus | yes | yesnlorosomes | yes | yesnDoink about how plant and animal cells do different.nPlant cells have chlora va wall, but animal cells do not. Ch cell wall is plant cells grow theira clean shape. Animal animal cells have not have a va shape.nCht cells do oplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloplasts are their. helps grow can use to food. Animal cells cannot make sugar own food..nCh.", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMetal turning silver shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with oxygen in the air to form tarnish. The tarnish is a different type of matter than was not there before the change.nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter to change into a different type of matter.Unlike sugar, the sugar matter is not and shiny.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBotoiling is", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of one-tenth the volume of Saturn.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 68,280 billion km3, which is less than 88,713 billion km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than one-tenth the volume of Saturn..", - "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 25 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 20\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 45. So, the temperature is 45\u00b0C..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest east..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Canada lynx's scientific name is Lynx canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx.nFelynx rufus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx rufus and Lynx canadensis are in the same genus.nFelis chaus is in the genus Felis. The first word of its scientific name is Felis. So, Felis chaus and Lynx canadensis are not in the same genus.nFelis catus is in the genus Felis. The first word of its scientific name is Felis. So, Felis catus and Lynx canadensis are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Seattle, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Maypr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mayv\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May, March, and October\" is incorrect.nCh, March, and October each have an average precipitation of around 3.5 inches.nChoice \"May, May, and November\" is incorrect.nCh average precipitation in April and May is less than 3 inches. So, the average precipitation in November is less than 3 inches.nChoice \"May, June, and October\" is incorrect.nCh has not an average precipitation of about 3.5 inches.., the average precipitation in May and June is less than 3 inches..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nThe Zion Narrows, a canyon in Utah's Zion National Park, stretching for sixteen miles and, in some areas, narrowing to just twenty feet.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nThe Zion Narrows, a canyon in Utah's Zion National Park, stretchingstretches for sixteen miles and, in some areas, narrowing to just twenty feet..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason, by citing evidence that showss the product-s effectiveness..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest west..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mosquito is between the guide words marry - mistake, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA scratch object is covered in soft hair. None sweater is not, but the iceand and is not.nA scratch object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All bark and hard, but the sweater is not.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the gym memberships to lead in more costs. However, even free gym memberships to't necessarily mean that employees should be all day time at the gym. than get work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKurt wants broccoli. Franco wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: This country is Palau..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human humans are born with naturally curly hair. Others are born with naturally straight hair. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Kingown, teacherking, and teacher go together. They are people in King is not a word, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cherry pies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cherry pie with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: This country is Jamaica and Tobago..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gym is not between the guide words game - gnaw, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid. but it is still made of the same type of matter.nPeeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is still covering the skin of the banana anymore. it the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But peeling a banana is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Apollo has one allele for a spotted coat (A) and one allele for a black coat (a). So, Apollo's genotype for the coat pattern gene is Aa..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJin wants broccoli. Norma wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word wentawoke. It describes the smoke detector as if it were a person who went a...", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nUnless package includes some old letters from my grandma to my dad and a broken pocket watch..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 33 gramss.n33 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when The pie get soft and but the crust turns brown.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are different of the types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCoh changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of the Nile River is 4,250 feet.n4,250 inches, 4,250 feet, and 4,250 yards are all too short..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft has a sour taste. The four objects are sour.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The apple and translucent translucent.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The iceill pickles are the, and the are not, but the apple is not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is softsour..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince cribclam is between the guide words candle - coffee, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Garrison was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time..", - "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince ghost is between the guide words gallop - glad, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest west..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the shield.nThe shield is made of metal.nMet usually use these tos to protect themselves from The shield and People strong shield is noty youra person' but ita shield shield won not to hold..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation is is a contradiction, because genuine means genuine. and imitation means fake. fake..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest west..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Daphnia pulex is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, De Biesbosch National Park has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 80\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 70\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 26 millimeters.n26 millimeters, too short. 26 meters and 26 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Patrick wanted broccoli in his lunch and Isabelle was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nPatrick has tomatoes. Isabelle has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince border is not the guide words bandage - breeze, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with blue body feathers or green body feathers, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body feather color trait. The question tells you that the B allele, which is for green body feathers, is dominant over the b allele, which is for blue body feathers.nBlue body feathers is the recessive allele's version of the body feather color trait. A budgerigar parakeet with the recessive version of the body feather color trait must have only recessive alleles for the body feather color gene. So, offspring with blue body feathers must have the genotype BBb.nBlue are 0 boxes in", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the northern elephant seal.nThe northern elephant seal uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bottlenose dolphin has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe nilgai has long,. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The nilgai uses its limbs to walk and run. land..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Algernon has two alleles for a dwarf body (b). So, Algernon's genotype for the body size gene is bb..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the citizens or the competent city council members.nThe citizens of Seaside have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nSeveral competent city council members have been elected in Seaside, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to research or observation.nGeorgeapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nIn the 1840 s, American fans of Charles Dickens hosted a \"Boz Ball\" in New York to honor the writer.nIt can be proved by reading a book of Charles Dickens.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nFor someone who has never read Charles Dickens, David Copperfield is the best novel start start with.nFor novel what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what novel theens iss novel are the. startinga novel. favorite writingens..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nS most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.nA buffalo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live near the. Most people raise water buffaloes for their milk.nA howler is a birdmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHowlerss are large in but lers. They loud can be heard by 100 miles away.nA gharial is a birdtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGharials live a type of lizcodile. Gharials live near water and inpond fish..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It uses the product to of adventure. comfort..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 7 inches.n7 feet, 7 yards, and 7 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Mixing copper and tin to make bronze is a physical change. The make bronze, thea mixture melts copper copper and tin into that the can be mixed together..nThe, bronze is when the copper cools. The copper and tin react , bronze.. they are still made of the same type of matter as before..", - "Solution: Food cake is food.nA cake is sweet.nYou may eat an on your birthday..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The three objects are slippery.nY rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None t and the wesello are not rough.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. None wet paint and the wejello are yellow yellow.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nDrivers should stop talking on their phones, or they should pull over..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, mail. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nElena", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flying fox.nThe flying fox has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the flying fox travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Cape vulture has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe gaur has long,. It is not adapted for flight. The gaur uses its legs to walk and run..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Cassie, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Cassie down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Cassie up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Cassie..", - "Solution: Fo is material contain information details and including, and charts about Theses often't have know refer what an things happened to reality other: Instead, the can have to look youres about like findvents. about figure why these texts around the text relate into. facts can be scientists think how ideas story in how conclusions from how topics that careful to check your questionsferences on the from in the text. well. the that read know. about how clue in the text:nFossils can tell you many ancient animal used died fromtinct. TheynTheyossils evidence tell that fossiletles have out during often than other other animal. ThisnThis carefultles have fossil extinction rates is scientists the huge number of beetle species. ThisnUsingformation to survive that beetles lived out, often, other animals, scientists can use accessa fossil types. dietextinction rates. This do this, scientists must not to find out which many be animal were gone outtinct.nUsing on these clues in scientists can find what bes could scientists explain multiple number of betinct speciesetles are other number of be animalstinct animals. This is scientists survive out which beetle only out as often as other animals. and isexplains the huge number of beetles species..", - "Solution: Look at the table.nThe Babylonbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.nThe Babylonian wordba-bih-laH-bee-b) Empire started after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The Babylon of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon.B-bih-lahn).", - "Solution: This country is Fiji..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nA high pressure system can push clouds out of an area. It has been clear in the Gobi Desert all week because of a high pressure system in the region.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usualometric pressure in the Gobi Desert this week. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluboron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether chloromethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of chloromethane is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom, and one oxygen atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that chloromethane is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine. Since chloromethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, chloromethane is a compound..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cease is between the guide words cartoon - character, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words minee and heat rhyme. They both end with the e sound.nThe word heat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nInir John Falstaff, a characteral character in the of Shakespeare Shakespeare's plays, often known for his cheerful sociability and off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by aoviality and enjoyment of food and drink..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A pine ball is not a living thing.nSoccer balls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.nA pine tree is a living thing.nPine trees grow and respond to their world around them. They need food and water. PinenAine trees grow plants. They do their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.", - "Solution: A organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the FliG gene affected the structure and function of the FliG protein..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest south..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The judge talks about the new law everyone listens is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: The judge talks about the new law and Everyone listens..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest north..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf-mimic grasshopper.nThe leaf-mimic grasshopper has a reddish-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe snowplated leaf chameleon has dish-brown skins covering its its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThe snowy owl has white feathers covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nOf a certain age is an indirect way generally more polite way of referring to older people..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince stork is not between the guide words shy - single, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. So, in a food web, tertiary consumers have arrows pointing to them from secondary consumers. Secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers consumers. Secondary primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe silveraver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is not a secondary consumer, so the beaver is not a tertiary consumer.nThe black bearfox has an arrow pointing to it from the black vole. The pine vole is nota secondary consumer, so the black fox is nota tertiary consumer.nThe black bearr has an arrow pointing to it from the black vole. The black vole is a secondary consumer, so the black racer is nota tertiary consumer.nThe black bear has anarrows pointing to it from the simmon tree and which pertail caterpillar, and the aver. The of these organisms is a consumer. so the black bear is not a tertiary consumer.nThe silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nEli wants broccoli. Pedro wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 70\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africaa..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA greenpiriger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nTiger sharks are nocturnal. They means that they are active mostly at night.nA piranha is a rep. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat botha large animal.nA green sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGreenea turtles live near groups Pacific. but they are their eggs in the..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince capitol is between the guide words clutch - curse, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.nSusan had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Megaptera novaeangliae is an animal. Animal cells make make their own food. Animal cells cannot their food by digesting other organisms..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Neil doesn have have about democracy, because he didn't vote in the election. However, even may be a number of reasons why Neil didn't vote in the election. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red dichotomy..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..", - "Solution: Link doesn't belong.nLink, link, and link all make actions to link...", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Bella is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the star-nosed mole.nThe star-nosed mole has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The star-nosed mole uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe blue badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe blue-footed booby has wide,s on sharpbed feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The blue-footed booby uses its feet to walk..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim. first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go in the or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic wolf.nDuring Arctic wolf has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic wolf uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring musk ox has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe armadillo lizard has thins covering much of its skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk changes changes. The milk matter in is formed does the milk its sour taste.nDep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitheroking is caused by heating. But milk going sour is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling.", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Night at the Museum**..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses alang (was).).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince fed is between the guide words flutter - fur, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the gray-headed albatross.nThe gray-headed albatross has long, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the gray-headed albatross travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe northernflamingo has long, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe northern elephant seal has largepers. It is not adapted for flight. The northern elephant seal uses its flippers to swim...", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A barkkeel-billed toucan is a rep. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nTo barking tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A porc tochameleon is a birdtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nChameleons liveeat plants, They use their tail thin fingerss to hold insects prey.nA porcupinefish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPorcupinefish live live up their pre with water or water. scare off predators.nA European green toad is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nZebras eat plants leaves.. they have eat plants animals of animals and animals as s, fruit bark.", - "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: This country is Palau..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the ptarmigan.nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white furs covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe porcupine has white-and-white scales covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,430 billion km3, which is more than,430 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a newspaper is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a newspaper something you can touch? Yes.nIs a newspaper a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a newspaper is a good..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince minute is between the guide words mat - movies, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Dayton. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. The, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper gets into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Potassium feldspar has all the properties of a mineral. So, potassium feldspar is a mineral..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Ronald who drive cars cann to be lifeguards. However illustrate a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether's life to be a lifeguard. However illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false hominem..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether diamond is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for diamond is C. This formula contains one symbol: C for diamond. So, the formula tells you that diamond is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances.", - "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAllnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the repetitioncontrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nThe words contrasts oppos parallel of thinking at, not if threat and a challenge is.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two brownies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter brownie has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Polish tarnish silver spoon is of has been shiny shiny. the. Polishing the spoon is it look shiny again..nUsing polish changes from tarnish into a different type of matter that is be easily removedwiped away. But, the polish to remove tarnish from is a physical change..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 37 millimeters.n37 meters and 37 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each humpback whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne humpback whale moved 20 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other humpback whale moved 20 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each humpback whale spent the same amount of time moving. The humpback whale that moved 30 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that humpback whale must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a gray tree frog is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA min howler is a birdmmal. Like other mammals, a black howler is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is a single independent clause.nLatrell took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the snow leopard.nThe snow leopard has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice. The fur can help keep the snow leopard's feet warm. The fur pads help spread its weight over a larger area. The allows it to walk on ice without slipping and to walk on snow without sinking into too deep.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe brown bear has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice.nThe horse has longofeds with Its feet are not adapted to walk on snow and ice. The horse uses its feet to walk on run on leaves without in soil..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A Gala frog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGalapagos giantoisses live in land Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They can live for be over 100 years old!.", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nHarper wants broccoli. Kamal wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but it sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA sidewalk heating warm in the sun is caused by heating. But carving a piece of wood is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nDarrell always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA smooth object can stick or stick to other things. The is is sticky sticky.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The fish bowl is smooth..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The four objects are fragile.nA fragile opaque object does not let light through. The and opaque, but the glass cupsk is the glass fla, and the icecle are not.nSugar has a sweet taste. The fla is the glassicicle are not sweet.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.nIn legendn Nights, the story legend Sche Sche Scheherazade is conquerpones her death death. smerizing the friendstivity, a years one story..nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who is his powers her powers to others or avoid danger..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in New, look at the graph.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jur\" is incorrect.nChoice \"J\" is incorrect.nChoice \"June\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul, July, and August\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation in these three months is different. The average precipitation for June is less than 1 inch higher than the average precipitation in June and July.nChoice \"September, April, and May\" is incorrect.nCh average precipitation in these three months is different. average precipitation for March and May is less than 1 inches. So the the average precipitation in May and more than 3 inches.nChoice \"September, October, and November\" is incorrect.nCh average precipitation in September, October, and November is less over 1 inches.. other month has average precipitation of is less higher or lower than the three months..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 40 grams.n40 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne sailboat moved 80 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other sailboat moved 80 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each sailboat spent the same amount of time moving. The sailboat that moved 30 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMararia wants broccoli. Jason wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Map find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest north..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Hancock's snoring..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is South America..", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow cone and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when sunlight blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Aifers can their seedss to make seeds. Thes can into the cone cones.nThey coneifers have small needle needle on seedss. Con needles can seeds of the coneifers's seeds.. are not make seeds..nAts grow up water and fertiliz. the soil.. can not grow seeds..", - "Solution: This country is Anti.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The is not.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The slide is fuzzy fuzzy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus.nPelecanus occidentalphilippensis does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Pelecanus occidentalphilippensis are not in the same species.nPelecanus occidentalis does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Pelecanus occidentalis are not in the same species.nFalco peregrinus has the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Happydependence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses more language (Happyppy 4thth). the crew). and is more conversation. tone..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Mud drying out in the sun is a chemical change. The air changes causes up and airmud, The changes from from Mu changess and changes. the air..nTherying is over. Mu the is water air are still made of the same type of matter as before..", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 11 liters.n11 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint and self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and imtere..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nMiranda can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nIf Miranda prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.TherenTheows point from the earth. the grizzly bear. the n-ground ibou. There only arrow pointpointing to the earthgrizzly bear starts from the n-ground caribou. the barrelichenberry. There only arrow pointing to the n-ground caribou starts from the bil. No arrow points to the bil. the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the mushroom..nTheows point from the earthgrizzly bear. the bilberry to the n-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the mushroomn-ground caribou starts from the bil. The arrow points to the gri. the lichenberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the mushroomgrizzly bear..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A silver gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae.nGoroicocephalus novaehollandiae has the same scientific name as a silver gull. So, these organisms are in the same species.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a silver gull. So, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae and Goura victoria are not in the same species.nGoura vicstata does not have the same scientific name as a silver gull. So, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae and Goura cristata are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Jayla went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.nThe words Jayla and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. The you bend it, the paper clip becomes a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nBreaking a rock in half is a physical change. The rock gets broken into two pieces. But each pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original rock.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 65 fluidgallons.n65 fluid ounces and 65 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is the history.nIn the Bible nineteenth century, the in built people towns of workersmen and of these craftsmen wereed together to make the factories machinery. others who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person who to government technology..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Emily's skirt or the blouse.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.nIf Emily's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 25\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 25\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the white-backed vulture.nThe white-backed vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the white-backed vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe h eagle has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.nThe hoopoe has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is new information..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: In environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of communities.nA community organism is individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A red kangaroo's scientific name is Macropus rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nLpus americanus is in the genus Lepus. The first word of its scientific name is Lepus. So, Lepus americanus and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus.nMacynx rufus is Macropus rufus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lynx rufus and Macropus rufus have the same species name within their genus, rufus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx, and Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus.nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Macropus rufus are in the same genus..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Dan that the essay wasn't finished. The essay was a person who is bothering Dan..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 440 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Peoples do not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive. they are older. So, driving an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe New are shownd by the. and the rest England Colonies are shade shaded by same color.. are New colonies:nThe New of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Thir Colonies or the Southern Colonies..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The hockey puck is movinging down. So, the hockey puck is accelerating..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A other spiders, an orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA painted is insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAn orworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA painted stork is a bird. Like other birds, a painted stork is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Candy has two alleles for a hairy body (B). So, Candy's genotype for the body hair gene is BB..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Freya's observable version of the coat pattern trait is a black coat. So, Freya's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is a black coat..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Sarah lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Sarah lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 9.n9 ounces and too light and 9 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A simple is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nAshley dislikes radishes, so she always orders her salad without them..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A sea bat is ana mammal. Like other mammals, a fruit bat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other s, a black orb weaver spider is invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA salthorse is a fish. Like other fish, a seahorse is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA salt water crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a salt water crocodile is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the bridge.nThe bridge is made of two different materials. The rest is metal. The rest of the bridge is made of metal..nMet metal thet is are two materials for build bridges.. Bridge materials are very and. can up well in cold weather wey weather..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Aequorea victoria is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. SonSo, Aequorea victoria is the scientific name..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a bench is 3 meters.n3 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA bump object is not scratchy or rough. The is not smooth.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The rock is bumpy..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: Moss plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMoss plants use their male and female parts for sexual reproduction. The male parts produce sperm. Moss in damp environments, and moss sperm can travel through water to the female parts.nThe femalesperm fuse with eggs in the female part. This is called fertilization. The-fertilization happens when a sperm from a moss plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant. Cross-fertilization happens when a sperm from moss plant fertilizes an egg from a different moss plant.nThe fertilized egg grows into a new layer stalk on top of the female part. Mos stalk releases a small spore capsule on the top. Moss plants use thisasexual reproduction to make eggs spores in the capsules. the capsules open, the spores are released.nWhen spores land on the ground, they can germinate and grow into a new moss plant. This new moss plant produces produce eggs and sperm and eggs the moss life cycle again. The adult moss plant produces. sporm..nTheps are growinate and produce into adult moss plant. which spores do not produce eggs. sperm...", - "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if chloromethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon. O for hydrogen, and H for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that chloromethane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloromethane is a compound..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to research or observation.nGeorgeapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nFlorence Nightingale's parents, their daughter to get married, but she enrolled in nursing school in 1844 instead.nIt can be proved by reading a book of Florence Nightingale.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nFlorence Nightingale's parents, William Shore and Frances Nightingale, were overly strict with their daughter.nOverly strict what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what Florence Shore and Frances Nightingale was over strict with.", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: Kwanzaa celebrates the birthday and culture of African American people..nThe Kwanzaa, people Americans people gather each people of slavery people Americanancestors. The Africantors of people members who have ina life time in.nThe Kwanzaa' African members friends gather together to celebrate the people.. remember about the history of the.. knows their for help towards to live their own better.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Theestone has a rock. is from ocean sediment. So crystal forms limestone is formed mostly of of of ocean organisms. So the shell does is not made by organisms.. does from below the's surface. it of sediment are pressed together. form rock..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We went to Texas, we saw an old fort is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: We went to Texas, We saw an old fort..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, arrives. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase blacreamed at. It describes the burglar as if it were a loud person..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nTheh poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words duck and duck rhyme. They both end with the a sound.nThe word hate does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nembrotha megalocera is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, open. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. The are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts make mitochondria are together to make the cell survive the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The va break down sugar sugar and release energy that the cell can use for other of its activities.nThe cleus storess cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains instructions called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of editary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. The instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins. which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe nuoplasmic reticulum is organelle made helps ribosomes build proteins. The endcleus sends instructions for making proteins that ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplasmmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum. ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nThe proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the nulgi. The Golgi send organelle made up of many, thininsulated membranes. The Golgi send and packages proteins and other substances. The Go, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and stored from the cell.nThe plant cells, the vacuole stores sugar and water, and waste. as sugar. The plant cells have one vacuole. ThenThether cell parts are not surrounded by own membranes. The cell parts are not elles.nThe cell membrane is cell's outer outer covering. It does the cell strength and flexibilityness when helps the cell keep its shape.nThe the outside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. It layer is a thin. but it does not have a", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe dinosaurfern fossil is in a deeperer layer in the rock sequence than the dinosaur footprint fossil. So, the dinosaurfern fossil is most likely younger than the dinosaur footprint fossil..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 11 ounces.n11 pounds and 11 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe swallowtail caterpillar has an arrow pointing to it from the swallowsimmon tree. The persimmon tree is a primary consumer, so the swallowtail caterpillar is not a secondary consumer.nThe peraver has an arrow pointing to it from the swallow. The silver maple is a primary consumer, so the beaver is not a secondary consumer.nThe blacksimmon tree does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is not a secondary consumer.nThe black bear has anarrows pointing to it from the pertail caterpillar. the aver. The swallowtail caterpillar is the silveraver are primary consumers, so the black bear is nota secondary consumer..nThe perscat has an arrow pointing to it from the peraver. The beaver is nota primary consumer, so the bebobcat is a secondary consumer..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince is between the guide words sincere - swim, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sold the black coat is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 95\u00b0F block is hotter than the 70\u00b0F block, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two blocks of steel are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder block of steel has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nIn comic book Spider-Man reveals a spidey sense, makess him of dangerpending danger.nThe allusion spidey sense means a vague of danger...", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Pablo wants or needs:nThe birch tree will use up more space than the hydrangeas would have used up..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDne wants broccoli. Evelyn wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.nIn Biblen Nights tell the story legend of Sche Scheherazade is killpones his death death. smerizing the friendstivity, a years one adventures..nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who is his powers her powers to others or distract danger..", - "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too enough chocolate for sale. There are 20 boxes available sale, but 35 people want to buy a box.nSo, there is a surplus of chocolate..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nOf a certain age is an indirect way generally more polite way of referring to older people..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction when.nPeter was playing the piano in the living room when Dad called him for dinner..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The balls are soft.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. The soccer shorts are not transparent..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe Middle of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the England or New Middle Colonies..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Arianna's skirt or the blouse.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.nIf Arianna's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Delaware is farthest west..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nAmatite is a mineral.nA skull is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nQu skull is not by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, a skull is not a mineral.nQuartrtz is a mineral..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the Daintree rain forest has year-round warm temperatures. It also has many that is poor in nutrients..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second graduation announcement is more formal. It uses more elevatedous language (proud to announce). The other graduation announcement uses more conversational language (we couldn't be more proud!)..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is Greek legend.nIn legendn Nights, the story legend Sche Sche Scheherazade is conquerpones her death death. smerizing the friendstivity, a years one adventure..nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who is his or her powers to others or avoid danger..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Letting Go and Moving On..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Meg lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind patterns where Meg lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 8 liters.n8 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Ocean water is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nO you pour ocean ocean water into a different, the ocean water will take the shape of that bucket. But the ocean water will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince person is between the guide words plump - prevail, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Bleaching hair is a chemical change. When is dye called bleach. The pigment reacts with oxygen pigment and turns into into a different type of matter.. color matter is the appearance a different color. the. But", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On that winter morning, Linda's hands were as cold as ice.nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bendable object will be bent without breaking. BothNeither of the objects are bendable.nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. Both objects are breakable.nThe property that both objects have in common is bendable..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent has a sour taste. None three objects are sour.nA can see clearly through a translucent object. None apple and the orange are not transparent.nA lemon object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a transparent object. The orange apple and not translucent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sour..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest south..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the binder.nThe binder is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal, and the rest are made of metal..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of one-tenth the volume of Saturn.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 68,280 billion km3, which is less than 88,713 billion km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than one-tenth the volume of Saturn..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, soil soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statement describe the Cerrado ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a rainy season and a dry season. It has summers and winters. It following statement does not describe the Cerrado: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has summers and long, cold winters..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 80\u00b0F glass of orange juice is colder than the 80\u00b0F glass of orange juice, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the military macaw.nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The military macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe palm cockatoo has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe blue rock pigeon has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Liam borrowed my book he enjoyed it is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Liam borrowed my book and enjoyed it..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathethos, or character. It uses a link from a brand organization..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35\u00b0C meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boat applies a force to the water skier. This force causes the water skier to move across the water. The direction of this force is away the boat. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A painted buffalo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nS buffaloes live near the. They of raise their buffaloes to food winter. OthernA paintedhorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nSeahorses live near shallow water warm water. They can walk their tails to swim on to plants.nA painted tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nT are many types of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA painted stork is ana bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks livede in shallow water to look for food..orks eat fish, fish, andworms, and other small animals..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 11 inches.n11 feet, 11 yards, and 11 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two glasses of grape juice are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the glass of grape juice with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The builder pulls the supplies. him body. The direction pull away toward the he is working. The direction of the pull is toward the builder's body..", - "Solution: The city is Indianapolis, Michigan. Indianapolis, Indianapolis, and St. Louis are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nKevin put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Kevin lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Frederick Douglass was born in 1818. He was American figure American in in the 18thss. HenTheredrickrick Douglass wasstayed for the American independence durings rights. He was for help slavery. the Civil War..During the after the Civil War, he was his for thequal rights ofnFredrickrick Douglass was in 1818. He", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two watermelons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the watermelon with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince gnaw is between the guide words get - goes, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nChhad seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nChhad subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0F glass of water is colder than the 50\u00b0F glass of water, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware Island..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words limee and lime rhyme. They both end with the pet sound.nThe word tape does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince over is between the guide words oats - onion, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out. instead, they shouldn turn the other cheek toward their attacker.nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression..", - "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the eastern bluebird is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The eastern bluebird in this food chain eats the eastern browa...", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Plant cells do not have vacuoles.nThis statement is false. Plant all cells have vacuoles. but most plant cells animal cells have them..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Sticky is a property. A sticky material can attaches to other things.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the tape is the stickiest. If you touch a piece of tape, it will stick to your..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nDebbie's little brother looked a little after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nDebbie's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the porcupine.nThe porcupine has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator. The spines can harm a predator that tries to bite the porcupine.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe fantasticfish has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator.nThe fantastic leaf-tailed gecko has soft skin covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted to hurting an attacking predator..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him whole years to fetch coffee..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The force of Earth's gravity pulls the skater toward. The direction of the pull is toward the center of Earth..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that social socially awkward doess knowledge of workplace safety. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Carlson's desire to prevent workplace injuries. However illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince deep is not the guide words dangle - drench, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The raising a kite is. is not.. is a solid. The wind iss to fill wind around the kite..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two watermelons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder watermelon has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nThe detective must keep working, or he will never solve this case..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Obed River is in central Tennessee. This region normally receives between three and five inches of rain each year during September, October, and November.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in O Tennessee. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nAyrite is a mineral.nG marble is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, a marble is not a mineral.nGalena is a mineral.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the shopping bag that is heavier.nA shopping bag holding 9 pounds of food is heavier than a shopping bag holding 7 pounds of food. So, the bag holding 9 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other bag..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that having should invite your manager to failing don't invite invite her. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second expression of thanks is more formal. It usess beingrecise language conversational language (super nice talking fitting me in). The", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLexi wants broccoli. Hugo wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the turkey vulture.nThe turkey vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the turkey vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe California condor has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.nThe ringed teal has a short, flat beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The ringed teal uses its beak to eat plants and smallvertebrates that live in themud..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break warm. Food gives living things energy. Living use use energy energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives. things might use their and stronger stronger things parts.nAll example, apple tree is a living thing. has its in a living. grows up water and the ground. also food in plant from sunlight sun. sun trees is itser when stronger tall. flowers. the life. gomug is not a living thing.nMugs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or They do not need food or water.nA gorilla is a living thing.nGorillas do and respond shape They need food and water..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Chad wanted broccoli in his lunch and Tessa was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nChhad has tomatoes. Tessa has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Emily Campbell cannot't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is with investment newspaper. However, the Emily works doesn't necessarily mean anything about her ability to understandathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to paths, or reason. It uses logica logo brand ofe). flow). to a on the results of product.logmphthing).)..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of shale match the properties of a rock. So, shale is a rock..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Millie has two alleles for having agouti fur (A). So, Millie's genotype for the agouti fur gene is AA..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Debbie's eyes, so it didn't fit her well. all..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A other spiders, orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA domestichopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAn dog is ana mammal. Like other mammals, a domestic dog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA bumble bee is an insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. Both are not slippery.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is blue..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to paths, or reason, by emp logica logic of display the results of theibilitya and'. the food a car..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a par imitation; a parody.nKrit was upset about the local news network's coverage of the presidential debates, calling it a travesty of reporting that undermined important issues.nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a tragedy or a tragedy.nKristen thought it a travesty that her local news network provided only limited coverage of the presidential debates.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince anybody is not the guide words ally - ascent, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of organism. So, the following statement describe the Biaowiea Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters. It has that is rich in nutrients. The following statement does not describe Bi Biaowiea Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of soil. It has warma small amount of rain or snow..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a hot day is 38\u00b0F.n38\u00b0F is too hot..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince balcony is not between the guide words bitter - blame, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Ferns reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nTheature ferns use, called snds. Theses use called support like dots on the rightside of their fronds. These structures are called speres. ferns use theirsporsexual reproduction to reproduce spores. spores open, the spores can released.nThe a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it starts into a new patch-shaped plant. Fern heart-shaped plant can the fern lifes life reproduction process, and fruitsperm. Ferns use on damp environments, but fernm can grow to drops.-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to the aquatic on the same day-shaped plant.-fertilization happens when sperm swims to an egg on thea different plant.nTheertilization happens when a sperm swim egg on together Fern ized egg growsinates and grows into a new fern.nThe fern life grow seedsaes and begin the fern life cycle again. Ferns can not produce seeds..m ferns do seedssperes and but -shaped. seeds. seedssperm.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nMica can eat the leftover tomato soup, or she can make herself a tuna sandwich..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Breaking a pencil in a physical change. The pencil gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the great blue heron.nThe great blue heron has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the great blue heron travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe gray-headed albatross has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe rock hyrax has large legs. It is not adapted for flight. The", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two meatballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter meatball has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince van is between the guide words very - volcano, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 3\u00b0F block is colder than the 335\u00b0F block, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Ivan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Gavin was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nIvan has tomatoes. Gavin has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Lindsey's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Lindsey's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect South America or North America..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a potato is 19 millimeters.n19 millimeters, too short. 19 meters and 19 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A pipe tree frog is an insecthibian. Like other amphibians, a gray tree frog is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA pipehopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nOlivia wants broccoli. Cara wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne duck moved 955 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other duck moved 970 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each duck spent the same amount of time moving. The duck that moved 755 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Moss plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMoss plants use their female and female parts for sexual reproduction. The male parts produce eggssperm. Moss plants in damp environments, and moss sperm can travel through water to the female parts.nThe femalesperm fuse with eggs in the female part. This is called fertilization. The-fertilization happens when a sperm from a moss plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant. Cross-fertilization happens when a sperm from moss plant fertilizes an egg from a different moss plant.nThe fertilized egg grows into a thin brown stalk on the of the female part. Mos stalk has a thin spore capsule on the top. Moss plants use theirasexual reproduction to make eggs spores in the capsules. the capsules open, the spores are released.nThe spores land on the ground, they can germinate and grow into a new moss plant. This new moss plant can produce eggs and sperm. begin the moss life cycle again. The brown stalk produces spores..res are produced from the s the top of the stalk..nThe brown stalk can not produce eggs or sperm.. do not by the parts of the femalemoss...", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nNick put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning that Nick lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the sedan or Bluetooth.nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Dave finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Dave finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 60 millimeters.n60 millimeters and too short. 60 meters and 60 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the plastic bag is smoother. If you touch a plastic bag, it will not feel rough or.", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: O of water is is the the water thea water is example of.ecules move the water to areas of they are less concentrated. This", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South or South America..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Pena hates children because because she wants to cut education funding. However, even fact that Senator Pena wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta straw man..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The's volume is 1.08 x 1012 km3, which is less than 1.08 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Benton is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Manny wants or needs:nManen will give up the chance to look at the oak tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the amaryllises..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget..", - "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nKaren lives in a windy place.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind of wind where Karen lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Plagiarism is the act of taking another person's work or ideas and presenting them as your own, without accidentally or in purpose. When you use outside source in your own writing, you must make sure to cite the source in order to avoid plagiarism. the following sources:nThesher, Kedu, and Kail, \"Theing for Evidenceplanations for How the Internet Hasflates Humanes of Intellectual Reason.\" Onlineright.; the American Psychological AssociationnThe source of these experiments show that the the Internet may cause thea systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on oursourced knowledge.ing for informations of the Internet inflates the-assessed knowledge in related domains.nRe you use a word quotation in your writing, you must use quotation marks in the same words in are copied from the source. and addition to quotationciting the source.nInsearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge.nThe sentence is plagiarized because it uses the source's exact words without quotation marks and without citing the source.nThesearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information maythe cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsidesourced knowledge.\"Msher, du, and othersil).nThe you usephrase a source' you use a source's knowledge in your own words, you must also cite the source. thoughif you cited, ita plagiarismphrase that is not broad to the source' someing or sentence structure can pl considered plagiarized.nTheing to the, Goddu, and Keil, \" the Internet can cause to a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outside information.nThe sentence is plagiarized because it uses not insufficientlyphrase. It though it is cited, it doess too much of the source's contenting or sentence structure.nTheing to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil). relying on the Internet to learn up information, lead it difficult for us to understand how much of our knowledge is from the resourcesversus external sources.nThe are many ways about how to organize your", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cent is between the guide words careful - correct, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Adventures of Bert..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A air inside a balloon is a gas. A scarf expands to fill a space. air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space inside the balloon. If air balloon iss, the air will expand to fill alla space larger space.nAinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.nA scarf is a solid. A can use a scarf. But the will still have a size and shape of its own.nA air from a hair dryer is a liquid. A gas expands to fill a space. gas dryer can a hair to blow air air out of If you wind leak the hair dryer, the air wills to fill a space larger space.", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 3 kilometers.n3 millimeters, 3 centimeters, and 3 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An axolotl's scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma.nLissotriton helveticus is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton helveticus and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus.nTbystoma texanum and in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma texanum and Ambystoma mexicanum are in the same genus..nTaricha torosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha torosa and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved 135 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 105 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 135 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nC word exoskeleton means \"outside skeleton.\"nCt can be proved by looking up informationoskeletons Bible.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nCretures with exoskeletons, such as crabs, look scary.nLookcareient shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes scary..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. ThenThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the largest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the largest. of all the planets.nTheupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gasoliner is between the guide words gear - gnat, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA great blue heron has the following traits:nIt has twos.nIt has.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with nos.nA great blue heron does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A great blue heron is a bird.nA red salamander has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA red salamander has the traits of an amphibian. A red salamander is amphibian..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHallstatt is a village in Austria, a country known for winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding. Summers are warm and winters are cold in Austria.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern pattern in Hall. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Hazel is be insightful about foreign affairs because she grew up on a farm. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether she knows about foreign affairs. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a has hominem..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 17 millimeters.n17 centimeters, 17 meters, and 17 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. So, in a food web, tertiary consumers have arrows pointing to them from secondary consumers. Secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers consumers. Secondary primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe per fox has an arrow pointing to it from the per vole. The pine vole is nota secondary consumer, so the gray fox is a tertiary consumer.nThe be bear has anarrows pointing to it from the persimmon tree. which pertail caterpillar, and the swallowaver. The of these organisms is a consumer. so the be bear is not a tertiary consumer.nThe peraver has an arrow pointing to it from the per. The silver maple is a secondary consumer, so the beaver is not a tertiary consumer.nThe persimmon tree has not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is not a tertiary consumer.nThe gray bearr has an arrow pointing to it from the per vole. The pine vol", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Do properties of dolostone match the properties of a rock. So, dolostone is a rock..", - "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to hydrogen peroxide in this chemical reaction.nHydrogen peroxide, a household disinfectant, breaks down into water and oxygen gas over time. Light speeds up this process, so hydrogen peroxide is typically stored in a dark-colored bottle. The bottle's dark coloring blocks light and makes the hydrogen peroxide last longer.nThe underlined text tells you that hydrogen hydrogen peroxide react down, water per oxygen gas formed. Because hydrogen peroxide reacts in or goes through a chemical change, the atoms are rearranged to form hydrogen per oxygen. Because hydrogen peroxide reacts in this chemical reaction, hydrogen peroxide is a reactant..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The iceand is is not yellow.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The sandpaper is not..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Chanel's observable version of the body hair trait is a hairless body. So, Chanel's phenotype for the body hair trait is a hairless body..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word protested. It describes the door as if it were a person who 't want to protest..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mr. Harding can quit smoking because he' capableable stopping stop. However, Mr \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the screw driver.nThe screw driver is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal, The rest of the screw driver is made of metal..nWal is a good material for making. It is to can be used of many different..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nFish have the following traits:nThey have fins, not limbs.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Amazon milk frog has the following traits:nIt hass part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nAn Amazon milk frog does not have all of the traits of a fish. An Amazon milk frog is an amphibian.nA thresher shark has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA thresher shark does the traits of a fish. A thresher shark is a fish..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase boasted of. It describes the tomatoes as if they were people who wereg about.", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second text message is more formal. It uses more sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Ellison). The other text message uses more casual language and sentence fragments..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.There are one path matter can take from the or rockfish to the bat star: black rockfish->batp ->bat star. Or is one path matter can take from the orkelp bass the bat star: kelp basskelp bass->bat star. There is two paths matter can take from the orplankton to the bat star: phytoplankton->batooplankton->batp bass->bat star. blackplankton->bolooplankton->batfin midshipman->batp bass->bat star. blackplankton->batooplankton->bat rockfish.batp bass.bat star. Orplankton->batfin midshipman->batp bass->bat star. ca. There only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the black. The arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the orca to the bat star.", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: is is flowerweedhizome. which flower. stem stems which plants plant..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. The suit is blue.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The track suit is hard hard..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50% of Jupiter's volume. multiplying Jupiter's volume by 0.a.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. Saturn volume of Saturn is 13 billion430 billion km3, which is more than 823 billion3 billion km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Monongahela National Forest has cold, wet winters. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 6466\u00b0F glass of apple juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Samantha wants or needs:nSammantha will give up the chance to eat the chicken soup, which would have been tastier than the onion soup..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, two-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun hers could refer to Sophia's or Kate's.nThephia told Kate that the fleece jacket on the bench looked like hers.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nThe fleece jacket that Sophia saw on the bench looked like Kate's..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince anchor is not the guide words account - apart, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nSavannah wants broccoli. Michael wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Tara's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain, the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus ands to God about his hardships, saying that Job s and those he loves are turned against him. He says that \"I bone cleaveth to my skin, to my flesh, and I am a with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he ly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means barely..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is the mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's heel tells his in a deep that protects him body from it touches. He heel is not turn wet, so it is the source part of his body that unprotected.. his plague War, Ach arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a painful weakness..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile opaque object does not let light through. The pot is opaque, but the glass, the glass bowl and the scle are not.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All four objects are fragile.nThe can see clearly through a transparent object. The ceramic, the are not, but the ceramic tea cup is not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the sidewalk.nThe sidewalk is made of concrete.nConcrete is a strong of twoaand, wood, and. The can and hard. Its are bridge buildings are made made of of these..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallgallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a small can of tomato sauce is 1 cup.n1 fluid ounce is too little and 1 gallon is too much..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the superb fairywren.nThe short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The superb fairywren uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe rosy-faced lovebird has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The rosy-faced lovebird uses its beak to eat fruit and fruiteat..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cups of black tea are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cup of black tea with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA fragile object breaks break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. None three objects are colorful.nThe property that all three objects have in common is colorful..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe temperature recorded in Des Moines on Tuesday morning was 49\u00b0F.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Des Moines on Tuesday morning. It passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGold bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 60 grams.n60 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hypera euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nPre-owned is an indirect way of saying that,.", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Mixing sand and gravel is a physical change. The, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But they mixture does not form a different type of matter..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Brian is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Peaches has one allele for bright orange cheeks (R). and one allele for pale orange cheeks (r). So, Peaches's genotype for the cheek color gene is Rr..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 16 millimeters.n16 millimeters, too short. 16 meters and 16 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Chicken is, chicken, and chicken go together. They are chicken. Chicken, not a bird, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: The city is Kansas City, Missouri. Cleveland. Louis, Minneapolis, and Minneapolis are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the the eight planets, eight are made mainly of gas and one are made mainly of ice. So, one of the eight planet or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..", - "Solution: Jackie Robinson played for for a living. also soccer a living called the American Dodgers. team shows Jackie playing the uniformrs uniform.", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Maverick's observable version of the wool color trait is white wool. So, Maverick's phenotype for the wool color trait is white wool..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA snowy owl has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA blacky owl does the traits of a bird. A snowy owl is a bird.nA black howler monkey the following traits:nIt hass its offspring milk.nIt has fur.nA black howler has not have all of the traits of a bird. A black howler is a mammal..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince impose is between the guide words igloo - injury, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance platinum.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether platinum is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that platinum blue represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Platinum to. So, the model shows you that platinum is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that platinum is composed of only one chemical element. So, platinum is an elementary substance..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest north..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the harbor seal.nThe harbor seal uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe turtle has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe ostrich has long legs. long legs thin legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The ostrich uses its limbs for walk and run on land..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A gorilla is an animal. It eats leaves, fruits, and insects.nGorillas live in groups called groups. TheynA pear tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nPhd pear trees grow in the. Asia America, and Asia..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Molly or Maria.nWhen Molly ran into Maria at the post office, she smiled and said hello.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMolly smiled and said hello when she ran into Maria at the post office..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Splash has two alleles for mostly plain scales (i). So, Splash's genotype for the iridescent scales gene is ii..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Granodiorite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock is Earth surface's surface is called ma. Granodiorite forms when magma that is a large of mineralslica.. the magma cools, the such as biofeldspar and to form. When the magma cool solid, it forms into granodiorite..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Trevor wants or needs:nTrevor will spend more time in the Photography Club than he would have spent in the Theater Club..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. A slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The banana of the banana that the with the air changess with oxygen in turns into a different type of matter. This", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDalton wants broccoli. Elise wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. None clip and the store are not. but the paper and are not.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All paper slab and soft soft.nA flexible opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A seapiranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas also sharp teeth. Theyanhas can their groups. A sea of piranhas can eat botha large animal.nA sea otter is a birdmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters live sharp thick fur. They fur helps them warm in cold water..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 1.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,530 billion km3, which is less than,313 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Victoria crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura victoria. The first word of its scientific name is Goura.nGoix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Goura victoria are not in the same genus.nAura scheepmakeri is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura scheepmakeri and Goura victoria are in the same genus.nAequorea victoria and Goura victoria are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Aequorea victoria and Goura victoria have the same species name within their genus, victoria. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Aequorea victoria is in the genus Aequorea, and Goura victoria is in the genus Goura.", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **A Good Day for an Outing**..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, the will expand into the space around the ball.nA droplets are a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water droplets in a bucket, the will take the shape of that bucket. But the water droplets will still take up the same amount of space.nA robot is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A robot does be around If ita is around a soccer, the robot will still have a size and shape of its own..nAlium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Aum is than air. A, heli pour a space with helium, the balloon will expand. If helium leak", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Sadie was out of shape. She was not far from ready to run a marathon..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with the forms.nMr. Dudley wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Carla is intelligent because she's smart. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Mrs. Bradley's or Jane's.nJust as Mrs. Bradley finished brewing Jane a cup of tea, her phone rang.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Bradley's phone rang just as she finished brewing Jane a cup of tea..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant. Plant cells make make their own food. Plant cells make their by photosynthesis..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. None bat and the snow blocks not blue.nA fuzzy object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Chelonoidis nigra is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. SonSo, Chelonoidis nigra is the scientific name..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nS has thirty days, and July has thirty-one..", - "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word complained. It describes the washing machine as if it were a brokensmpy person overlyed person..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.TherenThe bilzzly bear has an arrows pointing to it. One arrow starts from the bilberry. The otherbilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So only arrow pointing to the bilzzly bear starts from the n-ground caribou. So only arrow pointing to the n-ground caribou starts from the bil. So onlylichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the shortbilzzly bear..nThe shortbilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the shortbilberry. There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the short-tailed weasel: bear sedge->grin mming->grihort-tailed weasel. There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the fox:", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Robinson isn't lying when her about her constituents because she doesn't care to people she cares about. However, this \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt reasoning..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince torn is between the guide words tea - triangle, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An trait is way an organism looks or actss.nThen organism is a trait that helps an organism survive alive or its environment. An.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the \u00b0F mug of cocoa is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Inopeltis polypodioides is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and shows surprise feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks about to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Faye has one allele for not having albinism (A) and one allele for having albinism (a). So, Faye's genotype for the albinism gene is Aa..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Trevor's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Trevor's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in New York City, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jeb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"J\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Noul\" is incorrect.nTheoice \"No and February are the coldest months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in July and February are around 25\u00b0C and 35\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coldest months of the year.nChoice \"J is warmer than May.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in November is between 30\u00b0F. These is average temperature of 70\u00b0F. So, November is warmerer than while cold, than May.nChoice \"July, August, and September are colder than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in July, August, and September are around 70\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of. So, they are coldter, not colder, than the other months..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An eastern gray kangaroo's scientific name is Macropus giganteus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nEquus grevyi is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus grevyi and Macropus giganteus are not in the same genus.nMacquus quagga is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus quagga and Macropus giganteus are not in the same genus.nMacropus agilis is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus agilis and Macropus giganteus are not the same genus..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Marie must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Marie's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Marie watches. too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Idaho Dakota is farthest east..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus and Eve's son Cain iss his brother in a jealous rage.nThe allusion raise Cain means punish to violence..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of siltstone match the properties of a rock. So, siltstone is a rock..", - "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live near their called emones. An the drawings of the clownfish, you can see the red emones the clownfish.nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,430 billion km3, which is more than,280 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Arkansas is farthest east..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Scott is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Scott..", - "Solution: Animal cell membrane contains how activities are and leave the cell. The cell membrane also containss the cell from the outside environment.nThe cellchroplasm is made up of manya number layer that coverss the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains the cell cell parts and helps them in place. The cell chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm.nThe break down sugar and make energy that the cell can use for ThenThe nucuoles store the and such as sugar, in the cell. Thecuoles do store water, nutrients.nThe cleus storess cell activities and It stores not by sending messages to different parts of the cell. ThenThe nuchromosomes contain the information that an cell uses for growth and activities. The animal cells plant cells, the vachromosomes contain made the cellcleus. Thelosomes are the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. information is the the the animal uses in when it grows. growss.nThe animal cells plant cells, the vachromosomes are made the cleus. The", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nPre ancient Egypt, some people were preserved as mummies after they died.nIt can be proved by looking a book about ancient Egypt.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nPreserving dead people as mummies is definitely gross.nDefinitely. shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is gross..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince tickle is not the guide words throw - true, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to by research or observation.nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nIt is legal for public schools to have dress codes.nSchoolt can be proved by reading up information casess on school codes.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nSchool dress codes are bad for students.nBad shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes are bad for students..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that past milk is better for pureeurization.. pasteurization is 't inventeda process process. However, the milk isn't natural better. humans. because it wass inventedreed. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as appeal to nature..", - "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. An leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nS reddragon iss fin looks like a fishsmp of weed. It is the seadragon stay from predator predators.nA red American bullfrog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA human is a repmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nAmans are a type of. a maate. Theykeys, apes are both primates.nA red howler is a birdmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHowlerss are small and but lings. They calls can be heard by miles away..", - "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince which is not between the guide words wide - wren, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 180 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n11 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n11 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of an adult alligator is 14 inches.n14 inches is too short..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nAlbert stacked a crate of oranges on top of the crate of lemons and checked both crates off his order sheet..", - "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bobcat's scientific name is Lynx rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx.nHalichoeres hortulanus is in the genus Halichoeres. The first word of its scientific name is Halichoeres. So, Halichoeres hortulanus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.nMacynx lynx is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx lynx and Lynx rufus are in the same genus.nMacropus rufus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Macropus rufus and Lynx rufus have the same species name within their genus, rufus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus, and Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx.", - "Solution: Some animals picture and the text tell you about the traits of African wild dogs. with the text.nAfrica African wild dogs have the, brown, and white fur. The have have -. four wings.nA, look the text carefully the wild dogs. ThenThen wild dogs have in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack..nA wild wild dogs have not in groups called They they group do not all up of all of other..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Breaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plates gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter as.", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A greenbug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA green frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a green frog has a backbone..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A sea snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCor sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nSteglomerate is a rock.nMarel is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, Steel is not a rock.nSteble is a rock..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Hematite does all the properties of a mineral. So, hematite is a mineral..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Elena thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Samantha was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Sasha was not think that more heat was needed, she was already sweating..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Hansen investigated whether adding salt to water affects how quickly spaghetti cooks. So pots with pure water were not get salt. So, they were part of a control group..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the spectacled cobra.nThe arightened, the spectacled cobra appears appear out its scarhood to appear large and more dangerous. The a predator is nearby, the spectaclef can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe llneck lizard has a large of feather covering or a frill, around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe sand lizard has a long neck. Its neck is not adapted to use it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Alouatta caraya is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. SonSo, Alouatta caraya is the scientific name..", - "Solution: This country is Tonga..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 55 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, helps. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that has true or happening now..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A baseball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you take a baseball, a bat, the baseball will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: The city is Oklahoma, Tennessee Carolina. Oklahoma, Charlotte City, and San Antonio are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince garbage is not between the guide words glitter - grin, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dan wants or needs:nDan will spend more time making the beef barley soup than he would have spent making the split pea soup..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCutting an apple is a physical change. The apple gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter. the originalcut apple.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The salad parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words top and mad rhyme. They both end with the ap sound.nThe word cop does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest east..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether flying a plane is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs flying a plane something you can touch? Yes.nIs flying a plane a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, flying a plane is a service..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzybouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The is the are are not bouncy.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None pineapple and the snow are not fuzzy.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to watch a movie at the theater is 3 hours.n3 minutes is too slow..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A cocoi heron's scientific name is Ardea cocoi.nTyto alba does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Tyto alba are not in the same species.nFrdea cocoi has the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.nFalco peregrinus does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Falco peregrinus are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Matt felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the old broom or the broken glass.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the broken glass.nCarly used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing the broken glass away..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nPlacental mammals have the following traits:nThey give birth to live offspring.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA sea-headed poison frog has the following traits:nIt hass part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA red-headed poison frog does not have all of the traits of a placental mammal. A red-headed poison frog is an amphibian.nA sea or has the following traits:nIt gives birth to live offspring.nI sea or has the traits of a placental mammal. A sea or is a placental mammal..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bald eagle.nThe bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe common buzzard has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe sable has wideofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on grass ground..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The banana of the banana changes question with the air changess with oxygen in turns into a different type of matter.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air to This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. Copper copper oxide is green.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jar.nThe jar is made of two different materials. The handle is made of metal. The rest of the jar is made of metal..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cotton balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter cotton ball has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest north..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words by is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Tales by Moonlight..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nDuring a test flight over the Mojave Desert, Virgin Galactic's experimental SpaceShipTwo spacecraft crashing on October 31, 2014..nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nDuring a test flight over the Mojave Desert, Virgin Galactic's experimental SpaceShipTwo spacecraft on October 31, 2014..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Nico has one allele for a hairy body (B). and one allele for a hairless body (b). So, Nico's genotype for the body hair gene is Bb..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 82 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 59 pounds. So, the cart holding 82 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nAypsum is a mineral.nAn antler is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nA, an antler is not a mineral.nAaryte is a mineral..", - "Solution: This country is the Feder Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Beavers build a dam, they use sticks and branches is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: Beavers build a dam, they use sticks and branches..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an eraser is 1 ounce.n1 pound and 1 ton are both too light..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun could refer to Mr. Vance or Mr. Patton.nAfter Mr. Vance finished performing with Mr. Patton, Mary went up and thanked him.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMary went up and thanked Mr. Vance after he finished performing with Mr. Patton..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hummingbird's beak is 2 centimeters.n2 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the mint plant we usually eat is the seeds. They do most of the photosynthesis to make food for the plant..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the spotted deer.nThe spotted deer has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The flat jaws can help the spotted deer reach grass and The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe couaffe has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe cougar has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The cougar uses its mouth to eat other animals..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the bamboo plant we usually eat is the stem. It supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether zinc is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for zinc is Zn. This formula contains one symbol: Zn. So, the formula tells you that zinc is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when sunlight blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. When pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized egg grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Atilized eggs can into seeds.nA fertil can germ into a new plant. called can grow intoen. becomes. The a seedized egg can not become en. egga seed. It", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. Gas helium in a balloon is also a gas. Gas expandline is a gas. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour gasoline into a different container, the gasoline will take the shape and shape of that container. But", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gray is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys, apes are also primates.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nT are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nThe corridor in the basement was dark and damp, so Ariel put on a sweater and found a flashlight..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: An animal cell does not have a cell membrane.nThis statement is false. An cell has a cell membrane. The cell membrane is the substances enter and leave the cell..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.nAyla japonica is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla japonica and Hyla cinerea are in the same genus.nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.nArdea cinerea and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ardea cinerea and Hyla cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea, and Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla.", - "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nSteandstone is a rock.nSlerite is a rock.nSteel is made in a factory. But rocks rocks are formed in nature.nSo, steel is not a rock..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student's hand applies a force to the drawer. This force slides the drawer open. The direction of this force is toward the student's hand. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A purple heron's scientific name is Ardea purpurea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nSarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Sarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea have the same species name within their genus, purpurea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Sarracenia purpurea is in the genus Sarracenia, and Ardea purpurea is in the genus Ardea.nThiscambarus clarkii is in the genus Procambarus. The first word of its scientific name is Procambarus. So, Procambarus clarkii and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus..nThisrdea alba is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea alba and Ardea purpurea are in the same genus..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A garbage can is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA can bend close a garbage can. But the will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. West Carolina is farthest south..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Turquoise does all the properties of a mineral. So, turquoise is a mineral..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The four objects are fuzzy.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The twi is stretch stretchy.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The are the stuffed dice, and the arering pom not hard.nThe property that all four objects have in common is fuzzy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince ski is between the guide words safety - sneak, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. BothNeither of the objects are stretchy.nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. Both objects are breakable.nThe property that both objects have in common is stretchable..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. C is the symbol for chlorine. C is the symbol for chlorine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one carbon atom and three chlorine atoms.nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols C and Cl. There is one carbon atom, so Cl will not have a subscript. There is three chlorine atoms, so Cl will not a subscript of 2. TherenThe", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince toot is not between the guide words tepee - thrilling, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A is a fish. Like other fish, a salmon does a backbone.nAike other spiders, a wolf spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Ellen investigated whether addinging air plants withs how height. So plants that were soaked in water were part soakedprayed. So, they were part of a control group..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: This country is Palaibati..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35\u00b0C mug of cider is colder than the 55\u00b0C mug of cider, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 10 inches.n10 feet, 10 yards, and 10 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 34 millimeters.n34 centimeters, 34 meters, and 34 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The clip is and the ball are flexible, but the ballet floor are not.nA stretch opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The clip and and the piano floor are stretch stretchy.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The cheese sandwich with lettuce and tomato is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three plates of spaghetti have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 97\u00b0F plate of spaghetti is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Luce has one allele for straight fur (F) and one allele for curly fur (f). So, Luce's genotype for the fur type gene is Ff..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a basketball court is 29 cent.n29 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevatedous language (I your Thanksgiving be filled with The other holiday greeting uses morealang (i gang have have a blast this and sounds more conversation (.", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Ant, pig, and fly go together. They are insects. Ant is not a bug, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.n Pedroro put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.nThis passage tells you about the temperature Pedro morning that Pedro lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince stunt is between the guide words sped - sworn, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The girl's dad pushes her bike away from his. The, the girl' forward.. direction of the push is away from the dad's hands..", - "Solution: This country is Australia Zealand..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter in the outside of the marshmallow changes. The thea marshmallow is roasted, the turns brown and crispy.nGrilling a hamburger is a chemical change. The causes the grill causes the matter in the meat to change. Cooked meat and raw meat are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherh changes are caused by heating.nNeitherh are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. An alpine newt is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nSome newts live near water. Others newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.nA reded iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas a type of lizard. Iguanas liveeat plants and fruit.nA redkoala is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nKoalas between up to 20 hours a day.nA red crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCranes de in shallow water to hunt for food. Ies eat fish, worms, and other..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractional language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A marble is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf marble is be made of many or colored glass. But", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Terrence tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Terrence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Terrence's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Terrence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the metal horseshoe is the hardest. If you press a metal horseshoe, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nThe baby fish in the aquarium are as tiny as specks.nThe words fish fish and specks are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nThe baby fish in the aquarium are tiny specks.nThe words fish fish and specks are compared without the word like or as..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Fawkes's observable version of the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks. So, Fawkes's phenotype for the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal overall.", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 76 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 63 pounds. So, the cart holding 76 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. North Island is farthest south..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object is not scratchy or rough. The pers are not smooth.nA soft object letsreflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All slippers and shiny shiny.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.nThe property that all four objects have in common is smooth..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Europe America. It does not intersect Australia or Australia..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bird moved 35 miles in 10 hours.nThe other bird moved 50 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 35 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 33 minutes.n33 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn Rome Shakespeare's Romeo, Juliet, Romeo and known for his eloquent of love with Rome he grews Juliet.nThe allusion Romeo means a person who loves known different..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great blue heron.nThe great blue heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great blue heron to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe painted stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe blue-footed booby has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air and This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter callednSte you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Tom wanted broccoli in his lunch and Debbie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nTom has tomatoes. Debbie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three bath towels have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 18\u00b0F towel is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something that loud, and silence is the absence of sound..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Nero has two alleles for orange fur (F). So, Nero's genotype for the fur color gene is FF..", - "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA colorful object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The and not slippery.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. All and colorful, but the ball and the basketball are not.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All three objects are bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is colorfulbouncy..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Conglomerate does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, conglomerate is not a mineral..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 53 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 53 pounds. So, the cart holding 54 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A copperband butterflyfish's scientific name is Chelmon rostratus.nAmheon rostratus has the same scientific name as a copperband butterflyfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.nAmphiprion frenatus does not have the same scientific name as a copperband butterflyfish. So, Chelmon rostratus and Amphiprion frenatus are not in the same species.nPremnas biaculeatus does not have the same scientific name as a copperband butterflyfish. So, Chelmon rostratus and Premnas biaculeatus are not in the same species..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The 1 pushes Magnet 2. The direction of the push is away from Magnet 1..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, turn water, carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers do't usually eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is carbon.lorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy organisms with the energy they need to live. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that Azalea plants have chlorophyll, capture energy from sunlight. This is evidence that the azalea plant is a photosynthetic organism.nThe organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the's hummingbird is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. The the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is dish-brown and falls apart easily.nBurning a piece of wood is a chemical change. The the wood burns, the type of matter in it changes. The wood turns black and becomes off smoke.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherurning is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words top and pop rhyme. They both end with the jog sound.nThe word popjog does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Robert is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Steve wants or needs:nSteve will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Burn burning on a stove is a chemical change. Burn heat of matter in the food changes. The food burn brown and becomes off smoke..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 2 miles.n2 inches and 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThe Chinese New Year celebration lasts for fifteen days.nIt can be proved by reading up the about the Chinese New Year.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nFifteen days is a long time to celebrate a holiday.nLong time shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a long time..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 4 kilometers.n4 millimeters, 4 centimeters, and 4 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to paint the walls in a bedroom is 3 hours.n3 minutes is too slow..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the harbor seal.nThe harbor seal uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe humpback whale has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe ostrich has long legs. long legs thin legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The ostrich uses its limbs for walk and run on land..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nScientists face many challenges working in Antarctica. Cracked lips and dry skin are constant problems on scientific expeditions like the one shown here. This because because the Antarctic air is extremely dry for most of the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of dry in Antarctica. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 84 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 68 pounds. So, the cart holding 84 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the chalk is harder. If you press chalka piece of chalk, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Billy wants or needs:nBilly will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the gardenias..", - "Solution: A clause sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nB mayor left a message for the president..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Mom and water are fuel for our bodies is a complete sentence. The subject is food and water, and the verb is fuel fuel.", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, mail. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nMr. Atkinson cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Atkinson washes the car..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words thirst and thirst rhyme. They both end with the chirppt sound.nThe word thirstchirp does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nVictoria adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is not, but it is not actually a million years old.nVictoria adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundredsa million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Acanthaster planci is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe Middle of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the England or New Middle Colonies..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nUganda is an African country with large forests. The humidity in the forest was low this morning, so the air felt dry.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the humidity in Uganda this morning. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The motorcycle is direction. So, the motorcycle is accelerating..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The suit is noty, but the phire is not.nThe property that both objects have in common is stretch..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,730 kilograms.n6,730 grams is too light..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger airplane is 48 tons.n48 ounces is 48 pounds are both too light..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. A of sugar matter animal matter is waters such as plantsfungi and waterworms is decomposition. A log decomposing in the woods is a chemical change. AsnThe change the log breaks down, the type of matter in the changes. The time, the log becomes a and easier a different shape..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince tidy is not the guide words thaw - trunk, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..", - "Solution: This country is Jamaica.nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead people dye their hair. But this doesn not change their natural hair color. SonChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Audrey's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the rain boots.nThe rain boots are made of rubber.nWeubber boots. so it cans made perfect material for rainy..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An American bulligator is ana reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live near the around water. They can live in waterponds, rivers, lakeshes, and lakes.nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Kraken's observable version of the eye color trait is red eyes. So, Kraken's phenotype for the eye color trait is red eyes..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. An sugar glider is a birdmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSugar gliders can fly over distances from trees to tree. They can specials of their skin on their to. This flaps help them swim on the air.nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nRob robin is a birdbird. It sings songs songs at different times of the day.nRob sugar ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA ostrich is largest bird alive today! Itstriches can fly, but they can walk very fast..nAn American toad is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: This country is Cuba.nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 1.43 x 1011 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1011 km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than ten times as large as Mercury's..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Thequid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. The different type of matter is not formed.nCutting an orange is a physical change. The orange gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter. the originalcut orange.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But cutting an orange is not.", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. The organism's scientific name refers to the environment which environment it lives in.nThe word timidarcticus refers to the word So, the Arctic hare's scientific name is Lepus arcticus..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Thecakes are made of pancake batter. Pan cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is thickt and slippery. Cooked pancakes are soft and crispy be good to eat!nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But ana pancake rotting is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nWendy", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses anomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nPlop represents the sound the the phone landing in the toilet..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that President Hamilton is an effective communicator because he speakss well. However, even \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince whisper is between the guide words week - winter, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest east..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Kerr's snoring..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n A peach pit does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, a peach pit is not a mineral..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The ist pom and the pom marshmallow are not slippery.nA soft object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All pom rabbit is shiny shiny.nThe soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether an apple is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs an apple something you can touch? Yes.nIs an apple somethinga job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, an apple is a good..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA rock heating up in a campfire is a change change. The rock of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. TheAdding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Pirates of the Plain**..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 25\u00b0F.n25\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each fish moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne fish moved 40 miles in 10 hours.nThe other fish moved 10 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each fish spent the same amount of time moving. The fish that moved 40 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that fish must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two plates of spaghetti are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter plate of spaghetti has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses idiom (d eye to eye).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Zane took to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Zane took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe second text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Zane's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Zane took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale shows how common different blood types are.nWhenss common blood types are shown to the left. B common blood types are shown to the right. B+ is shown to to the right than B+. so B+ is more common than B+..+ is shown farther to the right than B+. so B+ is more common than B+..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..", - "Solution: This country is The.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nBoring shows verbal irony because Darrell's sister's hairstyle is not too all boring..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf insect.nThe leaf- has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe leaf-mimic katydid has a green body-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe hoverfly has a yellow-and-brow body on its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by empsociating the product chip thence. independence The.", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Closed the door to the baby's room is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase taunted. It describes the mosquitoes as if they were people who arerementing..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that texting people be morea better way of communication. people iss easier popular than However, text isn't necessarily true. This text conversation is be morea better way to communicate. so though iting people more popular. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as bandwagon fallacy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is Roman history.nIn the nineteenth nineteenth century, Roman in built people towns of workersmen and of these craftsmen wereed together to make the towns technology. others who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person who to the technology..", - "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nAtatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It is be verified by looking up the wrote the introduction. Frankenstein.nMlthough Mary Shelley published Frankenstein anonymously, her husband Percy Shelley wrote the introduction.nThe first sentence states an opinion. Itfortunate doesn a personal judgment.nIt is unfortunate that Mary Shelley could not publish Frankenstein under her own name.", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGold Chinese alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Look Egypt is on theern New. near the ancientle River. Anciente ancient ancientle River in the map.nThen ancientientistss around the Nile River in The ancientle River to thee. the is the location of ancient Egypt..nTheo to ancient: AncientnAncient Egyptian is into two parts cities: AnTheic Egypt and the to the center of and near of of the Nile River. which ised through the Mediterranean Sea.nThes Egypt was close to the sea of which near, of the Nile River. AncientnThe, ancient Egypt is close the Africa. the Egypt. close the Egypt. Ancient", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 19\u00b0F.n19\u00b0C is too cold..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet and but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nIvan wants broccoli. Abdul wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A crab clip is not a living thing.nPaper clips do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA crayon ball is not a living thing.nSoccer balls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA crayon is not a living thing.nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA crayon is nota living thing.nCrays do and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Crabs grow made up of many cells.nArays are made. They peoples are in thes, They crabs grow in ocean water, salt land. They", - "Solution: An an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA group organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nWhilelthough she left her house early, Lola barely made it to the train station in time..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: This country is Grenada..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that the the eight planets, eight are made mainly of gas and one are made mainly of ice. So, one of the eight planet or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..", - "Solution: Read at the passage. It tells you about wasodor Geisel was.nTheodor Geisel wrote many books for kids. But most people know him by the name Dr. Seuss. As Dr. Seuss, he wrote books that were easy to read. His silly poems made his books fun to read, too..odor used words in clever ways. Sometimes he even made up his own words! Once", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the horse.nThe horse has long jaws and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The flat jaws can help the horse reach grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe impala has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe cougar has a wide mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The cougar uses its mouth to eat other animals..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Utah is farthest west..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nDad takes a shower at night, or he soaks in the bathtub..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a chievous, unpredictable person..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. An crayon is not a living thing.nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.nA crayon ostrich is a living thing.nOstriches grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0F pie is colder than the 80\u00b0F pie, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pencils are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter pencil has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Allen's hummingbird.nThe Allen's hummingbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The Allen's hummingbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe rosebronzy sunbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe roseate spoonbill has a short,-shaped beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The roseate spoonbill uses its beak to through mud. foodvertebrates and other insects..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. The the wick and the melted wax burn. The react with oxygen in the air and turn into ot, carbon dioxide, and water.nMetal turning silver shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with oxygen in the air to form silver tarnish. The silvertarnish is a different type of matter than was not there before the change.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But silver jewelrytarnishing is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Malia has many responsibilities. M you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..", - "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up Ws' theACP.nW. E. B. Du Bois' a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).nThe first sentence states an opinion.ullling and insightful shows a personal judgment.nW. E. B. Du Bois's essays were compelling and insightful, but sometimes the language he used was difficult to understand.", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluboron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether silane is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of silane is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silane is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and silicon. Since silane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silane is a compound..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair is be naturally curly or naturally straight. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nUntil the variable harlequin toad was rediscovered in a remote mountain region of Costa Rica.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nUntil the variable harlequin toad was rediscovered in a remote mountain region of Costa Rica. Costa is that be a..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bird moved 15 miles in 5 hours.nThe other bird moved 15 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 5 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: The city is Detroit, Minnesota. Chicago, Minneapolis, and Chicago are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **So Dear to My Heart**..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether magnesium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for magnesium is Mg. So formula contains one symbol: Mg. So, the formula tells you that magnesium is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances.", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producer producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures energy energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that plant nettles use water and carbon dioxide to make sugars inside which are can for energy. This is evidence that the painted nettles is a photosynthetic organism.nThe organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the paintedhopper is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 660 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Dall sheep's scientific name is Ovis dalli. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis.nHlouatta caraya is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta caraya and Ovis dalli are not in the same genus.nOvis canadensis is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis canadensis and Ovis dalli are in the same genus.nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Ovis dalli are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether titanium is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that titanium represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol T. So, the model shows you that titanium is composed of only chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that titanium is composed of only one chemical element. So, titanium is an elementary substance..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 55\u00b0F glass of orange juice is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 103 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 1.27 x 1015 km3, which is less than 8.08 x 1014 km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as Mercury's volume..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Steller's sea eagle's scientific name is Haliaeetus pelagicus.nHaliaeetus pelagicus has the same scientific name as a Steller's sea eagle. So, these organisms are in the same species.nDiodon hystrix does not have the same scientific name as a Steller's sea eagle. So, Haliaeetus pelagicus and Diodon hystrix are not in the same species.nHaliaeetus pelagicus has in the same genus as Haliaeetus leucocephalus, but they are not in the same species.nHganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Haliaeetus pelagicus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are different species within the same genus..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe Arctic fox has anarrows pointing to it from so it is not a producer.nThe lichen does not have any arrow pointing to it. So, the lichen is nota producer.nThe worm has anarrows pointing to it from so it is not a producer.nThe sedge has not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bear sedge is nota producer.", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest south..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the handkerchief.nThe handkerchief is made of linen.nLn is of linen same of of linenx seeds. The, the stems are into The rest, the stems are cutpressed in water to they are. The rest stems help the stem are are into..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with sour fruit or sweet fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for sour fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for sweet fruit.nSour fruit is the rece allele's version of the fruit taste trait. A muskmelon plant with the dominant version of the fruit taste trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit taste gene. So, offspring with sour fruit must have the genotype f or Ff.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.nSweet", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase sang in. It describes the wind as if it were a person..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. The thea banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The banana changes color and the inside becomes softsofter and sweeter.nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk changes changes. The milk matter is is formed does the milk sour taste.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling.", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCells using oxygen to break down sugar is a chemical change. The sugar breaks broken down, the breaks dioxide and water. ThenBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. The food food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns brown and becomes off smoke.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherurning is caused by heating. But cells using oxygen to break down sugar is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. When pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. A seed can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow male and female cones. The a seed does not grow into a female cone. a female cone..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bobcat's scientific name is Lynx rufus.nFelis lvestris does not have the same scientific name as a bobcat. So, Lynx rufus and Felis silvestris are not in the same species.nFelis sinigripes does not have the same scientific name as a bobcat. So, Lynx rufus and Felis nigripes are not in the same species.nLynx rufus has the same scientific name as a bobcat. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Biotite has all the properties of a mineral. So, biotite is a mineral..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA common toad is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slipperybouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Both objects are bouncy.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. Both is not slippery.nThe property that both objects have in common is bouncy..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A leafon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nLoons live live near lakes. They dive in the water to hunt for food.nA leaf white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks live live near up to 20 years!nA leafgiraffe is a birdmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nGiraffes eat insects grass. are too hot up. food animals to fly..nA leafy seadragon is a bird. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nS greatdragon iss body is like a fishgirmp of leavesdra. It helps the seadragon stay in predator predators..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, water water, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the Kermadec Arc has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fire station is in row C..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nWhilelthough she left her house early, Mabel barely made it to the train station in time..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether water is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for water is H2O. This formula contains one symbols: H for water and H for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that water is made of one chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Cooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs are raw eggs are made of different types of matter..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Chloe lives.nThere pressure is the by the air of the air in the air. This the air pressure is low, the air is usually cleary. the air pressure is high, the air is usually cloud.nThis passage tells you about the usual amount of air pressure where Chloe lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Happydependence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses language (Happyppy 4thth). the crew). and is more familiar. tone..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: Look at the timeline.nF timeline shows some some, England, and France all sent expeditions to the Americas. example, the timeline statementss were to the Americas:nF the92, France Columbus foundedruledailed from the Americas from of the andnF 1792, King Stuartin sailed to the. and was the the sames. and of France and SpainnF 1492, Kinghe Dutier traveledsailed to the. of France. Spain", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to by research or observation.nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.nThe Navajo people are a Native American nation from the southwestern United States.nIt can be proved by researching the Navajo people.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nMiving in the southwestern United States is more difficult than living in other parts of North America.nMore difficult shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a person difficult. live...", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words and rhyme. They both end with the ske sound.nThe word sock does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Oak Grove. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the opponent' questiont afford my budget proposal because his his opponent expenses.. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the opponent iss budget is are valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A prayingss beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA pipe-toed sloth is a mammal. Like other mammals, a three-toed sloth is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA praying mantis is insect. Like other insects, a praying mantis is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or Europe America..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The sauce is not blue..nSugar has a sweet taste. The caramel corn is sweet..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when you press on it withnLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the plasticstyrofoam packing peanuts is softer. If you squeeze atyrofoam, peanuts, it will change shape..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a diverconvergent boundary, two plates are sliding toward each other.nean platecontinent boundaryduct zonenA type of convergent boundary is oceaniccontinent subduction zone, which forms when twoa plate with oceanic crust sub a plate with continental crust sub toward each other. The oceanic crust ofducts, or sinks, below the continental crust ofnThet the twoic crust ofducts, thea deep-sea trench forms at the boundary boundary. The of in the subducting plate subs into ma and melts toward the ocean. As magma cools and hardens to form thea deep of mages called thea volcano rift. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Peru-Chile Trench, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Peru-Chile Trench is a deep-sea trench that extends along the western coast of South America. Here, the Nazca Plate is moving toward the South American Plate at a rate of about 7.9 centimeters per year. As these plates collide, the oceanic crust of the Nazca Plate subducts, or sinks, below the continental crust of the South American Plate, forming the Peru-Chile Trench.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Peru-Chile Trench formed at the two plates coll toward each other. So, the Peru-Chile Trench formed at a transformconvergent boundary..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with the nurses.nZach, did you ask the nurses if the flu vaccination is available yet?.", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. A chair is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA you pull on a chair, the will its shape..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Siltstone does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, siltstone is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Soft examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the silk necktie is softer. If you touch on fabric, it will change shape..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince sure is between the guide words stalk - swarm, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 65 grams.n65 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nOn November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed. Which gave the United States possession of the Panama Canal Zone.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nOn November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave signed. which the United States possession of the Panama Canal Zone..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe common marmoset has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe Grevy's zebra has long feetofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The Grevy's zebra uses its feet to walk and run..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Moxie has two alleles for black wool (l). So, Moxie's genotype for the wool color gene is ll..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. BothNeither of the objects are bouncy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A chair is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA you pull on a chair, the will its shape..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the bronzy sunbird.nThe bronzy sunbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The bronzy sunbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe northern violetear has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe northern mockingbird has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The northern mockingbird uses its beak to eat insects and smallworms..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, abundant sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, Jardines de la Reina National Park has salty water. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nLava from the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea usually flows southward into the ocean. In June of 2014, though, northward.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nLava from the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea usually flows southward into the ocean. In June of 2014, though, northward flows the Hawaiianenteupatlandsters ised southward..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince postage is not the guide words pennies - praise, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0C mug of cider is hotter than the 60\u00b0C mug of cider, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince temper is between the guide words tap - than, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 315 milliliters.n315 liters is too little..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 70 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nEduardo will read the script on his own, and then we'll practice our lines together..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A Great Sphinx of Giza is a living thing.nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is nota living of thea giantical creaturelionphinx. ora giant that a s.s head. a.. Sphinx of not have all of the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.nA sponge is not a living thing.nA cave does not many or other. things it It ita cave does not have all the traits of a living thing. It cave does not have food or water.nA sponge is nota living thing.nSpongges grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water..kesges grow made up of many cells.nApongges do made. They doeat plants,s. liveeat on the cave..nA cavee is not a living thing.nS spongee does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does around, cave. but it does not grow. It does not need food or water..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Honey's observable version of the whisker type trait is straight whiskers. So, Honey's phenotype for the whisker type trait is straight whiskers..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the nine-banded armadillo.nThe nine-banded armadillo has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the nine-banded armadillo.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe hyrax has soft skin covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nDeath Valley is a desert in eastern California. A record high temperature of 134\u00b0F was recorded there on July 10, 1913!nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in Death Valley on Julya particular day on 1913. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest south..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe brown lemming has anarrows pointing to it from so it is not a producer.nThe bear does anarrows pointing to it from so it is not a producer.nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bear sedge is nota producer.nThe brownmus does not have any arrow pointing to it. So, the bearlichen is nota producer.", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the.nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg melting made of frozen water. An the melts, the water changes from solida solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeithern iceberg melting is caused by heating. But stretching a rubber band is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blouse is between the guide words battle - bounty, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion down the rabbit hole is literature.nLewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tells the story of a young girl who follows a white rabbit down a rabbit hole and finds herself in a series of adventures in a bizarrereal world.nThe allusion down the rabbit hole means on a strange or difficult exploration..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nPlop represents the sound the the phone landing in the toilet..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Montana is farthest east..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince ignorant is between the guide words idea - impress, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Kinsley, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Kinsley down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Kinsley up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kinsley..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mra class boring class is that all classes are the same topic are dull. However, this isn't necessarily true. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as adty generalization..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A wood green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWoodpeckers live sharp beaks. They use their beaks to walk into wood to hunt for food.", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. An sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and turns turns into a different type of matter..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European hedgehog's scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Erinaceus.nS organism and the European hedgehog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Erinaceus europaeus.nSciurus vulgaris is in the genus Sciurus. The first word of its scientific name is Sciurus. So, Sciurus vulgaris and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.nLepus americanus is in the genus Lepus. The first word of its scientific name is Lepus. So, Lepus americanus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words isa is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is A Black Hole Is Not a Hole..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that social socially awkward doess knowledge of workplace safety. However is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Hoffman's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as falsead hominem..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 180 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n10 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n10 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: This country is Fiji..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has two alleles for potato leaves (L). So, the plant's genotype for the leaf type gene is ll..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statement describe the Tibetan Plateau ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm small plants. It has warm that is frozen year-round, The following statement does not describe the Tibetan Plateau: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has mostly summers and cool winters..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.nAs odd as it might seem, the Guadalupe Mountains National Park in Texas offers one of the finest examples of an ancient marine reef..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Cole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Cole lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of purple particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the cotton bush is a producer because it makes its own food. The cotton bush in carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make its own food..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in ancient-century Greecehens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A Europeanflamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nF European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: This country is Dominic Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe of the colonies are namedd by color. The Southern Colonies were the colonies:nThe Thir of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Thir Colonies or the England..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nIsaac couldn't find the definition for flax in the book's glossary, so he looked it up online..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Coach's bedroom is neat she puts everything away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Maria's bedroom is neat and she puts everything away..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nAmericanilat is a kind of grass that is used to make food.nIt can be proved by looking up information about wheat.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nAmericans eat far too much food made from wheat.nWo too much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how much food too much..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None band and the rubber are not blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Monica doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, even may be a number of reasons why Monica doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as thea false dichotomy..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Sasha wants or needs:nSasha will give up the chance to see the zebras. She would have enjoyed seeing them more than the baboons..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, chews. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton jar is the hardest. If you squeeze push it will not change shape..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Gran properties of granodiorite match the properties of a rock. So, granodiorite is a rock..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether fixing a car is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs fixing a car something you can touch? Yes.nIs fixing a car a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, fixing a car is a service..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the bracelet.nThe bracelet is made of metal.nN bracelet a bracelet alloy. The is use make metal and other metals to Thee metal colors with into jewelry bracelet more. The", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince solution is between the guide words seat - sped, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Latrell is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, La Midas was the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily becoming wealth from nothing..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boy pulls the groceries out of the trunk. The direction of the pull is away the boy..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk make a mixture mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nErosion caused by wind is a change change. The wind blowcarries on the pieces of the. But each pieces of rock do not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a play. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan transforms to theland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who is't take on adult rolesresponsibilities..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince lest is not between the guide words liner - local, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Edgar was very tired and sore. He muscles were not physically impossible of moving..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a creepy person..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: This country is New.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nThe natives of Greenland used kayaks for hunting and fishing.nIt can be proved by reading a book about kayakland..nThe second sentence states an opinion.nPaddling a kayak down a river is an unforgettable experience.nIdergettable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes native is unforgettable..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A pink skunk clownfish's scientific name is Amphiprion perideraion.nProphiprion perideraion has the same scientific name as a pink skunk clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.nProiodon nicthemerus does not have the same scientific name as a pink skunk clownfish. So, Amphiprion perideraion and Diodon nicthemerus are not in the same species.nProcambarus clarkii does not have the same scientific name as a pink skunk clownfish. So, Amphiprion perideraion and Procambarus clarkii are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Nebraska is farthest east..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the silk is stickier. If you touch syrup, it will stick to your..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A TV show should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Wheel of Fortune**..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words sport and dirt rhyme. They both end with the ipd sound.nThe word dirt does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Christine wants or needs:nChristine will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Grevy's zebra's scientific name is Equus grevyi. The first word of its scientific name is Equus.nMac organism and the Grevy's zebra are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Equus grevyi.nCropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Equus grevyi are not in the same genus.nCammelus bactrianus is in the genus Camelus. The first word of its scientific name is Camelus. So, Camelus bactrianus and Equus grevyi are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Castroville. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..", - "Solution: The a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is \"A Horseman in the Sky.\".", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBridgette wants broccoli. Maggie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is nota run-on sentence. It is formeda comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined without just a comma.nThe Twenty-Third Amendment gave citizens of Washington, D.C., the right to cast ballots for the nation's president and vice president, residents voted in a presidential election for the first time in 1964..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nThe dancer practices after work, or she dances on weekends..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Shawif Shawna doesn't go to the party's birthday party, she means that she doesns her speaker. However, even may be a number of reasons why Shawna doesn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is billion km3, which is less than 160 billion km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of an independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nElijah had a growth spurt, and now most of his pants are too short..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Brett think that learning should offer learning English. should offer foreign language. However, this misrepresents Brett's argument. This' wants to foreign language classes. This says that about learning foreign language. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black-footed cat's scientific name is Felis nigripes.nPhoebastria nigripes does not the same scientific within its genus as a black-footed cat. but they are not in the same genus. Both do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, Feli organisms are in in the same species.nMacropus giganteus does not have the same scientific name as a black-footed cat. So, Felis nigripes and Macropus giganteus are not in the same species.nFelis nigripes has the same scientific name as a black-footed cat. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines halfway between 80 and 40. So, the temperature is 45\u00b0F..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase breathed. It describes the path as if it were a person who breathe breathing..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction after.nEthan's ears were ringing after he stood near the stage for the entire concert..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that companies must make huge profits must be exploit in exploita of they only way a company could make large profits is by takinging customers customers. However, this onlyevidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a refrigerator is 4\u00b0C.n4\u00b0F is too hot..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Heather lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Heather lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to paths, or reason. It uses logica logo brand ofe ) 10,versus product)..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nBabies don't shed tears until they are about a month old.nIt can be proved by looking a website about babies babies.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nIn general, newborn babies cry far too often.nIo too often shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how often babies too often..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia Carolina..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two blocks of iron are the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the block of iron with less mass has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase belching. It describes the volcano as if it were a who is row..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nEveryom can sew buttons, and Sasha wants to learn how..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince lose is not the guide words lit - lung, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nColleen lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipit where Colleen lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince grain is not between the guide words gallop - generous, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 115 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each bottle decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each bottle increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each bottle..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describe the Sonoran Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has dry, thin soil. It has many different types of organisms. The following statements does not describe the Sonoran Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has dry a few types of organisms..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Logan doesn have have about democracy, because he didn't vote in the election. However, even may be a number of reasons why Logan didn't vote in the election. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ana false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A sand cat's scientific name is Felis margarita.nFelfo bufo does not have the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, Felis margarita and Bufo bufo are not in the same species.nFelis margarita has in the same genus as Felis chaus, but they are not in the same species.nFelganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Felis margarita and Felis chaus are different species within the same genus.nFelis margarita has the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Salea is the capital of Maine..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Both objects are bendable.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The r is notbouncy. but the crayonice marshmallow is not.nA property that both objects have in common is bendable..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is nota run-on sentence. It is formeda comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined without just a comma.nLasagna is a delicious comfort food, it can be made healthier with the addition of vegetables such as mushrooms and kale.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence: LasnLasa", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter in the outside of the marshmallow changes. The thea marshmallow is roasted, the turns brown and turns.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air and This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. Copper copper oxide react green.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitheroasting is caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Animal cell membrane is the outermost layer in an animal cell.nThis statement is true. The animal cell has not have anya cell membrane. It cell wall does not cellmost layer of an animal cell..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Kurt found the smell rather nauseous.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Kurt feel rather nauseous.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved 120 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 155 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 120 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania Jersey..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the aardvark.nThe long-shaped mouthsnout helps the aardvark reach into a burrow. The long, thin tongue helps it catch the insects.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe gel-beaked echidna has a tube-shaped snout. a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to geteat insects that live in burrows.nThe gelada baboon has a long,snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The gelada baboon uses its mouth to eat plants grass..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the carrot plant we usually eat is the fruit. It takes in water and nutrients. It also holds the plant in place in the soil..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If there symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. I is the symbol for carbon. I is the symbol for hydrogenboroodine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one atom and three hydrogenboroodine atom..nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols C and I. There is one carbon atom, so C will not have a subscript. There is three chlorineboroodine atoms. so", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each greenhouse increased, which means that the thermal energy of each greenhouse increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each greenhouse..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Loxodonta africana is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals cannot their food by digesting other organisms..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A flip-flop is a solid. A can fold squeeze a flip-flop. But the will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, folded. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The four objects are translucent.nSugar has a sweet taste. The is sweet, but the icecle and the s, and the water are not.nA translucent opaque object does not let light through. The of the objects are opaque.nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a parking space is 25 feet.n25 inches and too short. 25 yards and 25 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and forms it down into a different type of matter. new matter is called bakedhed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when the from thes and factories releases with water in the.nBcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release carbon thatcausing sulfur dioxide nitrogen. Acid of these chemicals react with oxygen in the atmosphere. acid forms lets of carbon that can fall out to the ground. acid rain.nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35\u00b0C pie is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or Australia..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.nIn allbiography of Casa deorcomo Casanova, Italianeenth-century Italian architectr who his characteristics evenaggerates the characterusingous behavior. adventures. his.nThe allusion Casanova means a person who..", - "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Cranth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses only-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:n\u2014k! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAiteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.n\u2014 the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Maryard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnI floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"The Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed. StrongnA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether glucose is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6. So formula contains one symbols: C for carbon and H for oxygen, and H for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that glucose is made of one chemical elements bonded", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion philistine is the Bible.nPhil Bibleistine are a person of people who were long, the times. They were believed as biblical Bible as somewhatflutitious,. wered inly, their. gambling desire with nature.nThe allusion philistine means a person who or antagonistdifferent. others. behavior world..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest west..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Elizabeth was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. An antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. The water tablet react water, the of matter in the tablet changes. react dioxide is react formed. This reaction changes the tablet reactzz..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A mantled howler's scientific name is Alouatta palliata. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta.nOlouatta caraya is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta caraya and Alouatta palliata are in the same genus.nOvis orientalis is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis orientalis and Alouatta palliata are not in the same genus.nOvis orientalaries is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis orientalaries and Alouatta palliata are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the barn swallow.nThe short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The barn swallow uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe military macaw has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The military macaw uses its beak to open and, hard nuts..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The comfortable clothing and her warm coat is a sentence fragment. It has missing a subject..", - "Solution: Look.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Poetryets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the shuttle,nOut of the Cranth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses only-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:n\u2014k! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.n\u2014 the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Maryard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnI floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,n\u2014 all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"The Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 13 miles.n13 inches, 13 feet, and 13 yards are all too short..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. New becomingens is a physical change. As concrete in the concrete react with each other to form newa different type of matter. This newly is hard and hard..", - "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When epi epiphytic orchid grows on a tree branch in the canopy, the orchid gets more sunlight than perform in it would inh it wouldgrew on tree.. So, the orchid benefits from its relationship with the tree.nThe tree is not, the orchid, but it orchid is not provided by nor. So, the orchid is not comme affected by its relationship with the orchid..nAince the orchid does and the tree is comme affected, a commensal relationship is formed when an epiphytic orchid grows on a tree branch in the canopy..", - "Solution: Look at the tablelined parts of the table.nAll the words that use the root \"ante\" mean to fight before something else. So, the root ante means \"before.\"nAll the words that use the root \"bellum\" mean to fight or cause war. So, the root bellum means \"before.\"nSo, the word \"antebellum\" means \"before the war.\" The antebellum period is called for the war that followed it: the Civil War..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince fence is not between the guide words forecast - furnish, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince teeth is not the guide words talk - thy, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each speed walker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne speed walker moved 45 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other speed walker moved 45 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each speed walker spent the same amount of time moving. The speed walker who moved 40 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that speed walker must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince mill is not the guide words marry - moment, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.nA translucent object changes not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The of the objects are rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europea..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nGreg wants broccoli. Josie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A western dart frog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs live in many shapes colors. They bright colors tells other animals that these frogs are dangerousous.nA Sur toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA casinam horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA cassowary is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCassowaries have sharp. two they cannot fly. They can walk very fast.", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object will break into pieces if you drop it. None three objects are fragile.nA fuzzyy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None of the objects are scratchy.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can attach or stick to other things. The of the objects are sticky.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. All and and flexible, but the ring and the are not.nA shiny object changesreflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. objects are rough.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Neither of the objects are smooth.nThe property that both objects have in common is smooth..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion sybaritic is Greek history.nS in thea cavee soil village, Greece Greece, theri was a escape. as its harsh. escape escape..nThe allusion sybaritic means..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for cookingizing food cuisine in the United States..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It usess a fear of emb or.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince brass is between the guide words babies - blew, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nHis voice voice is a foghorn.nThe words voice and foghorn are compared using the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nHis voice is as deep as a foghorn.nThe words voice and foghorn are compared using the word as..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Dolostone is ana metaary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms when layers of sediment.nMcean sediment can up as layers. As time, the layersary change through a chemical reaction that minerals shell and it. Do the layers of ocean ocean build up, the shell layers press on on the bottom layers to Dolostone forms when these top layers of sediment sedimently changed sediment are pressed together to form rock..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, repeat. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a watering can is 23 cups.n23 fluid ounces is too little and 23 gallons is too much..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIguazu Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. It is located in South America. The region surrounding the falls normally receives over 1,000 millimeters of rainfall each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation around Iguazu Falls. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great egret.nThe great egret has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great egret to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe black-headed heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe mallard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..", - "Solution: Allabi's e for the body hair trait is madebb. Soabi hass e for bb is two twoONE alleles. So otherb allele is for thea hairy body. So, Nabi's phenotype for the body hair trait is be determinedbased combinationy body.nSomeg an,, look whether theabi iss eles are dominant or recessive. dominantele thea hairy body isB) is dominant. the ele ( thea hairless body (b). is thatb nota rece allele. and theab fora recessive allele.nAabi's e for theab is two recessive alleles for So organism with two recessive alleles for thea gene is be to genotypssive allele s of the body. So, Nabi's phenotype for the body hair trait is have theb dominantless body..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJffrey wants broccoli. David wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to make a paper airplane is 45 seconds.n45 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince general is not between the guide words gloomy - grew, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: This country is Jamaica.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Coach Johnson talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach Johnson, and the verb is talked..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jayden is voting for for the Conservative or the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Jayden is be voting for thea different party.or he might be be voting for all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our school has rules, we always follow them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: Our school has rules, We always follow them..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bowls of oatmeal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder bowl of oatmeal has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince is between the guide words wares - wise, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A barn owl's scientific name is Tyto alba.nAyto alba has the same scientific name as a barn owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nArdea cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a barn owl. So, Tyto alba and Ardea cinerea are not in the same species.nFalco sparverius does not have the same scientific name as a barn owl. So, Tyto alba and Falco sparverius are not in the same species.", - "Solution: The Middle Middle Colonies are the blue and the map:nThe theial times, the and the called the \" Middle ColCounties. the map River which Lower Lower Counties on short. ThenThe Hampshire was the of the New that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont the Hampshire and Newa state Hampshire colony, was claimed the part..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.nDuring Arctic fox has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic fox uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe the winter, the Eurasian lynx has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe fire salamander has thin skin stickyt skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..", - "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A grassnautilus is ana mamollusk. Like other mollusks, a nautilus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. ItnA grassbug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAn Asian elephant is ana mammal. Like other mammals, an Asian elephant is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA grasshopper is insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet and but it is still made of the same type of matter.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But picking up a paper clip with a magnet is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.", - "Solution: Allera's e for the sickle-cell disease trait is madeAA. Allera hass e for AA is two two singleele for So rest allele is for dominant having sickle-cell disease, So, Kiera's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is be determinedated sickle-cell disease.nAg an,, look whether theera iss eles are dominant or recessive. dominantele the having sickle-cell disease isAA) is dominant over the ele, the sickle-cell disease geneA). is that person nota rece allele. not thea rece fora recessive allele fornAiz's e for AA is two all alleles for Each all' two least one dominant allele for thea gene is be the genotyp allele fors genotyp of the trait., Kiera's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait is have homo having sickle-cell disease..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nQuinn wants broccoli. Ling wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nOn second half reverses the order of the words one and said. to the first line..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nArdea cinerea is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea cinerea and Ardea alba are in the same genus.nTyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Ardea alba are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A California newt's scientific name is Taricha torosa. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha.nAmaricha granulosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha granulosa and Taricha torosa are not the same genus.nAmbystoma oanum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma texanum and Taricha torosa are not in the same genus..nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Tammy has one allele for having Thomsen disease (M) and one allele for not having Thomsen disease (m). So, Tammy's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is Mm..", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nJulie noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.nThis passage tells you about the clouds Julie saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The muskmelon plant's observable version of the fruit taste trait is sweet fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait is sweet fruit..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nInert Louis Stevenson's novel Victorian novella Je. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and dangerous respected doctor, night he transforms into a personstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means and cruel..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 7 inches.n7 feet, 7 yards, and 7 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pad is not between the guide words polar - private, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nTheh poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that cyclists are rude. aggressive. However, even though cyclist was rude, that doesn't necessarily mean that the cyclists are rude. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta hasty generalization..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A snooty person has a more negative connotation. A snooty person is of proud others withly..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the great egret.nLong legs help the great egret keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe hammerkop has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe white tern has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The white tern uses its legs to walk and swimch, and swim..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words beach and be rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe word beachad does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences run have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nLocated just south of Seaside, Gabriel's Restaurant offers an eclectic menu in a scenic country setting..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLhasa is a city in the high mountains of Tibet. It is often windy in Lhasa.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in Lhasa. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A small-mouth salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma texanum.nLaricha granulosa does not have the same scientific name as a small-mouth salamander. So, Ambystoma texanum and Taricha granulosa are not in the same species.nLissotriton vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a small-mouth salamander. So, Ambystoma texanum and Lissotriton vulgaris are not in the same species.nAmbystoma texanum has the same scientific name as a small-mouth salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Peoples do not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive. they are older. So, driving an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBony fish have the following traits:nThey have fins, not limbs.nThey live underwater.nThey have a skeleton made of bone.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nAnhippopotamus has the following traits:nIt has birth to live offspring.nI hippopotamus does not have all of the traits of a bony fish. A hippopotamus is a nt animalmmal.nAn anchovy has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt lives underwater.nIt has a skeleton made of bone.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nAn anchovy has the traits of a bony fish. A anchovy is a bony fish..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the metal trombone is the smoothest. If you touch metala metal trombone, it will not feel rough or.", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A seae toad is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA sea otter is a fishmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters live sharp thick fur. They fur helps them warm in cold places..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA ton is an exaggeration, since it is be impossible to someone or two people to carry a box that weighed a ton. and is an pounds..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest south..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words rain and bean rhyme. They both end with the aket.nThe word rain does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 11 gallons.n11 fluid ounces and 11 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years suggests that Mr. Lambert is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest south..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion yahoos is literature.nIn Cole's noveliliage's Taleler in lliver's s sitting that aresd. are that traits powerfulish tend inrecilite behavior.nThe allusion yahoos sit and sitting.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Becky had just been speaking about Dirk. In say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, and if summoned..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A smooth newt's scientific name is Lissotriton vulgaris. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton.nTaricha torosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha torosa and Lissotriton vulgaris are not in the same genus.nAmissotriton helveticus is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton helveticus and Lissotriton vulgaris are in the same genus.nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton vulgaris are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince moan is not between the guide words mask - meek, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of one-tenth the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mercury. The volume of Mercury is billion km3, which is less than 115 billion km3. So, the volume of Mercury is less than one-tenth of the volume of Earth..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Trent rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Trent rode up the hill..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt is 65\u00b0F in Colin's backyard.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Colin's backyard. now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour milk into a different container, the milk will take the shape of that container. But the milk will still take up the same amount of space.nAain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour rainwater into a different, the rainwater will take the shape of that bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.nWater water in a waterfall is a liquid. A liquid takes change shape. If the will takes up the same amount of space. will through a waterfall, the water will shape. ButnWater glass empty glass is a liquid. A you drops a liquid, the will fill into pieces. But the piece will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether fluoromethane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for fluoromethane is CH3F. So formula contains one symbols: CH for flu and H for hydrogen, and H for fluorine. So, the formula tells you that fluo", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two traytrays of lasagna have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C tray is lasagna is colder than the 20\u00b0C tray of lasagna, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: This country is Tovalu..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cookies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cookie with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that William people can that could born writing writersa to write plays plays without However, this misrepresents the claims. This also learn that people was have learned to write plays without formal educationing. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilta straw man..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince root is between the guide words right - ruby, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Poetryets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the shuttle,nOut of the Cranth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses only-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:n\u2014k! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.n\u2014 the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Maryard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a Cloudn\u2014 floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"The Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Sarah is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Patty's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Patty's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of purple particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A goldenpagos giant tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGalapagos giantoises live near the islandpagos Islands. the Pacific Ocean. They can live to be over 100 years old!nA giant shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nWhale sharks are largest fish in the world! They whale sharks can weigh over 100 tons!as much as eight elephants!nA giant frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nWrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..nA giant moray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGach are very and thin. They can have small fins.. swim like sharks, but they are not!.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 180 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n9 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n9 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair is be naturally straight or naturally curly. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 325 milliliters.n325 liters is too little..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Oliver's observable version of the ear type trait is curled ears. So, Oliver's phenotype for the ear type trait is curled ears..", - "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Pablo wants or needs:nPablo will give up the chance to look at the eucalyptus tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the morning glories..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, cut. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the green mantis.nThe green mantis has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe hoversman spider has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe hoverfly has brighta green-and-brow body on its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Jerry sat", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Utah is farthest south..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the fennec fox.nThe fennec fox has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. TheAdding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherax melting is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second excerpt from a student essay is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Aes). influence the world today The other excerpt uses morerecise language (A really long time ago, and contractional language (gri).ally still.", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead people dye their hair. But this doesn not change their natural hair color. SonChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Josiah's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Mateo wanted broccoli in his lunch and Austin was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nMateo has tomatoes. Austin has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. ThenThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest. of all the planets.nTheury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.nThe arightened, the bearded dragon appears spread its its scarhood to appear large and more dangerous. The a predator is nearby, the bearlace can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe frillneck lizard has a large of feather covering called a frill, around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe lace monitor has a small neck. Its neck is not adapted to use it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAotato chips have a salty taste. Both objects are salty.nA soft object changes shape when squeeze it. The are soft. but the frieser is not.nThe property that both objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nLe rain kiss you the rain as if it were human. and unpleasant of the.s. thea kiss.s face..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nembrotha megalocera is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals cannot their food by digesting other organisms..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun himhe could refer to Daniel or Daniel.nAfter Daniel beat Brad in tennis, he asked for a rematch.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nBrad asked for a rematch after Daniel beat him in tennis..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words fell and fell rhyme. They both end with the a sound.nThe word fell does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 5\u00b0C bottle of water is hotter than the 5\u00b0C bottle of water, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: This state is Oklahoma..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A rosetarantula is animal. It walks and climbs.nTarantulas have for foody in They oftarantulas live for the ground. typestarantulas for groups thatnA rose bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.nRost rose bushes grow spikecurvedarras. Tar tarras can protect the rose bush from predator attacked by the..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts Island..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Ed or his.nE first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Ed.nEd's brother Bill wondered whether Ed ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph.nChoice \"Maran\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mareb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"O\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"March is thedrier than January, February, and October.\" is incorrect.nChrier months have a higher average precipitation than Januarytter months. So has a higher average precipitation than March., March is drier than January.nChoice \"March is month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nThe, February February, has highest average precipit precipitation.nChoice \"Marchout the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation each month between May and October is about 1 inches.., about the same amount of precipitation falls between each of the months..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether cobalt is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for cobalt is Co. This formula contains one symbol: Co. So, the formula tells you that cobalt is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Field of Dreams**..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nTed went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A clothespin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. can bend close a clothespin. But the will still have a size and shape of its own.nA lemon is a liquid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put beans into a containerjar, the beans of beans will still the shape of that jar. the a gas would. But the careful! The liquid will a liquid. bean will has a size and shape of its own.nA air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A air inside a bubble expands all the space inside the bubble. If you air fills, the air will expand to fill a space larger space.nAmonade is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour lemonade into a", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Alice Cheng won the mayoral election in Hillsboro,\" Kevin remarked to his sister..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince caravancompass is between the guide words clean - crystal, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJackie wants broccoli. Gabby wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,430 billion km3, which is more than,280 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.nA friend who weighs 23 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 21 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Chase needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 23 pounds..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The of the objects are soft.nA sticky object is not scratchy or rough. None three objects are smooth.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None and the ice cream stickrink are not sticky.nA property that all three objects have in common is smooth..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe wind speed in Patagonia, Argentina, reached 17 kilometers per hour yesterday.nThis passage tells you about the wind speed in Patagonia yesterday. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 9 kilograms.n9 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But breaking a plate is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect Asia America or Asia..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The man who is walking applies a force to his wheelchair. his it along. The direction of this force is toward from the man man. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overalang (ace).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince nationalnozzle is between the guide words nickel - nurse, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A leafhorned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA leafed iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas a type of lizard. Iguanas liveeat plants and fruit.nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nT leaf-eyed tree frog has mois pads on its toes. It sticky pads help keep red-eyed tree frog stay on to leaves.nA leafy seadragon is a rep. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nS leafdragon iss body helps like a snakehawkmp of leavesdra. It helps it seadragon stay in predator predators.", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. ThenThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which four planets are the largest, look at the volumes shown compare the exponents. The volumes of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune have the largest exponents. So, these four planets are the largest.nToupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas or Soanus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, the four largest planets are made mainly of gas or ice..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion fifteen minutes is modern history.nIn Greeka modern that accompanied an exhibit of his work, artist John Warhol, \"In the future, the will be -famous for fifteen minutes,\" meaning that the would be for to those who did nothing extraordinary.nThe allusion fifteen minutes means a temporary moment of fame status..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJim wants broccoli. Sasha wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a coffee pot is 13 cups.n13 fluid ounces and too little and 13 gallons is too much..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nHis voice is as deep as a foghorn.nThe words voice and foghorn are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nHis voice voice is a foghorn.nThe words voice and foghorn are compared without the word like or as..", - "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase cried out. It describes the oldoe as if it were a person who..", - "Solution: An bird is fly.nA bird canlays eggs.nA bird makes a nest..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.nWhereas the Spirit and Opportunity space rovers were solar powered, the Mars rover known as Curiosity is nuclear powered..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antiaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWherealtman,s the words with the the beginning of each sentence..", - "Solution: According to the Seventh Amendment, the judge has the final say in deciding who wins a court case. The jury, the the the to vote sidesa jury's opinion, However jury can a person of people people who are to thea judge and The jury, can whether. party is most. The the United States, theies do called to have after the sides where the jury is controversy took place. The judges judgesies do the two and 12 members. or theiess. The the are American citizen, you can be entitled to do impartial thea different. time.. of the text of the Seventh Amendment is below. does of jury the Seven have about? The the against the law, TheElect. jury of the is jury is be, but the oneual, thea jury. nor be reheexamined or any court. law United States. or the to the Constitution of the Constitution law..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nM unusual contraption had two levers, three ramps, and one metal basket..", - "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A catgirin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nRob catgirin is a mabird. Gir sings in songs at different times of the day.nRob catfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCat most other fish, catfish live not have teeths! They swallow smally,.nCat taffe is a birdmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nGiraffes eat mostly grass that are too small up for their animals to reach.nA tiger salamander is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nTiger salamanders live live near damp burrows. They", - "Solution: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., grew up in the South South. He was born in the, Georgia. and 18. He", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A coin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIfy coins are made of coinss. They", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the butterfish is a secondary consumer because it eats a primary consumer because The primary consumer in this food chain is the uredgedt..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, finds. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Look at at the map. Mon on the map show that areas of the area.n of areas on that area the by the Mongol Empire.nThe Mon shows that Si Mongol Empire controlled most of of Asiaberia, Si Asia, and Asia, and Eastern Middle East. ThenThe Mongol Empire controlled not control all Asia or Eastern Asia..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two plates of spaghetti are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the plate of spaghetti with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. So these planets, Earth is the largest. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince steel is not between the guide words shadow - sleeve, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the paper clip.nThe paper clip is made of metal.nMet all paper clips are made of metal. paper clips are made of metal metal. Others", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touchingbending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the ceramic shirt is the most flexible. If you fold cotton fabric, it will not break..", - "Solution: End otherm is regulate its temperatures internally other environment layer is. Thiss, keptotherms. which other the or and animals type or can their temperatures is by d.", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A Caribbeanbug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA blue dasher is an insect. Like other insects, a blue dasher is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA Caribbean spiny lobster is a fishacean. Like other crustaceans, a Caribbean spiny lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA blue jay is a bird. Like other birds, a blue dasy is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 12 fluid ounces.n12 cups and 12 gallons are both too much..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Harrington is kind, and her heart is gold.nThe words heart and gold are compared using the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sandbox is 2 yards.n2 inches and 2 feet are too short. 2 miles is too long..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A smooth newt's scientific name is Lissotriton vulgaris.nAmbystoma texanum does not have the same scientific name as a smooth newt. So, Lissotriton vulgaris and Ambystoma texanum are not in the same species.nAmbystoma opacum does not have the same scientific name as a smooth newt. So, Lissotriton vulgaris and Ambystoma texpacum are not in the same species.nAmissotriton vulgaris has the same scientific name as a smooth newt. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Alexa wants or needs:nAlexa will give up the chance to look at the juniper tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the sunflowers..", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, many people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. The dust dust settles, the falls, the forms settle on the or on floor. The makess dust into from the air. but it not form a different type of matter.nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk make a mixture mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: This country is Dominica..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Pleopeltis polypodioides is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..", - "Solution: Look environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of communities.nA community organism is individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultiple families of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up ecosystem..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Andesite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock is the bottom's surface is called metamelted. Likeesite forms when a that was amounts of iron and magnesium, and ironlica. This the melted cools, the that as magnesiumsspar, arghrenrophyene are to form. Over the melted becomes solid, it becomes into esite..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nAn American alligator is a fishtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Barry lives, the air pressure is usually higher in the summer than in the winter.nAir pressure is the by the air of the air in the air. This Barry air pressure is higher, the air is usually clear.nThis passage tells you about the usual air of air pressure where Barry lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A gray tree frog's scientific name is Hyla versicolor. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.nHyla japonica is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla japonica and Hyla versicolor are in the same genus.nBufo guttatus is in the genus Bufo. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo. So, Bufo guttatus and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.nAtuspus zeteki is in the genus Atelopus. The first word of its scientific name is Atelopus. So, Atelopus zeteki and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Isaac is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Isaac..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the large ground finch.nThe large ground finch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The large ground finch uses its short, thick beak to crack down on thea seed and crack open its hard shell.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Asian golden weaver has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.nThe bald ibis has a short,curved beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds. The", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia Carolina..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. South is farthest south..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nRising air in a low pressure system can cause clouds to build up in the sky. Low pressure systems are common in Seattle during the months of December, January, and February.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloudsometric pressure in Seattle. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A pevulture is animal. It eats mammals and birds.nVultures live live not animals animals. They eat animals that live sick dead.. behavior leads called vulcavenging.nA pear tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nPod pear trees grow in the and Asia America, and Asia..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nB you scrape off the brown part of the apple, the inside will still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change has't happen to that part of the apple.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. The the wick and the melted wax burn. But react with oxygen in the air. turn into ot. carbon dioxide, and water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherurning is caused by heating. But a piece of apple turning brown is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the northern pintail.nThe northern pintail has a thick, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud. The northern pintail gathers muddy water in its beak. Then, it pushes the water out through gaps along the sides of the beak. Bits of food, such as plant roots, are left behind inside the pintail's beak.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe rose swan has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud.nThe rosy-faced lovebird has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to filter through mud. The rosy-faced lovebird uses its beak to eat insects and fruitberries..", - "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a pseudoscorpion is dispersed by a harlequin beetle, the pseudoscorpion benefits dish to move farther and farther than it could on its own. So, the pseudoscorpion benefits and its relationship with the beetle.nThe beetle benefits not hurtharmed, its pseudoscorpion. but it beetle does not helped by either.., the beetle benefits not helped affected by the relationship with the pseudoscorpion..nSoince the pseudoscorpion dis, the beetle is not affected, a commensal relationship is formed when a pseudoscorpion is dispersed by a harlequin beetle..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMalaysia is located in Southeast Asia. It experiences cloudy, wet conditions during two different seasons each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Malaysia. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three brownies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 23\u00b0C brownie is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that there are two ice planets and three rocky planets. So, there are twice as many ice planets as rocky planets..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A common ad is insecthibian. Like other amphibians, a common ad is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA hisluga whale is a mammal. Like other mammals, a beluga whale is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA commonsing cockroach is an insect. Like other insects, a hissing cockroach is invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA common ostrich is a bird. Like other birds, a common ostrich is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA is a color.nThis color is blue. The is not.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The tent is not rough..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, help. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with critics.nThe new documentary, critics claim, is one of the best ever made..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A hand is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. marble is be made of many or colored glass.nA air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A air fill a balloon expands to fill all the space inside the balloon. If air balloon iss, the air will expand to fill alla space larger space.nA handsaw is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If hand can handsaw is made of metal, wood the woods made of metal. But metal and metal are solid.. ButnA marble is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A open close a door, the will its shape. But", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Grand Canyon is 450 mill.n450 millimeters, 450 centimeters, and 450 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Masters of the Universe**..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the fgfr1aa1 gene affected the structure and function of the Fgfr1aa1 protein..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nAusten shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nAusten shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: As of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by lookingcomparing two of land ma.nThe cheetah is the fastest land mammal in the world, followed by the pronghorn.nThe second sentence states an opinion.er shows a personal judgment.nThenghorns are animals that look similar to deer, only cuter.", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: warm summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the following statement describe the Oglala National Grassland ecosystem: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has soil summers and cool winters. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statement does not describe Oglala National Grassland: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has soil that is rich in nutrients..", - "Solution: This country is Palau..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A maroon clownfish's scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus.nProcambarus clarkii does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Procambarus clarkii are not in the same species.nAmphiprion melanopus does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Amphiprion melanopus are not in the same species.nPromnas biaculeatus has the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Stacy's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Stacy's foot..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince material is not between the guide words mitt - mug, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the right..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.n Saweving a log in half is a physical change. The log getss into two pieces. But each pieces are still made of the same type of matter asnA rock heating up in a campfire is a change change. The rock of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But sawing a log in half is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the hawfinch.nThe hawfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The hawfinch uses its short, thick beak to crack down on thea seed and crack open its hard shell.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe blue mannikin has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.nThe blue rock pigeon has a short, thick beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds. The", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, dust. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.TherenThe only arrow pointing from the ca leads to the . No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the seaca to the bat star. There is one path matter can take from the sea sea to to the bat star: black rockfish->batp.bat star. There is two paths matter can take from the zooplankton to the bat star: zooplankton->batp bass->bat star. Orzooplankton->batfin midshipman->batp bass.bat star. zooplankton->bat rockfish->batp bass.bat star. is one path matter can take from the fin midshipman-> the bat star: fin midshipman->batp bass->bat star. There", - "Solution: This country is Solomon Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether delivering mail is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs delivering mail something you can touch? Yes.nIs delivering mail a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, delivering mail is a service..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 9950 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a coloncia ants lives on a bullhorn acacia tree, the a nec and water for So, the a are from their relationship with the treehorn acacia tree.nThe a also the from the sure easier for the to get resources such When, the horn acacia tree is benefits from its relationship with the a..nTheince the the acacia ants and the horn acacia tree benefit, a commeistic relationship is formed when a coloncia ants lives on a bullhorn acacia tree..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether paving a street is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs paving a street something you can touch? Yes.nIs paving a street a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, paving a street is a service..", - "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..", - "Solution: This country is Tonga..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the jam chair is the hardest. If you press jama piece of jam, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the repetitioncontrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nThe methods contrasts two parallel of methods and methods and the past and succeeded in the future..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with dark yellow flowers or light yellow flowers, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the flower color trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for light yellow flowers, is dominant over the f allele, which is for dark yellow flowers.nDark yellow flowers is the recessive allele's version of the flower color trait. A rose plant with the recessive version of the flower color trait must have only recessive alleles for the flower color gene. So, offspring with dark yellow flowers must have the genotype ff.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff.nDight", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that 7 out of the five planets are made mainly of rock. So, four-four of or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Daphnia pulex is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Great Wall is located in northern China. This region is often cold and cloudy during December, January, and February.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover on the Great Wall. China. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 5 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nInert Louis Stevenson's novel American novella Je. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and dangerous respected doctor, night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means and cruel..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The rose plant has one allele for light yellow flowers (F) and one allele for dark yellow flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower color gene is Ff..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two helium balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder helium balloon has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Erica or Annie.nEica greeted Annie with a hug when she returned to the apartment that evening.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nWhen Erica returned to the apartment that evening, she greeted Annie with a hug..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nMollusks have the following traits:nThey have a soft body.nThey have a muscular foot or tentacles.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA white-spotted octopuse has the following traits:nIt has tenta soft body.nIt has acles.nA white-spotted octopus does the traits of a mollusk. A white-spotted octopus is a mollusk.nA blue crab has the following traits:nIt has an pairs of antennae.nAt has an exoskeleton.nA blue crab does not have all of the traits of a mollusk. A blue crab is a acean..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bowling balls have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the bowling ball with less mass has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something that loud, and silence is the absence of sound..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Vincenta..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Stones for My Father**..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 41 minutes.n41 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Rebecca's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Bubo scandiacus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Bubo scandiacus is the scientific name..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We little boy popped a big bubble is a complete sentence. The subject is the little boy, and the verb is popped..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A TV show should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Bear in the Big Blue House**..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nPut their dog to sleep is ana po indirect way of saying that their dog put their dog..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words cornrn and corn rhyme. They both end with the e sound.nThe word cornfern does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: A analog device measures, that a continuous way. This example, the analog clock dial, the speed can be to thea direction pattern of times. two and and 300260 metersMHzHzh. This", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because the on nails is not be comfortable..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Chinese tree frog is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nF are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA leafy seadragon is a ma. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nW Chinesedragon iss tail is like a wosmp of greenweed. It helps it seadragon stay from predator predators.nW Chinesembat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWombats live sharp claws on their to legs. They use their claws to push for to in burrows..nA Chinese alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live in the around water.. can walk in waterponds, rivers, andhes, and lakes..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lyla's observable version of the fur color trait is orange fur. So, Lyla's phenotype for the fur color trait is orange fur..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. New is farthest west..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 1.27 x 1015 km3, which is less than 8.08 x 1014 km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as Mercury's volume..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nOver the weekend, the wind was too weak to fly a kite in Plentywood, Montana.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction Plentywood this the weekend. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Leo felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Linda, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Linda down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Linda up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Linda..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Pippi Goes on Board**..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that local''t be standing water from the backyard, none of the neighbors's neighbors are doing it. However, the isn't necessarily true. This speaker's neighbors are not be doing doing to remove about the is necessary to do. water in the house. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slipperywagon fallacy..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The air moving through a trumpet is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air moving a trumpet expands to fill the space around the trumpet. If the moves the trumpet, the air wills to thea different larger space.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince strain is not between the guide words shape - spray, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.nChoice \"Aan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"No\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Ov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nCh, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a small can of tomato sauce is 2 cups.n2 fluid ounces and too little and 2 gallons is too much..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Shakespeare history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint and self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and imtere..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Going to School in India**..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Rhyolite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock is two same's surface is called a. Rhyolite forms when a type of lava called is different in ironlica. The the melted cools, it such as quartz and feldspar are to form. Over the melted cool solid, it becomes into ahyolite..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMadagascar is a country in Africa. One day in May 1932, the temperature fell to 0\u00b0C.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about thea temperature drop on a particular day in May. May32. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A boxgiraffe is a repmmal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nG box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words or is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Live Free or Die Hard..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Thumper's observable version of the body size trait is a dwarf body. So, Thumper's phenotype for the body size trait is a dwarf body..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf screwdriver is a size handle and a handle handle. But metal and plastic handle solids..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince easyelf is between the guide words egg - every, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A sea set is not a living thing.nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nAn iceberg is not a living thing.nA bracelet iceberg is not have all of traits of a living thing. It does grow or respond in the to the world around it. but it does not need food ornA bracelet turtle is a living thing.nSwa turtles live and respond to their environment. They need food and water. turtles are made up of many cells.nA bracelet is not a living thing.nAandlets do not have all the the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Camillif Camilla doesn't go to the party's birthday party, she means that she doesns her speaker. However, even may be a number of reasons why Camilla doesn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLeah lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipit Le Leah lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 5 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..", - "Solution: In title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"The Door in the Wall.\".", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words tie and lie rhyme. They both end with the ie sound.nThe word lie does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..", - "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..", - "Solution: A organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the CmACO1 gene affected the structure and function of the CmACO1 protein..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDustin wants broccoli. Myra wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three blocks of copper have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 6457\u00b0F block is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound.complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nCora", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis.nPelecanus occidentalis does not have the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, Alligator mississippiensis and Pelecanus occidentalis are not in the same species.nIctinia mississippiensis does not the same scientific within its genus as an American alligator. but they are not in the same genus. They do not have the same scientific name as an other. So, All organisms are in in the same species.nAlligator mississippiensis and the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Nebraska is farthest east..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic America..", - "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her sentence fluency by varying sentences.nFor example, the writer could combine the underlined sentences intonThe Western Australian pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant native to southwestern Australia. The pitcher is a perennial herb. It is approximately eight inches high. Growing in swampy or sandy soils, it obtains needed nutrients from insects and other small prey. The pitcher plant has carnivorous leaves. The leaves act as traps, or pitchers. The pitchers produce enzymes for digesting prey. Prized among collectors, the plant is considered a vulnerable species..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nSteve shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nSteve shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The is a gas. The air inside a beach ball is a solid. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air insides all the space inside the beach ball. The air leaks out, the will expand into the space around the ball..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.nIn Biblen Nights tell the biblical legend of Sche Scheherazade turns pones the death death. smerizing her friendstivity and a years one tales.nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who is or her powers to manipulate others. distract danger..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Edward, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Edward down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Edward up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Edward..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase hiding. It describes the phone as if it were a person hiding is hiding..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overbreviated language (frankI).nThe first sentence uses not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal overall.", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A chili pepper is a plant. It has green green leaves.nChili peppers are food toa spicy taste.nA bananahlia is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.nAalhlias grow in many ground. tropical America. They they grow theirhlias in the all over the world..nA da elephant is an animal. It eats plants.nElephants live in groups called by s and largest elephants led oldest of the elephant.nA banana tree is a plant. It has large leaves.nB leaves of a banana tree are be up to six feet long..", - "Solution: Some adults picture and the text tell you about the traits of African wild dogs. with the text.nAfrica two wild dogs have two and white, and gray fur. The have have two. five ears.nA, look the text carefully the wild dogs. ThenThen wild dogs have in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack..nA wild wild dogs have not in packs called They they other do not all up of all of other..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nA cloud forest is a tropical mountain ecosystem that is home to a wide variety of species. Ecuador's cloud forests are filled with low, thick clouds most days of the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Ecuador cloud forest. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the armadillo lizard.nThe armadillo lizard has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the armadillo.lizard.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe southern three-banded armadillo has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe European robin has soft scales covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Biaowiea Forest has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nMinor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means minor or insignificant, and a crisis is a crisis problem..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. LooknSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jacket.nThe jacket is made of two different materials. The rest is are made of leather and The rest of the jacket is made of leather..nThe all jacket.s are made of leather.. jacket made of leather materials. for keep like leather..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nThankgivinggiving is a holiday in November.nIt can be proved by looking the. Thanksgivinga holiday.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nThanksgiving is the best holiday.nI shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is holiday the. another..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint and self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and imtere..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Consumers eat other organisms. So, in are arrows in a food web that point from other organisms to consumers.nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bilberry is nota consumer, not a consumer.nThe grizzly bear has anarrows pointing to it from the n-ground caribou, the bilberry. So, the grizzly bear is a producer..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA luna gorilla is ana mammal. Like other mammals, a western gorilla is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA luna earthworm is a maworm. Like other spiderworms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.nA luna moth is an insect. Like other insects, a luna moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Di properties of diorite match the properties of a rock. So, diorite is a rock..", - "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for boron trifluoride contains two symbols: for carbonboron tri F for fluorine. So, boron trifluoride is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a school bus is 13 miles.n13 inches and 13 feet are too short. 13 yards is too long..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for terminal flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower position gene is ff..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Abigail had just been speaking about Craig. A say this when they person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, and if summoned..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rubber gloves would stretch the most. If you pull on rubber of a rubber glove, it will get longer..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince kept is between the guide words kayak - king, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Scarlett wants or needs:nScarlett will give up the chance to eat the onion soup, which would have been tastier than the vegetable soup..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The iceberg changes made of frozen water. The the melts, the water changes from solida solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made of pancake batter. Pan different pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is hott and slippery. Cooked pancakes are made and easy be good to eat!nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBotn iceberg melting is a physical change. But cooking a pancake is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. But an iceberg melting is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nBears eat honeybees, and some birds eat them, too..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA soft object reflects a lot of light. The are shiny.nA soft object changes shape when squeeze it. The sunglasses are not soft..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of blue particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a king coat or a spotted coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the a allele, which is for a king coat, is recessive to the A allele, which is for a spotted coat.nA king coat is the dominantssive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A cheetah with recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a king coat must have the genotype aa.nA are 0 boxes", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the mug.nThe mug is made.nCeramic is are made of wood and The clay is not into oven to make it hard.. oven is made a kiln..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Saturn.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 1011 km3, which is less than 6.25 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than ten times as large as Saturn's volume..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for cookingizing food cuisine in the United States..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Scientists Show Facebook Is a Downer.\".", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Insteadies get their skin color from their parents. So, Isaiah's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. New is farthest west..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25\u00b0C and 30\u00b0C.n7\u00b0C is within this range.n4\u00b0C and 30\u00b0C are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCracking open a peanut butter a physical change. The peanut is breaks and the peanut breaks out. But are still made of the same type of matter asnMutter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid. but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But cracking open a peanut butter not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince sidewalk is between the guide words separate - snow, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA break object has one or more bright colors. Both objects are colorful.nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. wheels balloon is not breakable.nThe property that both objects have in common is colorful..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Mitchell attends weekly book club meetings, and he", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A barn turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles live live in be over 100 years old!nA western owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBarn owls live near the continent! Antarctica. TheynA westernpiranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas live sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas live eat a large animal.nA western toad is amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the great cormorant is a tertiary consumer because it eats a primary consumer. The primary consumer in this food chain is the t..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means somewhat or completelyly, and destroyed implies completely wrecked..", - "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect North America or Australia..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom like the back of my hand suggests that the singer is walked the path many times before. The put this about this path of my hand, to walk.. well..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: This country is Palavalu..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words sing and long rhyme. They both end with the i sound.nThe word thing does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor conscience is a man's compass suggests that your conscience guides you to act the right way. The mancompass shows the indicator that to guide the. and as conscience guides you. the right way direction..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Finn wants or needs:nFinn will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the violets..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe wind usually blows from the west or northwest in San Diego, California.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in San Diego. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs soft as concrete shows verbal irony because concrete is not soft..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A leaf urchin is an insecteeoptermal. Like other spiderechinoderms, a sea urchin is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. ItnAike other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA common loon is a bird. Like other birds, a common loon is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA leafworm is ana worm. Like other worms, a fireworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether phosphorus tribromide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of phosphorus tribromide is composed of three hydrogenatomrus atom and one chlorinemine atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that phosphorus tribromide is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogenphosphorus and bromine. Since phosphorus tribromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, phosphorus tribromide is a compound..", - "Solution: There substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if phosphine is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with F for hydrogenphosphorus. F for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that phosphine is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, phosphine is a compound..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the ceramic plate is smoother. If you touch a piece of ceramic,,, it will not feel rough or.", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is This Is Not My Hat..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Start someone has a more positive connotation. If you startle someone, you start someone. a positive way..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince eye is not between the guide words entire - everyone, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you what the rooms rooms inside the bees' nest are made of.nInike many other, bees live in nests. These nests, which are sometimes called hives, each have one opening where all bees enter and leave. Inside the nest are sheets of tiny rooms made of wax, called honeycombs. The tiny rooms are shaped like hexagons. That means they have six sides. These hexagons fit together without wasting space, and their shape helps make the nest stronger.", - "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the midge larva is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The midge larva in this food chain eats the atom..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Eva wants or needs:nEva will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. She would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest north..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The grocery is in column 2..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow does a backbone.nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like sing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nTaste | These are words like sweet, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like juicyy, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nManuch | These are words like juicy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a taste or a sound. For sweet can describe a taste or a smell.nLook at the picture.nThe word buttersour describes how this lemon tastes. can tell from looking at the lemon's face.nSouret and sweety can also describe how lemon tastes. But they do not describe this lemon..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Tom''t be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though Tom uncle was't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tom can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, but it ends with a period. It is ana declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Antarctic America. It does not intersect Australia or Southa..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Idaho Virginia is farthest south..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three pencils have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 71\u00b0F pencil is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nAotato chips have a salty taste. The fruit is salt salty.nSugar has a sweet taste. The grape juice is sweet..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flying fox.nThe flying fox has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the flying fox travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Arctic tern has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe European mole has large legs. It is not adapted for flight. The European mole uses its legs to walkinging..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 39 millimeters.n39 centimeters, 39 meters, and 39 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Granite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock is a thin, bubbl liquid. When melted rock cools, liquid rock deposits begin to form. When melted rock becomes solid, it forms igneous rock.. word igneous comes from the Latin word igni, which means..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words gaze and maze rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe word gaze does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes for a pot of water to start boiling on a hot stove is 11 hours.n11 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nTheh poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the tiger-striped leaf frog.nThe tiger-striped leaf frog has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces. The tiger-striped leaf frog uses its toes to walk on the smooth surfaces of leaves without slipping.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Madagascar day gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces.nThe domestic cat has longry feetes. to claws. Its feet are not adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces. The", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrials. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. It has water flooding and draining of seawater. water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms.nChoice 1 is a tide pool ecosystem. ItDuring different every day, the floods and seawater. The water, organism ats into into the ocean.nChoice 2 is a water, ecosystem. It is the bottom of the ocean, No is not rich the, it sunlight can reach the.", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Eva was out of shape. Eva was not far from ready to run a marathon..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 19 millimeters.n19 centimeters, 19 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 80 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An horse is an animal.nA horse has four legs.nYou can ride a horse..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 29 inches.n29 feet, 29 yards, and 29 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The is scratchy.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The wool sweater is shiny shiny..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nIsabelle wants broccoli. Florence wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The police is in row B..", - "Solution: This state is Delaware..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nZoe wants broccoli. Miguel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A jungle cat's scientific name is Felis chaus. The first word of its scientific name is Felis.nFelis nigripes is in the genus Felis. The first word of its scientific name is Felis. So, Felis nigripes and Felis chaus are in the same genus.nNeofelis nebulosa is in the genus Neofelis. The first word of its scientific name is Neofelis. So, Neofelis nebulosa and Felis chaus are not in the same genus.nLynx pardinus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx pardinus and Felis chaus are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of lukewarm water is 80\u00b0F.n80\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether methane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for methane is CH4. This formula contains one symbols: CH for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that methane is made of one chemical elements bonded together.n", - "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..", - "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A California snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCoral snakes live most of their time underground or hiding in leaves. AnA toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA tpback whale is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nAhalales live mammals that live in the ocean. Theypback whales live hairs called grow in theirs on their bodies.nA tiger salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nTiger salamanders live live near water burrows. They", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTony wants broccoli. Celine wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Rhyolite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock is a thin, hard liquid. When melted rock cools, it solid deposits begin to form. When melted rock becomes solid, it forms rous rock.. word igneous comes from the Latin word igni, which means..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the painted stork.nLong legs help the painted stork keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe gray heron has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe satin bowerbird has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The satin bowerbird uses its legs to walk and wach..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 35 inches.n35 feet, 35 yards are both too long..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nIford have about two hemorrhages apiece an exaggeration, since it fact's parents would have be haverrhages because theyif told about being..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two glasses of milk are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter glass of milk has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Steve wanted broccoli in his lunch and Hector was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nSteve has tomatoes. Hector has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bath towels are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bath towel with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Nico has two alleles for a hairy body (B). So, Nico's genotype for the body hair gene is BB..", - "Solution: A bus is big and yellow.nA bus takes children to school. YounYou may see a bus in the street..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south..", - "Solution: Partie at at the picture. It the beginning of the speech, felt about politicalhe felt to run people against the baneful effects harmful harmful effects effects of parties.nAfter, after seeing disagreements among Americans increase while he was president, Washington felt that political parties were for, the United States..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 1.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,530 billion km3, which is less than,313 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Ohio York is farthest east..", - "Solution: Look environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a community.nMultiple families of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.nRonald perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.nBefore returning to the stockroom, Ronald briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Will picked apples, he will give some away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without just a comma: Will picked apples and will give some away..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logoos, or emotion. It usess to pathethos desire to appear out from is noticed..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The is notbouncy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The spring is not blue..", - "Solution: This country is Toiji..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object is covered in soft hair. None three objects are fuzzy.nA sticky object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Gulf Coast of Florida is known for its white sand beaches. The area also experiences strong winds each year during the summer hurricane season.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns on the Gulf Coast of This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLake Bunyonyi is located in the African country of Uganda. The wind speed on the lake averages about five miles per hour year-round.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind speed on Lake Bunyonyi. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. AnWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. A rag doll is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA you pull a rag doll in your hands, the rag doll will has a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nYorkshire Dales is a National Park in England. The prevailing winds tend to come from the west. As a result, some of the trees in the park grow at an angle.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in Yorkshire Dales. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The man push pushes the coin into from his thumb. the it. the air. The direction of the push is away from the man's thumb..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is frozen in nutrients. So, the following statement describes the Eastern Siberian Taiga ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The following statements do not describe the Eastern Siberian Taiga: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has mostly that is frozen year-round. It has mostly small plants..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nJosie shot the arrow, but she missed the target..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Liz was out of shape. She was not far from ready to run a marathon..", - "Solution: Eve wanted broccoli in her lunch and Bonnie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nEve has tomatoes. Bonnie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cement is not between the guide words chain - corps, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Chemical is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nBating an egg is a physical change. Theating an egg is together, egg to and but white, and sugar water. The making together together does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Jasper swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.nThe words Jasper and dolphin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Alan is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, the Midas died the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily becoming wealth from nothing..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 70. So, the temperature is 70\u00b0F..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Wool does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, wool is not a mineral..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with researchers.nResearchers estimate that as many as fifteen million Americans have some type of food allergy..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass window is smoother. If you touch glass windowe, a window, it will not feel rough or bumpy..", - "Solution: Poetryets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the shuttle,nOut of the Cranth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses only-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:n\u2014k! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.n\u2014 the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Maryard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnI floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"The Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nThe price went up, so Jane will have to save more money..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: People around the world live in four main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nA urban urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. If there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area is or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with houses. Most people drive to get places.nA suburban area is less crowded than urban and suburban areas. Peoples are much more spread out. People usually live more drive to get places. People usually rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nSome places, like farms towns, are't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not near a suburb. Mosturban areas are more people. People can to, People are many people than rural areas. in rural areas..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Johnny must't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though Johnny uncle was't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Johnny can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blue is between the guide words berry - button, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Lloyd is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can stick to other things. Both objects are sticky.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. TheNeither of the objects are bouncy.nThe property that both objects have in common is sticky..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince screen is not between the guide words sincere - strode, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince diameter is between the guide words decree - drove, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince guilty is not between the guide words genuine - grow, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Breaking a stick in half is a physical change. The stick gets broken into pieces pieces. But each pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original stick..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Gab properties of gabbro match the properties of a rock. So, gabbro is a rock..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows is and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Wind in the Willows..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Devin slept poorly. Devin tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Laura is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania Jersey..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by fixing run-verb agreement errors.nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined sentence with under spellings. and disease is many world of pollution and nPeople around the world have always encountered frogs and toads in various bodies of water. Unfortunately, pollution and disease is killing many of the world's frogs. For example, a fungus may be responsible for the extinction of several species in Australia and has been found in forty-four species there. Other fungi and viruses have eliminated frogs in the United States as well. The effect of pollutants are also severe. Substances like fertilizers and heavy metals are responsible for the deaths of many frogs in Europe and Canada..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50% of Jupiter's volume. multiplying Jupiter's volume by 0.a.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. Saturn volume of Saturn is 13 billion430 billion km3, which is more than 823 billion3 billion km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 6 inches.n6 inches is too short. 6 yards is too long..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personliteration, giving repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nD I pondered, weak and weary describess the wordsdailing..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Ginglymostoma cirratum is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. SonSo, Ginglymostoma cirratum is the scientific name..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAotato chips have a salty taste. The lemon apple is the lemon are not salty.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None apple and the lemon are not fuzzy.nA lemon has a sour taste. All three objects are sour.nThe property that all three objects have in common is saltsour..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nR words Rag, burn, and, and Ragrage are a vowel sound..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statement describe the Sahara Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has warm different types of organisms. It has warma small amount of rain. It following statement does not describe the Sahara Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has warm, wet summers. It", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A goldrilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nArillas live near groups called her. A men troop in the troop is usually the leader.nA goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGoldfish live fish in for many countries.. They have first in pets by the in the China.", - "Solution: Plant cells are filled with cytoplasm.nThis statement is true. Plant cells have cytoplasm. The cytoplasm iss the protects the inside the cell..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nTammy knew the answer to the question, so she raised her hand..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 9 liters.n9 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 2 miles.n2 inches, 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short..", - "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Feeling overjoyed has a more positive connotation. If you feel overjoyed, you are feeling happy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is.S. history.nInenedict Arnold was American poet in ly triedescapedd the British in World Civil Revolution.nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a personor who.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Kenny that the essay wasn't finished. The essay was a person who is bothering Kenny..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is \"What Are You Waiting For?\"..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest north..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the white-tailed eagle.nThe white-tailed eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the white-tailed eagle attack and kill its prey. The sharp toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe pro Zealand falcon has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe pronghorn has wideofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The pronghorn uses its feet to walk and run on land ground..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a table, each cell shows information related to its row and column. This table shows the inventors of some popular toys.nLook at the rowys and find the Soaker. top, look the row to the left. see who invented Supersor invented invented Super column showss you who Lonnie Johnson invented the Super Soaker..", - "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a diver boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a diverconvergent boundary, two plates are sliding away each other.nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are sliding away from each other.nAergent plate boundarynWhen plates at a transformgent boundary move apart, melts form in the crust along the boundary. Crackted rock rises from the the crust to fill the cracks. As the melted rock cools and hardens, it becomes oceanic crust.nAer oceanic crust formss more than older oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises up to than the older crust. is farther from the boundary. difference in elevation creates a mid-ocean ridge and or ocean chain. the two plates, there are be a mid rift valley along To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the rift valley, the Knipovich Ridge, you need to know how the rifttonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Knipovich Ridge and its rift valley mark the northernmost mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean. This mid-ocean ridge and rift valley are the result of the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate moving away from each other. TherenThere are several volcanoes in the rift valley, as well as cracks in the crust called hydrothermal vents. At these vents, cold ocean water sinks into the crust, is heated by hot magma, and rises back to the surface. The heated ocean water can reach temperatures up to 700 degrees Fahrenheit!nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Knirift valley along the Knipovich Ridge formed at the two plates moved away from each other. or divergent. So, the rift valley along the Knipovich Ridge formed at a gent boundary..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of an ice skate is 26 centimeters.n26 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her organization by makingpresenting text unrelated to the main idea.nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text to such is not't related to the main idea.for long of sending-round school,nMany students, parents, and teachers cringe at the idea of sending kids to school year-round, but it would improve academic performance. Lengthy summer vacations were not established to accommodate farming schedules, as most people assume; they were started so that wealthy families could leave the city in the hot summer months and vacation in the country. Studies have shown that as a result of \"summer slide,\" many students returning to school in the fall have forgotten what they learned the previous year. Year-round school would provide consistency and help students learn more..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three cookies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 13\u00b0C cookie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the coins.nThe coins are made of metal.nMetiferent materials are made of different materials of metal. The type the most coins is in make coins is is wood wood. Nickel", - "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words cream and dream rhyme. They both end with the ee sound.nThe word dream does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ling wants or needs:nLing will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that giving up our baby every he cries will lead to controlling every household. However, the isn't necessarily true. This illustrate presents only one possible consequences unlikely outcome. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt slippery slope fallacy..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the black-headed heron.nThe black-headed heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the black-headed heron to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe painted stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe mallard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The tomato plant's observable version of the fruit color trait is red fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait is red fruit..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Look at the table.nThe Babylonbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.nThe Babylonian wordba-bih-laH-bee-b) Empire started after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The Babylon of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon.B-bih-lahn).", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 12 gallons.n12 fluid ounces and 12 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a school bus is 14 miles.n14 inches and 14 feet are too short. 14 miles is too long..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 300 gallons.n300 fluid ounces and 300 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 5 kilograms.n5 grams is too light..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Olivia is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blanket is not the guide words bass - bottle, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a watering can is 6 liters.n6 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a duck is 2 feet.n2 inches is too short. 2 yards is too long..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Marcy doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, even may be a number of reasons why Marcy doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type causes the fire causes the of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow turns black and crispy.nAn engine using gasoline to power a car is a chemical change. The temperatures cause the air cause down chemical bonds in the gasoline in the. turn energy from The gasolineatoms then link together to form different molecules that such as carbon, carbon dioxide, and water chemicals.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBh changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium isoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, Be.2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ernest wants or needs:nErnest will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. He would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! TheGraphite has all the properties of a mineral. So, graphite is a mineral..", - "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A sea phone is not a living thing.nA sea phone does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not functions things, but it responds to the world around it. It it does not need. It does not need food or water.nA sea ball is not a living thing.nBach balls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA sea otter is a living thing.nSea ottetters have and respond to their environment. They need food and water. otters are animals up of many cells.nA beach is not a living thing.nAuses do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hole is between the guide words habit - hinge, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: This country is the Feder Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRoger wants broccoli. Sebastian wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nHe showed the officers a hotel receipt and an airplane ticket as proof of his time in Buenos Aires..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is the mythology.nIn Greek mythology, the Trojan army turned the Trojan army into attacking hosta large, horse into its own guarded city. The horse turns out to be with s. are when inside the city, Troy, will the gates to the city army. outside.nThe allusion Trojan horse means a smallceptive and destructive activity..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Vermont is farthest west..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince plea is between the guide words pelt - push, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a limousine is 8 miles.n8 inches is 8 feet are too short. 8 miles is too long..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne gray whale moved 20 miles in 5 hours.nThe other gray whale moved 20 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The summer squash plant has one allele for fuzzy leaves (L) and one allele for smooth leaves (l). So, the plant's genotype for the leaf texture gene is Ll..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Hunter is overweight..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a watering can is 20 cups.n20 fluid ounces is too little and 20 gallons is too much..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him whole years to fetch coffee..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Reggie's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 3005 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 12 miles.n12 feet is too short..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 12 meters.n12 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Panama Canal is 80 mill.n80 millimeters, 80 centimeters, and 80 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overal language (kinda).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Midas is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Mid Midas touches his hand that he touches is into gold.nThe allusion Midas means..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the repetitioncontrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nOnestrong contrasts twoa parallel and step with man with a giantlopative leap leap for mankind..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Joy book or the class.nRight after Joy bought the book for her literature class, she dropped it.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nRight after Joy bought it, Joy dropped the book for her literature class..", - "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lollipop's observable version of the ear type trait is dumbo ears. So, Lollipop's phenotype for the ear type trait is dumbo ears..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two glasses of orange juice are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the glass of orange juice with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nHe verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nHepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nIn inty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is the history.nIn the Bible nineteenth century, the in built people towns of workersmen and of these craftsmen wereed together to make the factories machinery. others who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person who to government technology..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Sauce burning on a stove is a chemical change. The temperatures can the sauce to with oxygen in the air and This sauce changes black and becomes longer tastes good..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw egg are different types of matter.nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. The the tablet react water, the type of matter in the tablet changes. react dioxide is react released. The reaction changes the tablet reactzz.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But an antacid tablet reacting with water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Desmond, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Desmond down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Desmond up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Desmond..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Bird most animals, animalsavistriches have feather wings. two wings, ands, and a beak. AnA most birds, can fly. Astriches are largest mammals alive the world! They can small to fly. bird equipped ostrich is weigh up 100 pounds!", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.nAt the grocery store, Estelle hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.nEstelle made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -ss and tells you about something that has true or happening now..", - "Solution: The at the timeline.nal Convention and passed 18 18 1864. The Civil War began in 17 year 1764.. thescript to estimate the answer.n74 Constitution War began ina years ago the Constitutional Convention.", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. TheAdding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nA rock heating up in a campfire is a change change. The rock of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Connor's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Connor's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Francesca, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Francesca down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Francesca up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Francesca..", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. So nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.nThe mushroomic jaeger has an arrow pointing from it to So, the parasitic jaeger is a decomposer.nThe mushroomworm has not have anyarrows pointing from it. other organisms. So, the earthworm is nota decomposer.nThe snow does not have anyarrows pointing from it. other organisms. So, the mushroom is nota decomposer.nThe snowy owl has an arrow pointing from it to So, the snowy owl is not a decomposer.", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the thorny devil.nThe thorny devil has s yellow-and-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe polared viper has sand-colored furs covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with dumbo ears or normal ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the e allele, which is for dumbo ears, is recessive to the E allele, which is for normal ears.nDmbo ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. A rat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with dumbo ears must have the genotype ee.nThere are 1 box in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.", - "Solution: This country is NewPapua New Guinea..nDo does Papua New Guinea share its island with another country?nPapua New Guinea takes up the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. The western half is part of Indonesia, an Asian country.nBeginning in the 17 th century, several countries took control of different parts of the island of New Guinea. By 1922, Indonesia controlled the entire eastern half of the island, and the Netherlands controlled the western half. In 1963, control over the western half was transferred to Indonesia, which was just gained independence from the Netherlands. Many people in western New Guinea did not want to become part of Indonesia, though, and some people in western area are still fighting to leave Indonesia today. The western part gained independence from Australia in 1975 and became Papua New Guinea..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that there are two ice planets and three rocky planets. So, there are twice as many ice planets as rocky planets..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the broad-tailed hummingbird.nThe broad-tailed hummingbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The broad-tailed hummingbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe violet sabrewing has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe bufflehead has a short, flat beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The bufflehead uses its beak to eat plants and smallvertebrates that live in mud..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, help. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nSugar has a sweet taste. All three objects are sweet.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None is noty, but the pineapple and and the iceello are not.nAotato chips have a salty taste. The of the objects are salty.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sweet..", - "Solution: Look at the map.nThe map1700 points point the map point that the were from different from each locations.nThe, involved involved in the triangular trade. Instead", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses idiom (knocke your socks off).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Penny's observable version of the body size trait is a dwarf body. So, Penny's phenotype for the body size trait is a dwarf body..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince weak is not the guide words warn - whip, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the Tibetan Plateau has long, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the \u00b0F cup of black tea is colder than the 195\u00b0F cup of black tea, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On some summer days, the attic heats up like an oven.nThe words attic and oven are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three bananas have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 92\u00b0F banana is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 10 feet.n10 yards is too long..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dustin wants or needs:nDustin will give up the chance to eat the oatmeal cookies. Dustin thinks oatmeal cookies would have tasted better than grapes will..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 10 cupsgallons.n10 fluid ounces and 10 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great blue heron.nThe great blue heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great blue heron to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe saddle-billed stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe blue-footed booby has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word atscreamed for. It describes the painting as if it were a person who is the..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with red eyes or brown eyes, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. The question tells you that the e allele, which is for red eyes, is recessive to the E allele, which is for brown eyes.nRed eyes is the recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. A guinea pig with the recessive version of the eye color trait must have only recessive alleles for the eye color gene. So, offspring with red eyes must have the genotype ee.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ee.nRerown", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great blue heron's scientific name is Ardea herodias. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nPrdea alba is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea alba and Ardea herodias are in the same genus.nIhoebastria nigripes is in the genus Phoebastria. The first word of its scientific name is Phoebastria. So, Phoebastria nigripes and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus.nIctinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia. The first word of its scientific name is Ictinia. So, Ictinia mississippiensis and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Emmy investigated whether spraying roses with garlic juice affects how many crown gall tumors form on The, the roses thatsprayed with garlic juice were part of an experimental group.nThe roses that were not sprayed did not get garlic juice. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words stinkk and stink rhyme. They both end with the k sound.nThe word stink does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 350 milliliters.n350 liters is too much..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a skateboard is 4 tons.n4 ounces and too light and 4 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. The you bend it, the paper clip becomes a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nIce melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The ice becomes solid, but it is still made of water. The different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeitherce melting in caused by heating. But bending a paper clip is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The is not hard.nA soft object changes shape when squeeze it. The feather is soft..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 0\u00b0F brick is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA aphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nAdless list is an exaggeration, since an is impossible that we are of chores and happening on...", - "Solution: There substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether hydrogen sulfide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for hydrogen sulfide is H2S. So formula contains one symbols: H for hydrogen and H for sulfur. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen sulfide is", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince tale is between between the guide words tilt - treasure, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a play. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan turnss to theland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who loves't take on adult rolesresponsibilities..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest east..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the snow leopard.nThe snow leopard has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The snow leopard uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring nakedpolar bear has thick with thick fur covering top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe naked mole rat has thin skin covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nAiden shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nAiden shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Maria wants or needs:nMararia will spend some time and money to get the costume..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. The you bend it, the paper clip becomes a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nCracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut breaks breaks and the peanut gets out. But are still made of the same type of matter asnStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The baby pulls the the cabinet door. The direction of the pull is toward his hand..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince limp is between the guide words leaves - look, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is a single independent clause.nBen took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctic..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nDespitelthough she left her house early, Nora barely made it to the train station in time..", - "Solution: The city is Boston York City, New York. Boston Orleans, Boston, and St. Louis are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 365 yards.n365 inches and too short.365365 yards and 365 miles are too long..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the persimmon tree.There are two paths matter can take from the persimmon tree to the silversol fungus: persimmon tree->s bear->ssol fungus. persimmon tree->se vole->ssol fungus. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->pin bear->pinsol fungus. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->pine vole->pinsol fungus. per are four paths matter can take from the persimmon tree to the silver fox: persimmon tree->se vole->piny fox. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->piny fox. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->pine vole->piny fox. per maple. There only maple has not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the persimmon tree to the be maple..aver. There silver arrow pointing to the silveraver starts", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, finds. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: A pony may live on a farm. ChildrennAildren may ride mea lamb..nA pony is a small horse..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri.nSyanocitta stelleri has the same scientific name as a Steller's jay. So, these organisms are in the same species.nGoturnus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a Steller's jay. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Sturnus vulgaris are not in the same species.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a Steller's jay. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Goura victoria are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contraction idiom (quit of cake).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Peeling a banana is a physical change. The peel changes still the whole of the banana... the the peel and the fruit are still made of the same type of matter as before..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nThe Rockport Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Rockport's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nA reporter for the Rockport Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Rockport's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Cody was upset about staying home. Hey was upset upsetlucky because he had't study his friends at the water park..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Zane wants or needs:nZane will give up the chance to watch the movie that he is more excited about..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the goat.nThe goat has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the goat reach grass and grass. flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe giantgiraffe has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe giant anteater has a large jaw-shaped mouth and teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The giant anteater uses its mouth to insects out of holes and burrows..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: All living things need made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. An ice cube is not a living thing.nA helicopter ice cube is be shape It uses grow into the water. it will not grow all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow food ornA helicopter is not a living thing.nA helicopter does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does food to fly, but it does not groweat food. Itlicopters do energy from the or water fuel. do not grow.nA helicopter puck is not a living thing.nHockey pucks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nAaeria are living things.nAacteria are and respond to their environment. They need food and water.nAacteria are made up of many one cell.teria are in all. earth. need use in the earth. but in. and grow travel their wayss..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.nA living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web.nA living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web. Consumers eat other living things. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other living things to consumers.nThe kelp bass not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp bass a consumer. not a consumer.nThe kelp bass has anarrows pointing to it from the kelp. which kelooplankton. and the fin shipman. So, the kelp bass is a consumer..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South America or Asia..", - "Solution: Plant plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The seeds grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Pollin helps the flower make flowers. After pollination, sperm cells from the pollen can combine with eggs eggs. This fertilized eggs can grow into seeds.nThelen helps not help a plant make flowers. seeds roots. It", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\" protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion bedlam is history.nIn in 1713, thelam was, New,s first bed, the first challengedill, in a for many ing bed.nThe allusion bedlam means demon,,.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 24 liters.n24 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bluebell's observable version of the horns trait is not having horns. So, Bluebell's phenotype for the horns trait is not having horns..", - "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you how s are different from other boats.nA submarine is a special kind of boat. It can float on the water, but it can go underwater, too. The name submarine means \"under the sea.\" People use submarines to go deep into the ocean. There", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Lester was very tired and sore. Les muscles were not physically impossible of moving..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to research or observation.nGeorgeapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nEdward Allan Poe sold his short story \"The Fall of the House of Usher\" to Burton's Gentleman's Magazine for ten dollars in 1839.nIt can be proved by reading a book of Edgar Allan Poe.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nTheThe Black Cat\" and \"The Tell-Tale Heart\" are Edgar Allan Poe's scariest short stories.nScarient shows shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what scar Edgare's scar stories scar scar scariest..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A time line shows the order of events by placing them along a line. This time line shows ancient sports that are still popular today. It gives each sport's likely place and date of origin.nLook at the the sport are organized on the time line. Sports that are invented later are shown to the left. Bowl that were invented later are shown to the right. Bowling is shown to to than bowling. So, surfing was invented later..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have ana hard outer cover on their body called Other invertebrates have a soft body. A weaveguar is a mammal. Like other mammals, a jaguar is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant is invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana hard outer cover..", - "Solution: A clause sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nMitst year the state received more than thirty inches of snow..", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Tearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper gets. pieces. But the piece is still made of the..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Shrek the Third**..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is North..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words meat and meat rhyme. They both end with the a sound.nThe word meat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. The girl blushed at the compliment, and her round cheeks were like red apples.nThe words cheeks and apples are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a metaphormile..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a soccer ball is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a soccer ball something you can touch? Yes.nIs a soccer ball a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a soccer ball is a good..", - "Solution: Genes affect traits.nAlles contain information about inherited traits.nAll organisms have genes.nAll organisms have genes. contain information about their inherited traits.nGenye color is an example of a gene.nGenn organism's eye color is affected by its genes. eye color is not a gene. color is a trait that which is an observable characteristic of an organism.nGenes contain passed down from parents to offspring.nAll an organism reproduces, it passes copies of its genes to its offspring. This is why information about inherited traits is passed down.", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A air inside a basketball is a gas. A stop expands to fill a space. air insides all the space inside the basketball. If air leaks out, the will expand into the space around the basketball.nA stop is a liquid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If stop can its shape. it press it head. IfnA stop sign is a solid. A solid can stop push a stop sign. start into But the stop sign will still have a size and shape of its own.nAingar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A tbra is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nZ tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, invited. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nThe agency monitoring air quality at various locations across the country..nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nThe agency monitoring been monitoring air quality at various locations across the country..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.nAbby had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJayden wants broccoli. Dave wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The bar magnet repeles the horseshoe magnet. The direction of the push is away from the bar magnet..", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Nelson Mandela.nThe word mandelai refers to Nelson Mandela. So, this squat lobster's scientific name is Munidopsis mandelai..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A sur is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a Surinam horned frog is ana vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAike other spiderfishes, a barrel jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has ana soft body..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Layla has many responsibilities. A you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nA baby kangaroo is called a joey.nIt can be proved by looking up information name cutjoey.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nBaby kangaroos are cuter than kittens.nCu Cut shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is cuter than.", - "Solution: Look at the diagram.nThe creator of this diagram wanted viewers draw what livingenslaved people were crowded together on slave ships. Son shows that of living in into byby-side on their any space for fit down. SonThe the conclusion like? ThenThen' built to show people people peopleenslaved people in and the was not emptycrowded. so many many people 205,000. So help this description people, Co could crew would theiraslaved people into down the own. of people seats.. Soslaved people were ed together of the of the ship. So could also to in the bottom part of trading. but the were most of the time in on bed.", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Likeposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Deion has one allele for not having sickle-cell disease (A) and one allele for having sickle-cell disease (a). So, Deion's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is Aa..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Fred is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Cal properties of calcarenite match the properties of a rock. So, calcarenite is a rock..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass flask is harder. If you press push on fla it will not change shape..", - "Solution: An environment is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A desert is a type of ecosystem. Deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Great Victoria Desert has dry, thin soil. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Iodine is a liquid. can mix to make upa bottle flower But you pour iodine into a different container, the will expand the shape of that container.. the iodine will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nAderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antiapostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nWe inconceivable being is Whatever a direct address to an in person or.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Wyoming is farthest south..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A maroon clownfish's scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus.nHmnas biaculeatus has the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.nHiodon hystrix does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Diodon hystrix are not in the same species.nHallichoeres hortulanus does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Halichoeres hortulanus are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the weakfish is a tertiary consumer because it eats a secondary consumer. The secondary consumer in this food chain is the cup..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the giant pangolin.nThe giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the giant pangolin.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Europeanarmadillo lizard has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe European robin has soft scales covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of an ice skate is 29 centimeters.n29 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Patty was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have myotonia congenita, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. The question tells you that the m allele, which is for not having myotonia congenita, is recessive to the M allele, which is for having myotonia congenita.nHaving myotonia congenita is the dominant allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. A goat with the dominant version of the myotonia congenita trait must have at least one dominant allele for the myotonia congenita gene", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nTheannon couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Shannon so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nF giraffe is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nC red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Looking objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None three objects are fuzzy.nA salt object will not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The are the s marshmallow are not hard.nAotato chips have a salty taste. The stuffedwi is salt salty.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Russo was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down while he needed to be on time..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, feed. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether teaching art is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs teaching art something you can touch? Yes.nIs teaching art a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, teaching art is a service..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nTyler went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..", - "Solution: Plant plant cell does not have a cell wall.nThis statement is false. A all cell has a cell wall. but mosta plant cell does one.. cell wall is thea plant cell its own shape..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Caprimulgus europaeus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCrimulgus europaeus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that European nightjar is the common name..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the ptarmigan.nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white furs covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring snowy owl has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe camel has blackaand-colored fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA brown pelican has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA brown pelican does the traits of a bird. A brown pelican is a bird.nA salmon has the following traits:nIt has fins. not limbs.nIt has eggs with no shells.nA salmon does not have all of the traits of a bird. A salmon is a fish..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, lives. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nDanielle made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: unusual or unusual. Danielle wanted have looking for unusual name, but itdespite she could it on a baby name website, it would not actually unique of a kind.nDanielle wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince begin is not the guide words balance - blew, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him whole years to fetch coffee..", - "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.nDuring Arctic fox has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic fox uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe the winter, the fireibou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe fire salamander has thick skin stickyt skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years suggests that Mr. Duran is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: The city is Boston, Massachusetts. New, D.C., and York City, and Boston are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. S examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touchingsmelling the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the perfume would smell the most. Iffume is a strong smell. If", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. The the tablet react water, the chemical of matter in it tablet changes. react dioxide molecules react released. Acid change react the acid reactzz. AcidnAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with water water of the statue to forms it down into a different type of matter. separate matter is called hed away by the acid. Acid rain is a type of pollution. forms when the from thes and factories react with water in the.nStecid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release acid.causing acid dioxide nitrogen. This of these chemicals react with water to the air. acid forms lets of water that can fall out to the ground and acid rain.nStep 2: Look at", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Chrysotile has all the properties of a mineral. So, chrysotile is a mineral..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the red fox is a tertiary consumer because it makeseats a secondary consumer because The red consumer in this food chain is the grasser in..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A rock is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nWhens can in different pieces sizes. They", - "Solution: A town has doors and windows. PeoplenPeople live inside a town.nA town may have a yard..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Edna, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Edna down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Edna up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Edna..", - "Solution: This state is North Carolina..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kansas Hampshire is farthest north..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Vermont is farthest north..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses person allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the story president who the Civilary War wastrayed the country in thefought for the United..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba.nTynx lynx does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Lynx lynx are not in the same species.nAyto alba does not the same scientific within its genus as a great egret. but they are not in the same genus. Both do not have the same scientific name as other. So, Ard organisms are in in the same species.nArdea alba has the same scientific name as a great egret. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathethos, or character, by hasizing the importance- of the brand card. theaing that success..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with straight ears or curled ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for curled ears, is dominant over the e allele, which is for straight ears.nStraight ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. A American curl cat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with straight ears must have the genotype ee.nAll are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.n", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Wyoming is farthest west..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Maya's eyes, so it didn't fit her well. all..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMeg wants broccoli. Florence wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: This country is the Feder Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: Riley wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ken was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nRiley has tomatoes. Ken has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touchingsmelling the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the soap bar would smell the most. If metal of soap would a strong smell..", - "Solution: Segneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms when layers of sediment.nMetcean sediment is up of sedimenta and clay hard of of rocks animalss. The ary forms up in layers. Over time, the old layers press down on the bottom layers to Thisdimentary rock has form when layers top layers press pressed together to form rock. This", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest west..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Tessa starteds friends are constantly getting detention. because thessa must have started the food fight. However, thessa's friends are't necessarily mean whether friends. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Josie is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the African jacana.nThe African jacana uses its feetes to spread its weight out over a large area. This allows help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe purple gallinule has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.nThe ostrich has short, thin feet. sharp toes. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The ostrich uses its feet to walk on run on leaves ground..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Olivia' Mia.nOlivia' talked with Mia about her community garden project. It was proceeding well but required a great deal of work.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nOlivia's community garden project was proceeding well but required a great deal of work.. often talked with Mia about it..", - "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Arianna has many responsibilities. A you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a black coat or a spotted coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the A allele, which is for a spotted coat, is dominant over the a allele, which is for a black coat.nA black coat is the recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A leopard with the recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a black coat must have the genotype AAa.nThere are 1 box in the Punnett square with the genotype aa.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary idium bromide.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ferrous oxide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that ferrous oxide is composed of one atoms and sulfur atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that ferrous oxide is composed of only chemical elements: oxygen and iron. Since ferrous oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ferrous oxide is a compound..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nElise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is not, but it is not actually a million years old.nElise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A bis wall is not a living thing.nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA rainboot is not a living thing.nBainboots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA Statue of Liberty is not a living thing.nThe Statue of Liberty is nota like a human. it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not need or respond to their world around it. It does not need food or water.nThe bison is a living thing.nBir is and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Bisons made up of many cells.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a table, each cell shows information related to its row and column. This table shows different trickster figures from folktales and myths around the world.nN at the legender figures column and see theansi is Lookn, decide the line to the left. see what way isansi is from..n column tells you that Anansi is from Native African...", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,145 liters.n1,145 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The helicopter is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. So, the helicopter is a constant velocity..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two soap bubbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder soap bubble has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA rough object has one or more bright colors. The of the objects are colorful.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None three objects are rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0F glass of grape juice is colder than the 85\u00b0F glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Justine and Tanner investigated whether wax wax to snowboards affects how height. So, the snowboards with wax added were part of an experimental group..nThe were no wax added the snowboards without wax added. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Theym has been replaced with the registrar's office.nJosh sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nClare wants fortune cookies, but Alvin would rather have pie..", - "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blubber is not between the guide words barn - beetle, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince costume is between the guide words carpet - chick, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The police department is in column 2..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a road from one end of a city to the other is 9 kilometers.n9 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tell a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUn euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses underthesis, the repetitioncontrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nForild iss two parallel phrases, forgive s the criminal and the forgive the the dreamer..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nPalm Desert, California, usually has more days with high air pressure than low air pressure each year.nThis pressure is the by the high of the air in Palm air. This the air pressure in high, the air is usually clear. the air pressure is low, the air is usually cleary.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern pressure in Palm Desert, It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day.., this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The gas department is in column 1..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber.TherenThe only arrow pointing from the zp bass leads to the -. The arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp bass to the sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the ca to the sea cucumber: ca->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the cucumberkelr to the cucumber: cucumberotter->sca->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the zooplankton to the sea cucumber: zooplankton->s in midshipman->sea cucumber.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nMinor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means minor or insignificant, and a crisis is a crisis problem..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince buckle is between the guide words been - brownie, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The ice dice is the arering pom are not slippery.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All pom pumpkin and shiny shiny.nThe slippery object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The four objects are soft.nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a warm swimming pool is 26\u00b0C.n26\u00b0F is too cold..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A knife is a solid. A can bend a knife. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nAudrey pers little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nAudrey's little brother looked a little sicknauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses ana paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNever say never in first appears to be contradictory, saying never phrase itself, you are already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often say their minds about they age and so should never say anything out. saying never..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctica..", - "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you why okapis are sometimes referred to as forest giraffes. BecausenA you first see an okapi, you might think it's related to a horse or a zebra. Buts body and neck are horse-like, and its legs have black-and-white stripes like a zebra does. But the okapi is not related to a horse or a zebra; its closest relative is actually the giraffe.. fact, okapis have often called forest giraffes because since they live mainly in the rain forests of central Africa..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Victoria amazonica is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Carson needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is the person's turn..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince finger is between the guide words feet - fork, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity, if gravity pulls things down, then anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..", - "Solution: Organis heterotroph is a grouptroph. it of eating energy own energy, it s on eating other organisms. such plantss and", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statement describe the Gran Sabana ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a rainy season and a dry season. It has that is poor in nutrients. The following statement does not describe the Gran Sabana: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has summers and long, cold winters..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A western crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura cristata. The first word of its scientific name is Goura.nH organism and the western crowned pigeon are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Goura cristata.nHgalychnis callidryas is in the genus Agalychnis. The first word of its scientific name is Agalychnis. So, Agalychnis callidryas and Goura cristata are not in the same genus.nHystrix cristata is Goura cristata are not in the same genus.nH organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Hystrix cristata and Goura cristata have the same species name within their genus, cristata. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Hystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix, and Goura cristata is in the genus Goura.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 23 ounces.n23 pounds and 23 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. the words in alphabetical order.nSince burnard is between the guide words battery - bracelet, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties at the object.nThink about each property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The clip is smooth.nA sticky object can stick to other things. The metal paper clip is not sticky..", - "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to ozone in this chemical reaction.nOzone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by harm their lungs.nThe underlined text tells you that ozone forms when oxygen incombines with carbon monoxide and When ozone forms by this chemical reaction, ozone is a react..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the story president who the Civilary War wastrayed the country in thefought for the United..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun himhe could refer to Josh or Scott.nAfter Josh beat Scott in tennis, he asked for a rematch.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nScott asked for a rematch after Josh beat him in tennis..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBeforuse we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.nBefore the town of Kennecott, Alaska, was deserted in the 1930 s, it was home to a thriving copper mine and mill, a hospital, a school, and a skating rink..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: at the map. mapshortest amount area on theed the Western Theater. Western Theater covered the smallest amount of territory..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe waterbrookifer has an arrow pointing to it from the algae. The green algae is a producer, so the rotifer is a primary consumer.nThe water flea has an arrow pointing to it from the water algae. The green algae is a producer, so the water flea is a primary consumer.nThe water crappie has anarrows pointing to it from the water flea. which waterrotifer is and the waterr. The of these organisms is a producer, so the water crappie is not a primary consumer.nThe water mold does an arrow pointing to it from the water crappie. The water crappie is a producer, so the water fle is not a primary consumer.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Maryland Dakota is farthest west..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nArachnids have the following traits:nThey have eight legs.nThey have an exoskeleton.nThey have no antennae.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Laos giant forest scorpion has the following traits:nIt has eight legs.nIt has an exoskeleton.nIt has no antennae.nA Laos giant forest scorpion does the traits of an arachnid. A Laos giant forest scorpion is arachnid.nA earthworm has the following traits:nIt has nolimb soft body cylindrical body.nIt has no limbs.nAt has made up of segments.nAn earthworm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. An earthworm is ana.d.a..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Elizabeth must be recklessa reckless driver, because her brother is recklessa reckless driver. However, even though Elizabeth's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Elizabeth is reckless too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Emmet, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Emmet down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Emmet up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Emmet..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Grape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nWhen you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nWashington, D.C., is located on the East Coast of the United States. December, January, and February are often cold and snowy each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of coldation in Washington, D.C., passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. FactnThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nBhlenose dolphins are stay underwater for up to fifteen minutes.nIt can be proved by lookingobserving bottlenose dolphins.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nBottlenose dolphins are the cutest animals in the ocean.nCt shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes cutest animals are..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A mountain zebra's scientific name is Equus zebra. The first word of its scientific name is Equus.nMacropus rufus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus rufus and Equus zebra are not in the same genus.nCervus canadensis is in the genus Cervus. The first word of its scientific name is Cervus. So, Cervus canadensis and Equus zebra are not in the same genus.nEquus quagga is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus quagga and Equus zebra are in the same genus..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Ers the towel back in the bathroom is a sentence fragment. It has missing a subject..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Matter changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread are make up the apron get a different shape. but it of matter in the of them changes not change.nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But ita different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nMlass melting is caused by heating. But sewing an apron is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Sean is not't qualified to run the Environmental Club because his sister drives a car inefficient car. However, the fact of Sean's sister does not necessarily reflect Sean's behavior behavior. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **As Days Go By**..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 180 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n2 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n11 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Danny wanted broccoli in his lunch and Peter was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDanny has tomatoes. Peter has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Hevea brasiliensis is a plant. Plant cells make make their own food. Plant cells cannot their using energysynthesis..", - "Solution: Animals increase their reproductive success when they have offspring that survive to reproduce.nAnimals can increase their chances of having offspring by behaving in ways that help them get partners to mate and reproduce with. These partners are called mates. The example, animals may make special sounds, perform specific dances, or show off bright colors to attract mates. Animals may also compete with each other for mates.nAnimals can increase the chances that their offspring will become to reproduce by caring for and protecting them. For example, animals may feed their offspring or guard them from predators. These behaviors increase the chances that animals offspring will survive to adulthood, when they can reproduce.nMany behaviors can increase the chances that animals will have offspring that survive to reproduce. For the behaviors cannot guarantee that the animals will have greater reproductive success. Animals that attract or compete for mates won't always successfully mate and reproduce, and offspring that survive fed and protected won't always survive to adulthood. Look for the part of the passage that describes the effect of fanning eggs. this information to determine why this behavior can increase the reproductive success of the male fifteen-spined stickleback.nFoice \"Fifteen-spined sticklebacks are small fish that live in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Male sticklebacks build nests for their eggs. Then, the males mate with multiple females. After a male mates with a female, she lays eggs in the male's nest and then leaves. The male guards his nest until the eggs hatch. As he guards the nest, he waves his fins near the eggs for short periods of time. This behavior is called fanning. incorrect.nFoice \"Frow fanning eggs nest, a male stickleback can help bring fresh water and nutrients to the eggs. The more frequently a male fan his eggs, the more frequently hatch. is incorrect.nChoice \"Foice \"Fannning eggs increases the chances that the male will spend a nest for females to lay eggs in the is incorrect. is incorrect.nChoice \"Fannning eggs increases not increase the thea male fifteen nesta nest for The, the male will a nest for thea fan his", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 25 meters.n25 millimeters, 25 centimeters are too short. 25 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: This country is Nauru..", - "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Group at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAugar has a sweet taste. All is not, but the water is the t ice cube are not.nA rough object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit socks Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Delaware is farthest west..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Lee is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.nFelecanus crispus is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus crispus and Falco peregrinus are not in the same genus.nFelecanus crisprufescens is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus crisprufescens and Falco peregrinus are not in the same genus.nFalco novaeseelandiae is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco novaeseelandiae and Falco peregrinus are in the same genus..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, the Pantanal has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a hummingbird's beak is 1 foot.n1 foot, 1 yard, and 1 mile are all too short..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Ohio Dakota is farthest west..", - "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A air inside a tire is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. air inside a tire expands to fill all the space inside the tire. If air leaks out, the will expand into the space around the tire.nAinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.nAxygen is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Aygen takes be filled in tanks. If oxygen leaks out, the tanks, the oxygen will take into the space around the tank.nA stuffed tiger is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If a stuffed tiger, your hands, the stuffed tiger will has", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest east..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The is a gas. Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour caramel sauce into a different, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The water pulls the water skier forward The direction of the pull is away the boat..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a diving board is 9 feet.n9 inches and too short. 9 yards and 9 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A flyguin is a bird. Like other birds, a penguin has a backbone.nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. ScientistnA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph.nChoice \"Maran\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mareb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"O is thedrier than January, February, and October.\" is incorrect.nChrier months have a higher average precipitation than Marchtter months. So has a higher average precipitation than March. So, March is the drier than January.nChoice \"March is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nThe, February February, has highest average precipit precipitation.nChoice \"Marchout the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.\" is incorrect.nCh average precipitation each month between May and October is about 15 inches. So, about the same amount of precipitation falls between each of the months..", - "Solution: Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. An American alligator is a fishtile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live near groups around water. They use swim in waterponds, lakes, lakeshes, and lakes.nAn anchovy is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nAn anchovy is a fish fish that lives underwater shallow ocean. It other other fish of fish, an anvies live in small groups called schools.nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nEald eagles live in small. water. They lay theirs and help be up to 20 feet long.nAnyak is a birdmmal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nYaks live near groups places. They feather hair helps them them warm.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Eve lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind patterns where Eve lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Aldabraelys gigantea is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. SonSo, Aldabrachelys gigantea is the scientific name..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nPam found her coat, but her gloves are still missing..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. DistancenYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by citingvoking thea desire of emb or.", - "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a structure that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. The are some of the organelles in plant cells:nTheloroplasts and mitochondria are together to make the cell survive the energy it needs. The oplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The break down sugar sugar and release energy that the cell can use to other of its activities.nThe cellcleus attachs cell activities. sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of editary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. The instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called DNA. which are up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe oplasmic reticulum and organelle that ribosomes build proteins. The endcleus sends instructions for building proteins that ribosomes. Ribosomes can be to the endoplasmmic reticulum. The endoplaic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nThe proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the lgi. The Golgi forms organelle made up of many, thinoverlapping membranes. The Golgi forms and packages proteins. other substances. The Go, the Golgi formss these substances to different parts of the cell. of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and stored from the cell.nThe plant cells, the cellcuole contains glucose, water, and nutrients. as sugar. The plant cells have one vacuole. ThenThether cell parts do not surrounded by own membranes. The cell parts are not elles.nThe cell wall is the cell walls outer outer covering. It does the cell strength and strengthness. helps keep cell keep its shape.nThe the outside of the cell wall is thea thin layer called the cell membrane. The layer is thea thin. but it does not have a", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nR piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 68,430 billion km3, which is more than,280 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..", - "Solution: Manying plants and called giosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction.nMers can be male and, female parts, and both. Male male part of called the men, and the female part is called the stil.nTheh the male and female parts are poll for sexual reproduction. The male part produces poll, and the male part produces pollen. Pollin is that are sperm.nPollination happens when pollen islands on top of the pistil. This-pollination happens when polla poll poll poll male and female parts pollinates the. This-pollination happens when pollen from one animal leaveslands on the pistil on ana flower. thea different plant.s, including birds, mammals, can poll pollinators. pollinators poll from the from poll food. a pollinator polls, it can pollen from the flower to another.nThe pollinators, am from the pollen can with eggs on This poll called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow grow into seeds. a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can poll apple and begin the applethsperm flower life cycle again. The pollinator polls en from it is off thea flower.s pithers. Thein can drops out the anenator on the pistil. an plant. it leaves animal.nTheninator poll poll pollen on on but itinators does when when en islands on the pi of the pistil. This", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logoethos, or character. It usesfocuses on the brand's reputation.log estate). and products-.re it)..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gown is between the guide words gnaw - group, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLas Vegas, Nevada, has more than 200 sunny days per year.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of sunny in Las Vegas. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Bradley was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. ThenThe correct title is \"What Dreams Are Made Of.\".", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 31 millimeters.n31 centimeters, 31 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 15 seconds.n15 minutes is too slow..", - "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses lines and linesarrows to show dots that are related. This bubble map shows some sports and the Olympic seasons they have been part of.nThe tennis is shown part linked to the Olympics. So iss you that table table table tennis has been been part of the Winter Olympics..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A coconutkoala is animal. It eats leaves.nCooalas live most of their time in the. They have in up to 20 hours a day!nA coconut tree is a plant. It has large, thin leaves.nCoconut trees grow in tropical, moisy places. They", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 17\u00b0C glass of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, washing objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nTheood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that we mades. Burning a fuel releases energy. But it also releases chemicals that are be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nTheolarlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. TheseUsing energy from the sun, wind, or water does not release wood. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the soap crayons are the hardest. If you press soap crayons, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nNer Pennsylvania normally receives between two and five inches of precipitation each month of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Northwestmethport, This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: ebellum means beforebefore the war.\" Itebell are are words words meaning. They first wordlatinbell \"before the time is means \"before.\"nThe timeantebellum period is between for the period that followed it. 18 Civil War..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Hachiko has two alleles for brown fur (f). So, Hachiko's genotype for the fur color gene is ff..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nKelsey can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.nThe first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nIf Kelsey prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bald eagle.nThe bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe swamp harrier has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe sable has shortofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on land ground..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Alabama is farthest north..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The rose plant has two alleles for single flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower form gene is ff..", - "Solution: This country is Solomon Islands..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the shoebill.nLong legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe hammerkop has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe white tern has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The white tern uses its legs to walk and swimch, and swim..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.nMaria took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n A mineralss have made of solid or So does not in many. but alls do not.. determine bricka brick, usea brick of clay is not madea like a brick. block, the block does not in a factory oven. a mineral..iln..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. ThenThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the largest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the largest. of all the planets.nTheupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDean wants broccoli. Estelle wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is a single independent clause.nKenny took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word groaned. It describes the tree as if it were a broken who itself to.", - "Solution: There were two main sides in World War I: One side was called the (Allied powers and the other was the the Central powers.., Allied powers are called called the ies. the British Entente..nThe powers,fought to each powers, were opposed formally part of the war warpac powers. The were the Allied powers.", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Suriname toad.nThe Suriname toad has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. The it swims, the Suriname toad uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe blue-footed booby has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe short-beaked echidna has web tos. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The short-beaked echidna uses its feet to walk forrows..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The three objects are bumpy.nA stretchbouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The and the sauce are not bouncy.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The popcorn and the caramel are not stretchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, soil evergreen trees, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the Eastern Siberian Taiga has short,s. It also has many evergreen trees..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a guitar is 6 tons.n6 ounces is too light and 6 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: This country is Australia Zealand..", - "Solution: The average basis, the volume and 1950 in each rightaxi-axis. data of fresh water withdrawn per thea given increased shown in the United of the.nTheg bar is supported by the data, look the often bar of fresh water withdrawn increased. the. ThenThe volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadily until 1980. ThenThe 1950 to 2005, the bar shows showner than the bar in.. So increase that the bar of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadily until 1980. So, the statement is shown by the data..nThe graph of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadi five years between 1950 and 2005.nThe 1950 until 1950, the bar is taller than the other before. was So the the, the volume of not show to count taller. So statement that the bar ofwithdrawn per not increase equal. 1950 and 2005. So, the statement is supported supported by the data..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 22 centimeters.n22 meters and 22 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest north..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: An egg is white andnA can eat an egg.nA tail egg is from a..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a small measuring spoon is 3 iliters.n3 liters is too little..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead people dye their hair. But this doesn not change their natural hair color.nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Brett's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment. It are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.nMonkeys and chimpanzees frequently raid the crops of Rwandan farmers. As a result, the farmers lose ten to twenty percent of their income..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the musk ox.nThe musk ox has thick with thick fur covering top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The musk ox uses its fur to feather to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe snowy owl has skina thick coat of feathers covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe Amazon milk frog has mois skin stickyt skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Valeria must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Valeria's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Valeria watches. too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bat moved 165 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bat moved 130 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 165 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: The War of 1812 began in the of 1812 when when the United States declared war on Great Britain.. Madison ordered the United States declared the ons War of war on Great Britain..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nSasha wants broccoli. Franco wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Op poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince virus is between the guide words veil - vote, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The city is Washington, Georgia. New, D.C., and Antonio, and New Orleans are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A mars or is an animal. It eats animals that live in the ocean.nSea otters live large small fur. They fur helps them warm in cold water.nA Marshh marigold is a plant. It can grow yellow flowers.nMarsh marigolds have yellow in sunny placessandy,..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nS scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. BothNeither of the objects are scratchy.nSugar has a sweet taste. Both objects are sweet.nThe property that both objects have in common is sweet..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne goose moved 290 miles in 10 hours.nThe other goose moved 290 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each goose spent the same amount of time moving. The goose that moved 640 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: A object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The hockey player pushs hockey push awaya different of push. The wantss the puck away from the hockey. thens it down the ice.. direction of the push is away from the hockey stick..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. An egg white is a solid. A liquid takes change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space.nA you pour an egg white into a different, the egg white will still shape..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a book is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a book something you can touch? Yes.nIs a book a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a book is a good..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cool glass of milk is 50\u00b0F.n50\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | ana personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Nellie must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Nellie's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Nellie watches. too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the mushroom.TherenThe only arrow pointing from the parasitic jaeger leads to the -groundgged fox. The only arrow pointing from the -legged hawk leads to the worm. No arrows point from the earthworm to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the ic jaeger to the mushroom.. is two paths matter can take from the n-ground ibou to the mushroom: barren-ground caribou->mushroom. parasitn-ground caribou->grizzly bear.mushroom. parasit is one path matter can take from the griberry to the mushroom: griberry->grizzly bear->mushroom. parasit is one path matter can take from the grizzly bear to the mushroom: grizzly bear->mushroom. parasit is two paths matter can take from the gri to the mushroom: gri->griren-ground caribou->mushroom. parasitgri->griren-ground caribou->muszzly bear->mushroom. parasit", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Raiders of the Lost Ark**..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words fan and tin rhyme. They both end with the k.nThe word fan does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 13 gallons.n13 fluid ounces and 13 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in ancient-century Greecehens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 6 mill.n6 millimeters, 6 centimeters are too short. 6 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the flat-tail horned lizard.nThe flat-tail horned lizard has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe strawberryaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe strawberry poison frog has ly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each fish moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne fish moved 20 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other fish moved 25 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each fish spent the same amount of time moving. The fish that moved 20 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that fish must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperativerogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.." - ], - "labels": [ - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Herrera's snoring..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the sturgeon.nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The sturgeon uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment at the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the ocean.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe armored catfish's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe discus's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nDuring the construction of Mount Rushmore, approximately eight hundred million pounds of rock from the mountain to create the monument.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nDuring the construction of Mount Rushmore, approximately eight hundred million pounds of rock were removed from the mountain to create the monument..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is A Breath of Fresh Air..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nChicago is known as The Windy City. But on average, the wind there only blows at about 10 miles per hour.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Chicago. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bald eagle.nThe bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe New Zealand falcon has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe sable has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. Jupiter's volume is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is less than 1.63 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars..", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word kissing. It describes the raindrops as if they were people showing affection..", - "Solution: When an earthquake happens, the ground shakes. The word earthquake comes from the words earth and quake. The word earth means ground, and the word quake means to shake.nAll earthquakes start below Earth's surface..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Lithops bromfieldii is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the red-tailed hawk.nThe red-tailed hawk has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the red-tailed hawk cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Cape vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.nThe sand martin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The sand martin uses its beak to eat insects and other small invertebrates..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an old, exhausted dog is far from an energetic puppy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 40 liters.n40 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest north..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are hard.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are soft.nThe property that all three objects have in common is soft..", - "Solution: Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Seeds can be big or small. This coconut seed is big.nSeeds can be many different shapes. These maple seeds are long and flat.nSeeds can be many different colors. These mustard seeds are yellow..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the armored catfish.nThe armored catfish's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The armored catfish uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment at the bottom of rivers and streams.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe clown triggerfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 41\u00b0F.n41\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA lemon has a sour taste. Both objects are sour.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The lime is not salty.nThe property that both objects have in common is sour..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Consumers eat other organisms. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other organisms to consumers.nThe barren-ground caribou has an arrow pointing to it from the lichen. So, the barren-ground caribou is a consumer.nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bear sedge is a producer, not a consumer..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 95 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Sasha's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Sasha's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nOur dog Rusty had rolled around in the mud, so we gave him a bath..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black eyes or red eyes, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for red eyes, is dominant over the e allele, which is for black eyes.nBlack eyes is the recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. A koi fish with the recessive version of the eye color trait must have only recessive alleles for the eye color gene. So, offspring with black eyes must have the genotype ee.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ee.nRed eyes is the dominant all", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the shopping bag that is heavier.nA shopping bag holding 5 pounds of food is heavier than a shopping bag holding 4 pounds of food. So, the bag holding 5 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other bag..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The axial skeleton is the part the human skeleton that makes up the head and torso. It includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Richard can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Richard can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMalaysia is located in Southeast Asia. The arrival of a storm brought dark clouds on the first day of June.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the clouds seen in Malaysia on June 1. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a chemical change. The salt and vinegar change the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. This makes the penny look shiny again..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLhasa is a city in the high mountains of Tibet. The winds there were blowing at 30 miles per hour this morning.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind speed in Lhasa this morning. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince import is between the guide words ill - industry, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Tyler is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nAlthough presidential elections take place in early November, a president's term does not begin until the end of January..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 160 billion km3, which is less than 180 billion km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words slide and ride rhyme. They both end with the ide sound.nThe word made does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Tim is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Noah was upset about staying home. Noah was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!nRust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bicycle frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a bicycle frame is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Burmese python has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA Burmese python does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Burmese python is a reptile.nA peregrine falcon has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA peregrine falcon has the traits of a bird. A peregrine falcon is a bird..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt got down to 3\u00b0C in Athens, Greece, last night!nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Athens last night. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A pelican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: Authors use different text structures to organize their ideas in writing. Learning to identify these structures will help you to understand the relationships between ideas in informational texts. You can also use these structures to organize your own writing.nA cause-effect structure presents the causes and the effects of a particular event, trend, or situation. This structure often uses words and phrases such as because, since, as a result, due to, or consequently.nA compare-contrast structure presents similarities (comparisons) and differences (contrasts) between two or more things. This structure often uses words and phrases such as like, similarly, or in the same way (for comparing) or on the other hand, in contrast, or unlike (for contrasting).nA problem-solution structure presents a problem and suggests one or more possible solutions. This structure often uses words such as issue, question, puzzle, propose, and answer.nA sequential structure describes a series of events that happens in a certain order. This structure often uses specific dates and times or words such as first, next, during, finally, and while. The text uses a problem-solution structure to show how architect I.M. Pei modernized the Louvre with an entrance that complemented the existing building. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a problem-solution structure. Notice the phrases difficult assignment and brilliant success..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mariana must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Mariana's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Mariana is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the scarlet macaw.nThe scarlet macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The scarlet macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Alexandrine parakeet has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe blue rock pigeon has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts..", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. When pollen lands on a female cone, it is called pollination. This photograph shows wind blowing pollen from the male cones on a Japanese cedar tree.nPhotosynthesis happens when plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight to make sugar..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. All three objects are stretchy.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The bubble gum and the rubber band are not rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is stretchy..", - "Solution: When water melts, it goes through a physical change. The substance changes from a solid to a liquid..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Chelonoidis nigra is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect North America or Australia..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Hoffman is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA Yangtze alligator is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a Yangtze alligator is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAn atlas moth is an insect. Like other insects, an atlas moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nLike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 22\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLarge thunderstorms, called supercells, often bring large clouds. Oklahoma often experiences violent storms during the summer months.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Oklahoma. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses lines or arrows to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows traits of characters from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. It also includes quotations from the characters that show these traits.nFind the quotation \"Vanity, not love, has been my folly\" in the bubble map. It is directly connected to judgmental, which is directly connected to Elizabeth. So, the quotation shows that Elizabeth is judgmental..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 12 ounces.n12 pounds and 12 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nNone, I think, do there embrace is an understatement, since people who have died obviously can't do anything at all..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the burlap sack is the most flexible. If you twist burlap fabric, it will not break..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRebecca wants broccoli. Damon wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Easter is an important holiday in Christianity. People who practice Christianity are called Christians..", - "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kevin, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kevin, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the nautilus.nThe nautilus has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The hard shell makes it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the nautilus.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe queen conch has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe collared dove has soft feathers covering its skin. Its body is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word winked. It describes the stars as if they were people looking down and noticing us..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The child pushes the button. The direction of the push is away from his finger..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the following statements describe the Gobi Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. It has a small amount of rain or snow. It has long, cold winters. The following statement does not describe the Gobi Desert: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. It has warm summers and mild winters..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with fuzzy leaves or smooth leaves, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the leaf texture trait. The question tells you that the L allele, which is for fuzzy leaves, is dominant over the l allele, which is for smooth leaves.nFuzzy leaves is the dominant allele's version of the leaf texture trait. A summer squash plant with the dominant version of the leaf texture trait must have at least one dominant allele for the leaf texture gene. So, offspring with fuzzy leaves must have the genotype LL or Ll.nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype LL or Ll. These boxes are highlighted below.nSmooth leaves", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pot is between the guide words pile - push, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nebraska is farthest west..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.nThe restaurant reviews on this website are not exactly disinterested\u2014restaurants can pay to remove unflattering reviews\u2014but Patrick still finds it useful for finding new places to eat.nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.nPatrick is disinterested in reading page after page of restaurant reviews on the Internet; he prefers to try out new restaurants for himself and make up his own mind.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Professor Chang's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Kryptonite is a comic.nKryptonite, matter from Superman's home planet, is the only thing that can reduce the superhero's strength.nThe allusion Kryptonite means a source of weakness..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Perfume does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, perfume is not a mineral..", - "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 90 and 100. So, the temperature is 95\u00b0F..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nIn the early morning, I drank tea by a spice stall as the Turkish bazaar came to life..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, miss. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA great blue heron is a bird. Like other birds, a great blue heron is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other jellyfishes, a crown jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Jinx has two alleles for not having agouti fur (a). So, Jinx's genotype for the agouti fur gene is aa..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest west..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Monongahela National Forest has warm, wet summers. It also has only a few types of trees..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A leaf-tailed gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nMany geckos have special pads on their toes. The pads help them climb up plants and rocks.nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the brown anemone surrounding the clownfish.nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves.nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,090 kilograms.n6,090 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 275 gallons.n275 fluid ounces and 275 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word men ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of gneiss match the properties of a rock. So, gneiss is a rock..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Oliver has two alleles for having agouti fur (A). So, Oliver's genotype for the agouti fur gene is AA..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.nBleaching clothes is a chemical change. The bleach reacts with dark stains on the clothes. The reaction changes the stains into different types of matter that wash away easily.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jayden wants or needs:nJayden will spend more money. Plane tickets for Jayden to get to Nevada are more expensive than tickets to Connecticut..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Kibale National Forest has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 24 centimeters.n24 millimeters is too short. 24 meters and 24 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A golden frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Kylie, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Kylie down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Kylie up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kylie..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nA brick is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.nA brick is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, a brick is not a mineral.nQuartz is a mineral.nGraphite is a mineral..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a bike path is 3 kilometers.n3 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each speedboat moved for 10 hours. The speedboat that moved 360 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nSugar has a sweet taste. All three objects are sweet.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The chocolate bar and the candy sprinkles are not fuzzy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The chocolate bar is not bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sweet..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Malachite has all the properties of a mineral. So, malachite is a mineral..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Regan's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 75 centimeters.n75 meters is too long..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nMelting glass is a physical change. But cooking an egg is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The steel beam and the towel are not fragile.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The steel beam and the popcorn are not stretchy.nAn opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 70 centimeters.n70 meters and 70 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nUganda is an African country near the equator. It has large forests which are humid during April and May each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of humidity in Uganda. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a goat is 75 pounds.n75 ounces is too light and 75 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nThe Miranda warning, the reading of rights given to a suspect by police prior to questioning, is not unique to the United States; a number of other countries have equivalent rights, including Australia, South Africa, Switzerland, Thailand, and Kazakhstan.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Miranda v. Arizona was one of a few Supreme Court cases to have implications for law enforcement, so it was not one of a kind in that respect. It may be helpful to remember that if unique is modified by an adverb\u2014as in most unique, very unique, or quite unique\u2014it is probably being used nontraditionally.nThe Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona, which led to the institution of the Miranda warning, was quite unique in that it had significant implications for law enforcement. Only a handful of Supreme Court decisions have had such an impact on daily police procedure.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest west..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase glared at. It describes the sun as if it were a person giving an angry look..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Bob or his brother.nBob had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nBob's brother wasn't feeling well, so Bob had to stay home with him..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, practices. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Nancy wants or needs:nNancy will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the ceramic mug is harder. If you press on a piece of ceramic, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest north..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 485 milliliters.n485 liters is too much..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Oceans of the Mind..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Kaeng Krachan National Park has year-round warm temperatures. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A TV show should be in italics.nThe correct title is **You Can't Do That on Television**..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the black-bellied whistling duck.nThe black-bellied whistling duck has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the black-bellied whistling duck uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe lava gull has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe purple gallinule has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The purple gallinule uses its feet to walk on large leaves floating on the surface of the water..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. Like other spiders, a leaf-curling spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA salmon is a fish. Like other fish, a salmon has a backbone..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Chinese alligator has the following traits:nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA Chinese alligator does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Chinese alligator is a reptile.nA blue-footed booby has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA blue-footed booby has the traits of a bird. A blue-footed booby is a bird..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nPaul was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Paul, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Paul..", - "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nManuel noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.nThis passage tells you about the clouds Manuel saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: To stay alive, animal cells must get water and oxygen. Animal cells also produce carbon dioxide, a waste that must be removed. An animal's respiratory and circulatory systems work together to do these jobs.nAn animal's respiratory system is made up of organs that work together to bring in oxygen gas from the environment. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide gas from the animal's body. Some animals have lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air. Other animals have gills to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with water.nAn animal's circulatory system is made up of organs that work together to move blood through its body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels throughout the body. As blood moves through blood vessels, it delivers oxygen, nutrients from food, and water to cells. Blood also absorbs waste, including carbon dioxide. When the blood is pumped into the lungs or gills, it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen. The circulatory system brings oxygen, nutrients, and water to cells. It also helps remove carbon dioxide waste.nThe circulatory system does not break down food into small pieces. This job is done by the digestive system. After the digestive system breaks down food, blood vessels in the intestines absorb the nutrients from the food. The blood then carries the nutrients to cells throughout the body..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Granodiorite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, granodiorite is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince wild is between the guide words well - word, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mumble is not between the guide words medicine - mid, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nAn African elephant has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has hair.nAn African elephant does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. An African elephant is a mammal.nA gray tree frog has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA gray tree frog has the traits of an amphibian. A gray tree frog is an amphibian..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black-headed gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus ridibundus.nChroicocephalus ridibundus is in the same genus as Chroicocephalus serranus, but they are not in the same species.nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Chroicocephalus serranus are different species within the same genus.nChroicocephalus ridibundus has the same scientific name as a black-headed gull. So, these organisms are in the same species.nCrocodylus moreletii does not have the same scientific name as a black-headed gull. So, Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Crocodylus moreletii are not in the same species..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Roxie's observable version of the fur color trait is black fur. So, Roxie's phenotype for the fur color trait is black fur..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A macaw is a bird. Like other birds, a macaw is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA domestic pig is a mammal. Like other mammals, a domestic pig is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA giant wood wasp is an insect. Like other insects, a giant wood wasp is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA tokay gecko is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a tokay gecko is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two basketballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the basketball with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nMr. Everett cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Everett washes the car..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Charles Bridge spans the Vltava River in Prague. Winters are windy in Prague, with average wind speeds of 11 miles per hour in December, January, and February.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Prague. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the rainbow is responsible for the speaker making the basketball team. However, even though the speaker made the team after the rainbow appeared, that doesn't necessarily mean that the rainbow was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Jayla is from Springdale now she lives in Dover is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Jayla is from Springdale and Now she lives in Dover..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A cozy house has a more positive connotation. A cozy house is small, but it is comfortable and warm..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A marbled salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.nTaricha granulosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha granulosa are not in the same species.nAmbystoma opacum has the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same species..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the opalescent nudibranch.nThe opalescent nudibranch has stinging cells in its brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the opalescent nudibranch is toxic and dangerous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe flamboyant cuttlefish has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe impala has yellow-brown fur. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The tent is flexible.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The tent is not scratchy..", - "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 28 meters.n28 millimeters and 28 centimeters are too short. 28 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Look at the map.nThe arrows on the map show that goods moved to and from these locations:nChina was not involved in the triangular trade..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 26 liters.n26 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (said, a lot of, got into).nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Cracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Gypsum has all the properties of a mineral. So, gypsum is a mineral..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe crocodile egg fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the crocodile egg fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that President Ballard is an effective communicator because he communicates well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An axolotl's scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum.nAmbystoma mexicanum has the same scientific name as an axolotl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nCamellia sasanqua does not have the same scientific name as an axolotl. So, Ambystoma mexicanum and Camellia sasanqua are not in the same species.nTigrisoma mexicanum does have the same species within its genus as an axolotl, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25\u00b0C and 35\u00b0C.n32\u00b0C is within this range.n5\u00b0C and 10\u00b0C are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince glossy is between the guide words giraffe - grade, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bicycle frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.nGrilling a hamburger is a chemical change. Heat from the grill causes the matter in the meat to change. Cooked meat and raw meat are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking a hamburger is caused", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nUsing a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard is a physical change. Both the iron and the magnet are still made of the same type of matter as before.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 16 milliliters.n16 liters is too much..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nElise made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Elise may have been looking for an unusual name, but if she found it on a baby name website, it is not actually one of a kind.nElise wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nMike grew too many pumpkins, so he sold the extras at the market..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Thor has two alleles for a black coat (A). So, Thor's genotype for the coat pattern gene is AA..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest east..", - "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince direction is not between the guide words do - duty, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.nI had an old token for my subway fare, but the new system only accepts paper fare cards..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Fromia monilis is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nFromia monilis is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that necklace sea star is the common name..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nNative gold is a mineral.nBaryte is a mineral.nWood is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, wood is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest east..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European nightjar's scientific name is Caprimulgus europaeus.nTyto alba does not have the same scientific name as a European nightjar. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Tyto alba are not in the same species.nLepus europaeus does have the same species within its genus as a European nightjar, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.nCaprimulgus europaeus has the same scientific name as a European nightjar. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Wyatt). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the thorny devil.nThe thorny devil has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator. The spines can harm a predator that tries to bite the thorny devil.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe porcupine has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator.nThe lesser bushbaby has soft fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for hurting an attacking predator..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the gerenuk.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe chital has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for reaching high branches.nThe bison has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for reaching high branches. The bison eats mostly grass..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bird moved 25 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other bird moved 15 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 25 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince peek is between the guide words page - pie, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a blender is 60 fluid ounces.n60 cups and 60 gallons are both too much..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nRoasting is caused by heating. But milk going sour is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nSugar has a sweet taste. The cake batter is sweet.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The cake batter is not bouncy..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest west..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the lar gibbon.nThe lar gibbon uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe chimpanzee has long, powerful limbs. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe red-necked wallaby has small arms and long legs. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The red-necked wallaby moves by hopping on two legs..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince survey is not between the guide words shampoo - silly, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a soccer field is 115 meters.n115 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Chen is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word by is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Step by Wicked Step..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 50\u00b0C pot of spaghetti sauce is colder than the 60\u00b0C pot of spaghetti sauce, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Mia is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMunich, a city in Germany, receives a small amount of snow each year during the winter.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Munich. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when you press on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton head band is softer. If you squeeze cotton fabric, it will change shape..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if methane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon or H for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that methane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, methane is a compound..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is South America..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nEdward lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Edward lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Julian literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Julian's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Julian's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the malachite sunbird.nThe malachite sunbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The malachite sunbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe violet sabrewing has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe snowy owl has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The snowy owl uses its beak to tear through meat..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (ace).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Dolerite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, dolerite is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A North American beaver's scientific name is Castor canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Castor.nAlouatta caraya is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta caraya and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Castor canadensis are not in the same genus.nThis organism and the North American beaver are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Castor canadensis..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nI pretend to be a knight, and Jeanette pretends to be an astronaut..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis.nAlouatta palliata does not have the same scientific name as an agile wallaby. So, Macropus agilis and Alouatta palliata are not in the same species.nMacropus agilis has the same scientific name as an agile wallaby. So, these organisms are in the same species.nLontra canadensis does not have the same scientific name as an agile wallaby. So, Macropus agilis and Lontra canadensis are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, take. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: The four Middle Colonies are dark blue on the map:nDuring colonial times, Delaware was usually called the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware, or the Lower Counties for short.nNew York claimed part of the land that would later become the state of Vermont. But New Hampshire, a New England colony, also claimed this area..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The spring is flexible.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The spring is not slippery..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: The passage says the smallest hummingbird is called the bee hummingbird..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Lithops bromfieldii is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Kayla has actually been told this a million times..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the clay tile is harder. If you step on clay tile, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words all and one relative to the first half..", - "Solution: This country is Palau..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The park is in column 1..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest east..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLacey wants broccoli. Martin wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nLee took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea.nBufo viridis does not have the same scientific name as a green tree frog. So, Hyla cinerea and Bufo viridis are not in the same species.nHyla cinerea has the same scientific name as a green tree frog. So, these organisms are in the same species.nAtelopus zeteki does not have the same scientific name as a green tree frog. So, Hyla cinerea and Atelopus zeteki are not in the same species..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The walking man pushes the wheelchair. The direction of the push is away from his hands..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A hammerhead shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nHammerhead sharks get their names from the shape of their heads. They have a wide, flat head and a small mouth.nA green chameleon is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nChameleons eat insects. They use their long, sticky tongues to catch their prey.nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a strawberry is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a strawberry something you can touch? Yes.nIs a strawberry a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a strawberry is a good..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Will is overweight..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Oxalis acetosella is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses abbreviated language (TBD).nThe first sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince slippery is between the guide words shy - spool, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe Atacama Desert in Chile is one of the driest places on Earth. It has an average precipitation of only 1.5 centimeters per year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation in the Atacama Desert. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the ladle or the gravy bowl.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the ladle.nMr. Garza was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took the ladle away..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. An icicle forming on the edge of a roof is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed..", - "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The fries are flexible, but the potato chips are not.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The potato chips and the fries are not smooth.nPotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the forms.nMr. Warren wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A pig is a mammal. Like other mammals, a pig is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns brown, and the apples become soft.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBaking is caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nHarper wants broccoli. Adriana wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe wood fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the ginkgo leaf fossil. So, the wood fossil is most likely older than the ginkgo leaf fossil..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a school bus is 15 tons.n15 ounces and 15 pounds are both too light..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the emerald tree boa.nThe emerald tree boa has bright green scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe green silver-line has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe fire salamander has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest east..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Maria or Susan.nAfter Maria scolded Susan for missing the deadline, she felt awful.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMaria felt awful after she scolded Susan for missing the deadline..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the coat.nThe coat is made of two materials. The buckle is made of metal. The rest of the coat is made of wool.nWool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Ronald's laughter was booming thunder.nThe words laughter and thunder are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A ring is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A ring keeps its shape, even when you take it off your finger.nA ballet shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When a dancer wears a ballet shoe, it may bend a little. But the ballet shoe still has a size and shape of its own.nA hammer is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A hammer is made of iron and wood. Both iron and wood are solids.nWet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Paula's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all..", - "Solution: Old doesn't belong.nDuring, before, and after all describe the order of events..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. So, in a food web, tertiary consumers have arrows pointing to them from secondary consumers. Secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. And primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the rotifer. The rotifer is a secondary consumer, so the copepod is a tertiary consumer.nThe rotifer has arrows pointing to it from the green algae and the water flea. Neither the green algae nor the water flea is a secondary consumer, so the rotifer is not a tertiary consumer.nThe black crappie has arrows pointing to it from the rotifer and the shiner. The rotifer and the shiner are secondary consumers, so the black crappie is a tertiary consumer.nThe green algae does not have any arrows pointing to it, so it is not a tertiary consumer..", - "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a megabat eats a fig, the megabat gets the food it needs to survive and grow. So the megabat benefits from its relationship with the fig tree.nBoth the fig tree and its seeds have a better chance of surviving when the bat moves the seeds to a new location. So, the fig tree also benefits from its relationship with the megabat.nSince both the megabat and the fig tree benefit, a mutualistic relationship is formed when a megabat eats a fig and drops the fig tree's seeds in a new location..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach..", - "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Stapling an envelope shut is a physical change. The envelope and the staple get new shapes. Both are still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A pink-backed pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus rufescens.nPelecanus rufescens has the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, these organisms are in the same species.nStrix uralensis does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Strix uralensis are not in the same species.nArdea cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a pink-backed pelican. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Ardea cinerea are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest north..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, camp. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Mixing eggs, oil, and vinegar to make mayonnaise is a physical change. Mayonnaise is a mixture. Making a mixture does not form a different type of matter. The eggs, oil, and vinegar look different when they are mixed together. But, their molecules do not change..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Emmett rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Emmett rode up the hill..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a white body or a brown body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body color trait. The question tells you that the b allele, which is for a white body, is recessive to the B allele, which is for a brown body.nA white body is the recessive allele's version of the body color trait. A Channel catfish with the recessive version of the body color trait must have only recessive alleles for the body color gene. So, offspring with a white body must have the genotype bb.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotyp", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nEdgar's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human..", - "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Juice, water, and milk go together. They are drinks. Glass is not a drink, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Wayne's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is U.S. history.nBenedict Arnold was an American officer who secretly aided the British during the American Revolution.nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a traitor..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A pair of jeans is a solid. You can fold a pair of jeans. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the servers.nAt lunchtime, Steven can often be found reading at his favorite caf\u00e9, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each beluga whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne beluga whale moved 20 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other beluga whale moved 30 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each beluga whale spent the same amount of time moving. The beluga whale that moved 20 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that beluga whale must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nPyrite is a mineral.nQuartz is a mineral.nPlastic is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nPlastic is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.nSo, plastic is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day!nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.nA sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nSea turtles live in the water, but they lay their eggs on land.nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt is 65\u00b0F in Kylie's backyard.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Kylie's backyard right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The uncle applies a force to the rope on the sled. The sled slides along behind him. The direction of this force is toward the uncle. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The restaurant is in row C..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 87\u00b0F pie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince spray is between the guide words slush - star, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A pelican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAn African bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Earth. The volume of Earth is 1.08 x 1012 km3, which is greater than 6.08 x 1011 km3. So, the volume of Earth is more than ten times the volume of Mercury..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A rubber duck is a solid. You can squeeze a rubber duck. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Max wanted broccoli in his lunch and Edmond was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nMax has tomatoes. Edmond has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jack slept poorly. Jack was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The cucumber plant has one allele for bumpy fruit (F) and one allele for smooth fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is Ff..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe mammal tooth fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the wood fossil. So, the mammal tooth fossil is most likely younger than the wood fossil..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The gold nugget is colorful, but the pretzel and the log are not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Minnesota is farthest north..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A cold desert is a type of ecosystem. Cold deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain or snow, dry, thin soil, and long, cold winters. So, the Taklamakan Desert has long, cold winters. It also has a small amount of rain or snow..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Milo has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Milo's genotype for the fur type gene is FF..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nCertain insects help flowering plants reproduce by moving pollen between the plant's different parts.nIt can be proved by reading an article about how flowering plants are pollinated.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nTomato plants, with their bright colors and sturdy vines, make attractive additions to home gardens.nAttractive shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which plants make home gardens attractive..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..", - "Solution: Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant.nFertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern.nThe mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again. A heart-shaped plant can produce eggs and sperm.nA mature fern produces spores, not eggs and sperm..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if bromomethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon, H for hydrogen, or Br for bromine. So, the model shows you that bromomethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, bromomethane is a compound..", - "Solution: Latrell wanted broccoli in his lunch and Todd was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nLatrell has tomatoes. Todd has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Peary Land has mostly small plants. It also has short, cool summers..", - "Solution: Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction.nFlowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil.nBoth the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm.nPollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again. An apple tree's flowers can make seeds. Inside a flower, a sperm cell and an egg fuse to make a fertilized egg. The fertilized egg grows into a seed.nThe fruit grows from the ovary around the seeds. But the fruit does not make the seeds..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nOur five-cent coin is called a nickel, but it's mostly made of copper.nIt can be proved by looking up information about U.S. coins.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nIn today's economy, a nickel is just about worthless.nJust about worthless shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is worthless..", - "Solution: This country is the Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 38 millimeters.n38 centimeters, 38 meters, and 38 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Bianca has two alleles for brown eyes (E). So, Bianca's genotype for the eye color gene is EE..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the Eurasian lynx.nThe Eurasian lynx has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The Eurasian lynx uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe tiger has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe marmot has large front teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The marmot uses its mouth to gnaw on plant matter..", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.nThe only arrow pointing from the sea otter leads to the orca. The only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the sea otter to the bat star.There are three paths matter can take from the zooplankton to the bat star: zooplankton->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the bat star: kelp->kelp bass->bat star. orca. The only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the orca to the bat star...", - "Solution: Read the text carefully. The underlined text below shows information about each answer choice.nEarth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the atmosphere. The gases that make up the atmosphere sustain life on Earth. Living organisms take in and release some of these gases. Gases in the atmosphere also help insulate Earth from extreme temperatures and block some harmful forms of sunlight.nEarth's atmosphere contains many different gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide. These gases are both taken in and released by living organisms. Animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis.nSome of the gases that make up the atmosphere also insulate Earth, helping to maintain its stable temperatures.nWhile many gases interact with sunlight, Earth's atmosphere does not provide sunlight..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nAs a geneticist, Tracy dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nAs a geneticist, Tracy enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Henry wants or needs:nThe hickory tree will use up more space than the carnations would have used up..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two soccer balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder soccer ball has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the camel.nThe camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThis kingsnake has red, black, and yellow rings on its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..", - "Solution: This country is Fiji..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a potato is 6 inches.n6 feet, 6 yards, and 6 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, towers. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Ceratophrys cornuta is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCeratophrys cornuta is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that Surinam horned frog is the common name..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nThou dark and deep blue Ocean is a direct address to the ocean, a nonhuman entity..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Little House in the Big Woods**..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter.nThe word beyonceae refers to Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles-Carter. So, this horse fly's scientific name is Scaptia beyonceae..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Leah's or Olivia's.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Olivia's.nLeah roomed with Olivia last year, but Olivia's messiness became a point of contention..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase more obedient. It describes the clay as if it were a person who can choose to obey or disobey..", - "Solution: Water, wind, and ice can break down rock into loose pieces. This breakdown of rock is called weathering. Here are some ways that weathering can happen.nWater crashes into a rock. Over time, the rock starts breaking down into smaller pieces.nWind blows grains of sand into a rock. As the sand hits the rock, small pieces break off from the rock.nWater flows into a crack in a rock. On a cold night, the water freezes to form ice. As the water freezes, it takes up more space. This makes the crack bigger. Over time, the crack becomes big enough to break the rock into smaller pieces..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nKnitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHouston is a city near the coast of Texas. On average, Houston receives about 49 inches of rain each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Houston. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pencils are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the pencil with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince princess is between the guide words pear - pump, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether ammonia is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. This formula contains two symbols: N for nitrogen and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that ammonia is made of two chemical elements bonded together.", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Lola wants or needs:nLola will give up the chance to go on the flying bobsled. She would have had more fun on that ride..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with black wool or white wool, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the wool color trait. The question tells you that the L allele, which is for white wool, is dominant over the l allele, which is for black wool.nBlack wool is the recessive allele's version of the wool color trait. A sheep with the recessive version of the wool color trait must have only recessive alleles for the wool color gene. So, offspring with black wool must have the genotype ll.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ll.nWhite wool is the dominant allele's version of the wool", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. Both objects are soft.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The ball of wet clay is not bouncy.nThe property that both objects have in common is soft..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: Flagella are long whip-like structures that help cells move through liquids..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the sea turtle.nThe sea turtle uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe flying fox has large wings and short legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The flying fox uses its limbs to fly and hang from trees..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Chocolate does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, chocolate is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nGreg wants broccoli. Ben wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb. Suburban areas usually have quieter neighborhoods. There are fewer people, and houses are farther apart..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nPreston couldn't find the definition for flax in the book's glossary, so he looked it up online..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A lion is a living thing.nLions grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Lions are made up of many cells.nA paper clip is not a living thing.nPaper clips do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA brick wall is not a living thing.nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA windmill is not a living thing.nA windmill does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 95\u00b0F rock is hotter than the 20\u00b0F rock, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter drop of honey has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nCould use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Cameron gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes, indications that the salsa was indeed too spicy..", - "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nMale bison have horns. They can use their horns to defend themselves.nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.nA blue-footed booby is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBlue-footed boobies live on tropical islands in the Pacific Ocean.nA cobra is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nMost cobras have a wide, flat hood below their head. A cobra can display its hood to scare away a predator..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Cara's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.nA catfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nUnlike most other fish, catfish do not have scales! They have slimy skin.nA green moray eel is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping..", - "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if propane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon or H for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that propane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, propane is a compound..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Hakim, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Hakim down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Hakim up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Hakim..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the school bus that is heavier.nA school bus carrying 600 pounds is heavier than a school bus carrying 500 pounds. So, the school bus carrying 600 pounds needs a larger force to come to a stop in the same amount of time as the other bus..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe black crappie has three arrows pointing to it. These arrows start from the rotifer, the water flea, and the shiner, which are all consumers. So, the black crappie is a consumer but not an omnivore.nThe rotifer has an arrow pointing to it from the green algae, which is a producer. The rotifer also has an arrow pointing to it from the water flea, which is a consumer. The rotifer eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the golden algae, which is a producer. The copepod also has an arrow pointing to it from the rotifer, which is a consumer. The copepod eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.nThe shiner has only one arrow pointing to it. This arrow starts from the water fle", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nSugar has a sweet taste. The trombone is not sweet.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All four objects are shiny.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is shiny..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun their could refer to the authors' or the publishers'.nAt the conference, the authors met with some publishers to discuss their new books.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nAt the conference, the authors discussed their new books with some publishers..", - "Solution: This country is New Zealand..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot coffee is 145\u00b0F.n145\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair can be naturally curly or naturally straight. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Job remains faithful and loyal to God, even after the unjust loss of his possessions, family, and health.nThe allusion Job means someone who patiently endures adversity..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Tyler must be fiscally irresponsible, because he works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though his company is perceived as fiscally irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tyler is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering..", - "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Henry tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Henry took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Henry's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Henry took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Atlantic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..", - "Solution: Diana wanted broccoli in her lunch and Rebecca was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDiana has tomatoes. Rebecca has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMarshall wants broccoli. Nick wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 22 seconds.n22 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that thistle plant cells contain chloroplasts. This is evidence that the thistle is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the red sea urchin is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The golf ball is remaining motionless. So, the golf ball has a constant velocity..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A turkey vulture is a bird. Like other birds, a turkey vulture is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, explained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a necklace is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a necklace something you can touch? Yes.nIs a necklace a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a necklace is a good..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Edgar can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Edgar can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nTaste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.n Look at the picture.nThe word banging describes the sound this hammer makes.nDripping and buzzing can also describe sounds. But they do not describe the sounds this hammer makes..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound potassium chloride.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether lithium bromide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that lithium bromide is composed of lithium atoms and bromine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that lithium bromide is composed of two chemical elements: lithium and bromine. Since lithium bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, lithium bromide is a compound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 17 fluid ounces.n17 cups and 17 gallons are both too much..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Shawna wants or needs:nShawna will give up some muffins. She could have made more cranberry muffins than coffee cake muffins..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nThe words if, licking, invisible, and lips share a vowel sound..", - "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Leslie's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nPotassium feldspar is a mineral.nPlastic is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.nSo, plastic is not a mineral.nTurquoise is a mineral..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the nutria.nThe nutria has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The large front teeth can help the nutria break off pieces of food that it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Podolsk mole rat has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing.nThe tamandua has a long tube-shaped mouth and no teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for gnawing. The tamandua uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Marble is a metamorphic rock. Like other metamorphic rocks, it forms when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing.nThe center of our planet is very hot. Deep below Earth's surface, rocks can be heated to high temperatures. The rocks can also be squeezed by the weight of rocks around them. Sometimes, the heating and squeezing changes the type of minerals in a rock. These changes form a new type of rock, called a metamorphic rock. The word metamorphic comes from the word metamorphism, which means change..", - "Solution: In 1969, Neil Armstrong led a mission to the moon. He became the first person to walk on the surface of the moon. No one had ever done that before..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But pouring milk on oatmeal is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Charlotte, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"June is wetter than July.\" is incorrect.nWetter months have a higher average precipitation than drier months. June and July have the same average monthly precipitation. So, June is not wetter than July.nChoice \"January is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nSeveral other months have a slightly higher average precipitation than January.nChoice \"Precipitation does not change much from month to month.\" is incorrect.nThe average monthly precipitation changes only slightly throughout the year..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 50 centimeters.n50 meters is too long..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea cucumber: kelp->sea urchin->sea otter->orca->sea cucumber. black rockfish. The only arrow pointing from the black rockfish leads to the kelp bass. The only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the black rockfish to the sea cucumber.. kelp bass. The only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp bass to the sea cucumber.. bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bat star to the sea cucumber...", - "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion chimerical is Greek mythology.nAccording to Greek mythology, a Chimera was an improbable fire-breathing monster with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent.nThe allusion chimerical means fanciful..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.nWalter's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.nWalter realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Victoria crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura victoria.nDendrobates leucomelas does not have the same scientific name as a Victoria crowned pigeon. So, Goura victoria and Dendrobates leucomelas are not in the same species.nAequorea victoria does have the same species within its genus as a Victoria crowned pigeon, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.nGoura victoria has the same scientific name as a Victoria crowned pigeon. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of syenite match the properties of a rock. So, syenite is a rock..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Janelle blows big bubbles, Damon pops them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Janelle blows big bubbles and Damon pops them..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the parasol fungus.nThere are two arrows pointing from the gray fox to other organisms. One arrow points to the bobcat. The only arrow pointing from the bobcat leads to the bolete fungus. The other arrow pointing from the gray fox leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the gray fox to the parasol fungus.nThe only arrow pointing from the black racer leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the black racer to the parasol fungus.There is one path matter can take from the black bear to the parasol fungus: black bear->parasol fungus. bobcat. The only arrow pointing from the bobcat leads to the bolete fungus. No", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. All the goats, cows, and horses on the farm is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a lamp is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a lamp something you can touch? Yes.nIs a lamp a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a lamp is a good..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, admire. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. An empty glass is a solid. If someone drops a glass, it may break into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Lithops bromfieldii is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Jake or his best friend.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Jake.nJake and his best friend go to the same college, but Jake is graduating this coming June..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence makes a demand, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Vermont is farthest north..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to carbon monoxide in this chemical reaction.nOzone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by damaging their lungs.nThe underlined text tells you that when oxygen and carbon monoxide combine, ozone is formed. When oxygen and carbon monoxide react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form ozone. Because carbon monoxide reacts in this chemical reaction, carbon monoxide is a reactant..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Louisiana is farthest west..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Herculean is classical mythology.nIn classical mythology, Hercules is the son of a god and possesses incredible, superhuman strength.nThe allusion Herculean means powerful..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65\u00b0F block is colder than the 110\u00b0F block, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you that spinner dolphins spin around in the air.nHave you ever seen a dolphin spin through the water? How about a dolphin that jumps high above the ocean? If so, you have probably seen a spinner dolphin. These animals are able to leap into the air and then spin around a few times before crashing back into the water..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Trevino or her friend.nMrs. Trevino told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Trevino told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A watch is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA watch can bend to fit your wrist, but the watch will still have its own shape..", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.nThe autobiography of Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, an eighteenth-century Italian adventurer, details and perhaps exaggerates his amorous adventures and success with women.nThe allusion Casanova means a womanizer..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..", - "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. An eager person has a more positive connotation. An eager person is excited and happy. An impatient person is often rude, pushy, or demanding..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each car moved for 10 hours. The car that moved 240 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States..", - "Solution: The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also protects the cell from the outside environment.nThe cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports the other cell parts and holds them in place. Many important chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm.nThe mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use.nThe vacuoles store nutrients, such as sugar, in the cell. Vacuoles also store water and waste.nThe nucleus directs cell activities. It does this by sending instructions to different parts of the cell.nThe chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. In animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus. Vacuoles store water, waste, and nutrients such as sugar. Animal cells usually have several small vacuoles..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nMr. Lowery's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 1,055 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest east..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jeanette and Bryant investigated whether adding wax to snowboards affects their speed. There was no wax on the snowboards with wax removed. So, they were part of a control group..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that a barrel cactus is a producer that uses energy from sunlight to make its own food. This is evidence that the barrel cactus is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the crown-of-thorns starfish is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the magnifying glass.nThe magnifying glass is made of two different materials. The handle is made of plastic, and the lens is made of glass..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two empty mugs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the empty mug with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A barn owl is a bird. Like other birds, a barn owl is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cups of black tea are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cup of black tea with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A marbled salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma opacum.nAmbystoma opacum has the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species.nLissotriton helveticus does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton helveticus are not in the same species.nTaricha torosa does not have the same scientific name as a marbled salamander. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same species..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Shelton is kind, and her heart is gold.nThe words heart and gold are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Canadian lynx has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has fur.nA Canadian lynx does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Canadian lynx is a mammal.nA red-headed poison frog has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA red-headed poison frog has the traits of an amphibian. A red-headed poison frog is an amphibian..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the metal hair clip is the most flexible. If you gently bend a metal hairclip, it will not break..", - "Solution: The city is Salt Lake City, Utah. San Francisco, Las Vegas, and San Diego are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water.nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.nAn arroyo toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words ring and thing rhyme. They both end with the ing sound.nThe word jump does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the snow leopard.nThe snow leopard has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice. The fur can help keep the snow leopard's feet warm. The large pads help spread its weight over a larger area. This allows it to walk on ice without slipping and to walk on snow without sinking in too deep.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Siberian tiger has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice.nThe tokay gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are not adapted to walk on snow and ice. The tokay gecko uses its feet to climb trees and walk on leaves..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words a and in are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is There's a Wocket in My Pocket!.", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 4 feet.n4 inches is too short. 4 yards and 4 miles are too long..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nBert took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Echo's observable version of the coat color trait is a red coat. So, Echo's phenotype for the coat color trait is a red coat..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The hair clip is flexible, but the building blocks are not.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The hair clip and the binder are not rough.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nMolasses is a liquid. But all minerals are solids.nMolasses is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, molasses is not a mineral.nNative copper is a mineral.nDiamond is a mineral..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: This country is Dominica..", - "Solution: This country is Tonga..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince brier is between the guide words beaver - bury, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. Jupiter's volume is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is less than 1.63 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Pisgah National Forest has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The soccer player's kick is a type of push. The soccer player kicks the ball away from his foot to score a goal. The direction of the push is away from the soccer player's foot..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nHannah wants broccoli. Wendy wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.nAt the grocery store, Martina hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.nMartina made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a garden rake is 6 feet.n6 inches is too short. 6 yards and 6 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince clutch is not between the guide words criticism - cultivate, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 39 minutes.n39 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the ending or The Fault in Our Stars.nI didn't like the ending of The Fault in Our Stars, but the book critic thought it was well-written.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nThe book critic thought The Fault in Our Stars was well-written, but I didn't like the ending..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A gray heron's scientific name is Ardea cinerea.nLonicera japonica does not have the same scientific name as a gray heron. So, Ardea cinerea and Lonicera japonica are not in the same species.nHyla cinerea does have the same species within its genus as a gray heron, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.nArdea cinerea has the same scientific name as a gray heron. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince nice is between the guide words neglect - normal, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is North America..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Luna wants or needs:nLuna will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. She would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nRussell's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nGabe wants broccoli. Maddie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Leah either must give up reading a certain type of book or admit she doesn't believe in female empowerment. However, someone can both enjoy reading paranormal romance books and also believe in empowering women. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Alpine marmot.nThe Alpine marmot has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The Alpine marmot uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe honey badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe manatee has short, stubby flippers for feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The manatee uses its flippers to move underwater..", - "Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the handsaw.nThe handsaw is made of two different materials. The handle is made of wood. The rest of the saw is made of metal..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Return of the Jedi**..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mary wants or needs:nMary will give up the chance to eat the minestrone soup, which would have been tastier than the split pea soup..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Iowa is farthest north..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater boiling is caused by heating. But carving a piece of wood is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Lexi did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American white pelican's scientific name is Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus.nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are not in the same genus.nPelecanus philippensis is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus philippensis and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are in the same genus.nStrix uralensis is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix uralensis and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over..", - "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.ndivergent plate boundarynWhen plates at a divergent boundary move apart, cracks form in the crust along the boundary. Melted rock rises from below the crust to fill these cracks. As the melted rock cools and hardens, it becomes new oceanic crust.nNewer oceanic crust weighs less than older oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises up higher than the older crust that is farther from the boundary. This difference in elevation creates a mid-ocean ridge, or underwater mountain chain. Between the two plates, there may be a deep rift valley. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Aden Ridge, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Aden Ridge began to form millions of years ago as the Somalian Plate and the Arabian Plate moved away from each other. The plates are slowly moving apart at a rate of about 2 centimeters per year. On the map, the ridge is shown in the Gulf of Aden, between the countries of Somalia and Yemen.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Aden Ridge formed as the two plates moved away from each other, or diverged. So, the Aden Ridge formed at a divergent boundary..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. All three objects are transparent.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. None of the objects are bouncy.nA lemon has a sour taste. The water is not sour.nThe property that all three objects have in common is transparent..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Kenneth has two alleles for not having Thomsen disease (m). So, Kenneth's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is mm..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.nElena and her brother rummaged through the boxes in the attic, but they couldn't find their father's childhood baseball glove..", - "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince amazed is between the guide words aboard - arrive, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A hippopotamus is an animal. It eats plants.nHippopotamuses keep cool by lying in mud or water.nA raspberry bush is a plant. It has green leaves.nMost raspberries are red. But raspberries can also be purple or yellow..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Pennsylvania is farthest east..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Dalton picked apples, he will give some away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Dalton picked apples and He will give some away..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Nairobi, look at the graph.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"More precipitation falls in April than in August.\" is incorrect.nApril has a higher average monthly precipitation than August.nChoice \"Nairobi gets about the same amount of precipitation each month.\" is incorrect.nOn average, less precipitation falls between June and October than between November and May.nChoice \"More precipitation falls in September than in November.\" is incorrect.nNovember has a higher average precipitation than September..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a pair of boots is 2 kilograms.n2 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Edna started sledding. As Edna rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Edna rode down the hill..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Devin's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Devin's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..", - "Solution: Animals increase their reproductive success when they have offspring that survive to reproduce.nAnimals can increase their chances of having offspring by behaving in ways that help them get partners to mate and reproduce with. These partners are called mates. For example, animals may make special sounds, perform specific dances, or show off bright colors to attract mates. Animals may also compete with each other for mates.nAnimals can increase the chances that their offspring will survive to reproduce by caring for and protecting them. For example, animals may feed their offspring or guard them from predators. These behaviors increase the chances that the offspring will survive to adulthood, when they can reproduce.nMany behaviors can increase the chances that animals will have offspring that survive to reproduce. But the behaviors cannot guarantee that the animals will have greater reproductive success. Animals that attract or compete for mates won't always successfully mate and reproduce, and offspring that are fed and protected won't always survive to adulthood. Look for the part of the passage that describes the effect of covering its eggs with its body. Use this information to determine why this behavior can increase the reproductive success of the snail leech.nChoice \"The snail leech is a type of worm that often lives in freshwater streams. After a snail leech reproduces, it attaches its eggs to a rock at the bottom of the stream. The leech then flattens its body over its eggs to protect them. The leech protects its eggs until they hatch, which takes four to seven days. During this time, the leech does not leave the eggs or eat.\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Water snails are predators that eat leech eggs. The snails easily eat eggs that are not covered by an adult leech. But snails cannot easily get to eggs that are covered by a leech.\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Choice \"Covering its eggs with its body increases the chances that the leech's eggs will hatch.\" is incorrect.\" is correct.nChoice \"According to the underlined text, it is harder for water snails to eat eggs when the eggs are covered by a leech. So, by covering its eggs, the leech decreases the chances that snails will", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word help ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The force of Earth's gravity pulls the hot water downward. The direction of the pull is toward the center of Earth..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a soccer field is 120 meters.n120 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile life was like a box of chocolates suggests that life is unpredictable. You don't know what type of filling is inside a chocolate until you try it, just as you don't know what life holds for you until it happens..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nPedro lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Pedro lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the vinyl album or the record player.nJust as Mr. Tang was about to play the vinyl album on his old record player, it broke.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nThe vinyl album broke just as Mr. Tang was about to play it on his old record player..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, cook. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Sequoia sempervirens is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A peppermint candy is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A peppermint candy can change shape in your mouth. But before you eat it, a peppermint candy has a size and shape of its own.nA piece of paper is a solid. You can fold a piece of paper. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.nThe water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nA stuffed hippo is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you hold a stuffed hippo in your hands, the stuffed hippo still has a size and shape of its", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to President Barack Obama.nThe word barackobamai refers to President Barack Obama. So, this trapdoor spider's scientific name is Aptostichus barackobamai..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Wind turning a pinwheel is air that is moving! Air is a gas. The air expands to fill the space around the pinwheel..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Ed is overweight..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that people not recycling somehow prevents the speaker from doing homework. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black-footed cat's scientific name is Felis nigripes. The first word of its scientific name is Felis.nPhoebastria nigripes and Felis nigripes are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Phoebastria nigripes and Felis nigripes have the same species name within their genus, nigripes. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Phoebastria nigripes is in the genus Phoebastria, and Felis nigripes is in the genus Felis.nThis organism and the black-footed cat are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Felis nigripes.nErinaceus europaeus is in the genus Erinaceus. The first word of its scientific name is Erinaceus. So, Erinaceus europaeus and Felis nigripes are not in the same genus", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A mountain zebra's scientific name is Equus zebra.nMacropus rufus does not have the same scientific name as a mountain zebra. So, Equus zebra and Macropus rufus are not in the same species.nMacropus giganteus does not have the same scientific name as a mountain zebra. So, Equus zebra and Macropus giganteus are not in the same species.nEquus zebra has the same scientific name as a mountain zebra. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Chalcopyrite has all the properties of a mineral. So, chalcopyrite is a mineral..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. Coffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n A silkmoth caterpillar makes a silk cocoon to protect itself during metamorphosis. In a silk factory, the silk from many silkmoth cocoons is spun into fabric. Silkmoth caterpillars that are used to make silk are often called silkworms..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 280 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The woman's hand applies a force to the book.This force moves the book off the shelf. The direction of this force is toward her hand. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Sawing a log in half is a physical change. The log splits into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A sea urchin is an echinoderm. Like other echinoderms, a sea urchin is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone.nA bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA gray wolf is a mammal. Like other mammals, a gray wolf is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other scorpions, a forest scorpion is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the trombone.nThe trombone is made of metal.nMany musical instruments are made of metal. Metal can be made into many shapes. Musical instruments with different shapes make different sounds..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa John is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a large trash can is 20 gallons.n20 fluid ounces and 20 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" An article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Exercise Is the Key to Good Health.\".", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince think is between the guide words teacher - total, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nHornblende is a mineral.nA marble is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.nSo, a marble is not a mineral.nPyrite is a mineral..", - "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..", - "Solution: Scared doesn't belong.nClever, foolish, and wise all describe how smart someone is..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the wood board is harder. If you press on a piece of wood, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the necktie.nThe necktie is made of silk.nSilk comes from small insects called silk moths. The silk moth caterpillars spin cocoons out of silk thread. Humans use the silk thread to make fabric..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Marley and Me..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nTrade winds are steady winds that blow towards the equator. On Thursday, they were blowing strong from the north in Cape Verde.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the wind direction in Cape Verde on Thursday. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The apron is not yellow.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. The apron is bendable..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an eyelash is 7 millimeters.n7 centimeters, 7 meters, and 7 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an earthworm is 5 grams.n5 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words for and an are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is An Eye for an Eye..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of yellow particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nThe second time they appear, the words new and familiar are in reverse order..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A juice pop is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you take a juice pop out of the freezer, it will melt. While a juice pop is frozen, though, it is a solid..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass cup is smoother. If you touch the surface of a glass cup, it will not feel rough or bumpy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Zora has two alleles for red eyes (E). So, Zora's genotype for the eye color gene is EE..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two rocks have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the rock with less mass has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the authors.nThe authors say that Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen accidentally discovered X-rays when experimenting with vacuum tubes..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne motorboat moved 355 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other motorboat moved 65 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each motorboat spent the same amount of time moving. The motorboat that moved 355 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the Nile crocodile.nThe Nile crocodile has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The Nile crocodile uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe tiger has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.nThe nutria has large front teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The nutria uses its mouth to gnaw on stems and branches..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince long is not between the guide words level - lion, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. When pollen lands on a female cone, it is called pollination. This photograph shows wind blowing pollen from the male cones on a Japanese cedar tree.nPhotosynthesis happens when plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight to make sugar..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there was 1 solute particle on the left side of the membrane and 5 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nNew York City's first subway started running on October 27, 1904.nIt can be proved by reading a book about the history of New York City.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nRiding the subway is the best way to get around New York City.nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which way is the best..", - "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by punctuating quotations correctly.nFor example, the writer could revise the underlined text by placing periods and commas inside the quotation marks and by using a comma before the second quotation.nIn Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, Pip, a young orphan, is sent by his sister to the home of Miss Havisham, a wealthy, eccentric woman. There he meets Estella, a beautiful girl whom he falls hopelessly in love with. On one visit to Miss Havisham's, Pip encounters a boy who challenges him to a fight; wanting to impress Estella, he hits the boy. \"I never have been so surprised in my life as I was when I let out the first blow and saw him lying on his back, looking up at me with a bloody nose\", Pip recounts. Estella seems delighted and says to Pip \"Come here! You may kiss me if you like\"..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 95 meters.n95 centimeters is too short and 95 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. A firework exploding is a chemical change. During the explosion, the type of matter in the firework changes. This change produces sound, heat, and light..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved 255 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 190 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 255 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Tina had just been speaking about Larry. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ozone is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the ball-and-stick model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that red represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol O. O is the atomic symbol for the chemical element oxygen. You can see from the model that a molecule of ozone is composed of three oxygen atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that ozone is composed of only one chemical element. So, ozone is an elementary substance..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there The deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the New England Seamount Chain has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Marcy's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The grocery store is in column 1..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Patty investigated whether watering plants with greywater affects the health of the plants. The plants watered with tap water did not get greywater. So, they were part of a control group..", - "Solution: This country is Nauru..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have horns, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the horns trait. The question tells you that the H allele, which is for not having horns, is dominant over the h allele, which is for having horns.nNot having horns is the dominant allele's version of the horns trait. A cow with the dominant version of the horns trait must have at least one dominant allele for the horns gene. So, offspring that do not have horns must have the genotype HH or Hh.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype HH or H", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A windmill is not a living thing.nA windmill does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA calculator is not a living thing.nA calculator does not have all the traits of a living thing. It can do math problems, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nCandy is not a living thing.nCandy does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It is sweet and can be shaped like fruit. But it does not grow like real fruit. It does not need food or water.nA sea cucumber is a living thing.nSea cucumbers grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Sea cucumbers are made up of many cells.nSea cucumbers are animals with soft spines covering their bodies. They live on the ocean floor..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nMackenzie and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince throb is not between the guide words taper - tentacle, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe ginkgo leaf fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the mammal tooth fossil. So, the ginkgo leaf fossil is most likely younger than the mammal tooth fossil..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.nEmily had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The air inside a soap bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air inside a soap bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nThe cook seasons the chicken, and her helper roasts it..", - "Solution: Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant.nFertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern.nThe mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again. A fertilized egg can grow into a mature fern.nA heart-shaped plant grows from a spore, not from a fertilized egg..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJustine wants broccoli. Bridgette wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest south..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince clung is between the guide words chose - confident, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the giant anteater.nA tube-shaped snout helps the giant anteater reach into a burrow. A long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe tamandua has a tube-shaped snout and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to eat insects that live inside burrows.nThe kudu has a wide snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The kudu uses its mouth to eat leaves and shoots..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But sewing an apron is not.nBoth are", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.nIt is estimated that ten percent of the population has a fear of needles, medical researchers are developing devices that make injections pain-free.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to bake. Instead, many people learn how to bake. So, baking is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The basketball player's shot is a type of push. He shoots the ball away from his hand to score a basket. The direction of the push is away from the basketball player's hand..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A silver gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae. The first word of its scientific name is Chroicocephalus.nLarus occidentalis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus occidentalis and Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae are not in the same genus.nCaprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae are not in the same genus.nChroicocephalus ridibundus is in the genus Chroicocephalus. The first word of its scientific name is Chroicocephalus. So, Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae are in the same genus..", - "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two drops of dish soap are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter drop of dish soap has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a spider's leg is 17 millimeters.n17 centimeters and 17 meters are both too long..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nKayla and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Brad is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Nothing but the Best**..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Ariel has actually been told this a million times..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Fifi has two alleles for normal ears (E). So, Fifi's genotype for the ear type gene is EE..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nThe baby fish in the aquarium are tiny specks.nThe words baby fish and specks are compared without the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nThe baby fish in the aquarium are as tiny as specks.nThe words baby fish and specks are compared using the word as..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on the cactus, look at the forces:nAriana is pulling the cactus up with a force of 20 N.nEarth's gravity is pulling the cactus down with a force of 15 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 20 N and 15 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the cactus..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Mom was lost in Morristown she asked someone for directions is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Mom was lost in Morristown and She asked someone for directions..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the brown trout is a consumer because it eats another organism. The brown trout in this food chain eats the midge larva..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: During a chemical reaction, thermal energy is absorbed or released as heat. This transfer of thermal energy changes the temperature of the reaction's surroundings. The surroundings are everything around the reaction, such as the solution that the reaction takes place in or the air nearby.nSome reactions release thermal energy into the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted from chemical energy, which is provided by the molecules in the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.nSome reactions absorb thermal energy from the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted into chemical energy during the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the surroundings and into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases. To determine whether the air around the reaction becomes warmer or colder, look for the text that describes the movement of thermal energy during the reaction.The most common type of cement in the world is Portland cement, named after an area of England that has a lot of limestone. Limestone is made up mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When calcium carbonate is heated, it breaks down into carbon dioxide (CO2) and calcium oxide (CaO), the main ingredient in Portland cement. During this reaction, thermal energy is taken in from the surroundings and converted to chemical energy.The underlined text tells you that thermal energy is taken in from the surroundings. Because thermal energy moves out of the surroundings and into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases.The surroundings include the air around the reaction. So, the air around the reaction becomes colder..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, Serengeti National Park has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..", - "Solution: The Hundred Days Offensive was a turning point in World War I. In war, an offensive is a large attack. After the Hundred Days Offensive, Germany surrendered to the Allied powers. The war was over..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Argema mittrei is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nArgema mittrei is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that comet moth is the common name..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Matt sat", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bird moved 25 miles in 5 hours.nThe other bird moved 15 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mr. Leonard can quit smoking because he is able to stop. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.nMexico is the world's largest avocado producer, one variety is so profitable that Mexican farmers refer to the fruit as oro verde, or green gold.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 23 miles.n23 yards is too short..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest west..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 500 grams.n500 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the military macaw.nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The military macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Alexandrine parakeet has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe western kingbird has a straight, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The western kingbird uses its beak to eat insects..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. This warm blue blanket is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nCotton is made by living things. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, cotton is not a rock.nGranodiorite is a rock.nShale is a rock..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince object is not between the guide words off - onion, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with legislators.nLegislators passed the bill without too much trouble, but it will not become law until the president has given his approval..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMachu Picchu is an ancient city located in Peru. Last year on May 26, Machu Picchu was covered in thick clouds.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the cloud cover over Machu Picchu on May 26. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nIce crystals forming on a window is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air can change directly into ice when it touches a very cold window! A change of state from a gas to a solid is called depositing.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Porter can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Porter can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the linen handkerchief is the smoothest. If you touch linen fabric, it will not feel rough..", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether radon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for radon is Rn. This formula contains one symbol: Rn. So, the formula tells you that radon is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 19 centimeters.n19 millimeters is too short. 19 meters and 19 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Kitkat's observable version of the agouti fur trait is having agouti fur. So, Kitkat's phenotype for the agouti fur trait is having agouti fur..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince foul is between the guide words farm - free, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Bernard investigated whether adding soap to water affects how much water can fit on a penny. So, the pennies with soapy water were part of an experimental group.nThe pennies with pure water did not get soapy water. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A barn owl is an animal. It walks and flies.nA barn owl is a bird. Barn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.nA pine tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nPine tree seeds grow in cones. Trees that grow cones are called conifers..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBrody wants broccoli. Kelly wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince speck is between the guide words sombrero - sway, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 210 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.nThe works of British author Charles Dickens often featured characters struggling to survive in settings such as debtors' prisons and orphanages.nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or poverty-stricken..", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Campbell usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Will change out of her wet pants and shirt is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Harrington is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince repair is between the guide words ranch - ripple, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the map.nNow find the city labeled Rome. Four groups\u2014the Latins, Etruscans, Sabines, and Greeks\u2014are nearby. So this map shows that Rome was located near the territories of several different peoples.nThese choices are not correct:nFind the area labeled Etruscans. Rome is on the very edges of Etruscan territory, not in the middle.nFind the area labeled Latins. Now look at the compass rose. Rome is north of this area.nFind the area labeled Greeks. Rome is far away from this territory..", - "Solution: Fossils are preserved remains of the body parts or activities of ancient organisms.nSome fossils show the body parts of organisms. Bones and shells are two body parts that are commonly preserved in fossils.nSome fossils show traces of an organism's activities. Footprints and burrows are two examples of traces that can be preserved in fossils. A burrow is a hole dug by an animal.nAll fossils are formed in nature. They take thousands of years to form..", - "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to water in this chemical reaction.nLike people on Earth, astronauts living on the International Space Station need oxygen to survive. Since there is no oxygen in space for the astronauts to breathe, they make oxygen using a process called electrolysis. This process uses electricity to break down water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The hydrogen gas can be removed from the space station or recycled, and the oxygen gas is released into the air that the astronauts breathe.nThe underlined text tells you that when water breaks down, oxygen and hydrogen are formed. When water reacts, or goes through a chemical change, its atoms are rearranged to form oxygen and hydrogen. Because water reacts in this chemical reaction, water is a reactant..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the crayons.nThe crayons are made of two different materials. The label is made of paper. The rest of the crayon is made of wax.nCrayons are made by melting the wax and pouring it into special molds..", - "Solution: This country is New Zealand..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Peary Land has long, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The wet paint and the jello are not yellow.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The wet paint and the jello are not scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..", - "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A tiger salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nTiger salamanders often live in underground burrows.nA Steller's sea eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nSea eagles use their sharp beaks to eat fish and other birds.nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves..", - "Solution: Thomas Alva Edison was a famous inventor. An inventor is someone who comes up with new ideas and tools.nThomas Edison came up with many different inventions during his life. Some of them were successful, and some of them were not. A few of them changed the way that people live every day..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nMelting glass is a physical change. But burning a candle is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.", - "Solution: Look back at the map. The labels on the map show the name of each region. The shaded area shows the territory controlled by the Mongol Empire.nThe map shows that the Mongol Empire controlled many parts of Central Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, and Siberia.nThe Mongol Empire did not control South Asia or Southeast Asia..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 35 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase sang in. It describes the wind as if it were a singer..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by emphasizing the quality standards that are part of the brand's identity..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, coach. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 4 liters.n4 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nPre-owned is an indirect way of saying used..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 70\u00b0F glass of orange juice is hotter than the 45\u00b0F glass of orange juice, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nCalcarenite is a rock.nBurlap is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, burlap is not a rock.nChert is a rock..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each speedboat moved for 5 hours. The speedboat that moved 395 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nCould use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Fred gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes, indications that the salsa was indeed too spicy..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 70\u00b0C cup of black tea is hotter than the 50\u00b0C cup of black tea, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: A trait is the way a living thing looks or acts. A habitat is the place where a living thing grows or lives.nAn adaptation is a trait that helps a living thing stay alive in its habitat..", - "Solution: The Eighth Amendment says the government can never use \"cruel and unusual punishments.\" There are no special cases when they are allowed. What makes a punishment \"cruel or unusual\"? The answer is not clear. The Eighth Amendment doesn't talk about specific punishments. Over time, Americans have changed their views on what is cruel and unusual. For example, the government decided in 2005 that it was cruel to put someone to death for a crime he or she committed before the age of 18. Today, Americans continue to question what is cruel and unusual. In the future, some punishments used today may be outlawed. The text of the Eighth Amendment is below. Does it have rules against anything else? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pine is between the guide words perfume - popcorn, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: This country is Kiribati..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The bitter melon plant's observable version of the seed color trait is dark brown seeds. So, the plant's phenotype for the seed color trait is dark brown seeds..", - "Solution: Look at the underlined parts of the table.nAll the words that use the root \"ante\" mean to come before something else. So, the root ante means \"before.\"nAll the words that use the root \"bellum\" mean to fight or cause war.So, the root bellum means \"war.\"nSo, the word \"antebellum\" means \"before the war.\" The antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe red-handed tamarin has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe kiwi has short toes and small wings instead of arms. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The kiwi uses its feet to walk and run..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The marbles are colorful.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The marbles are not soft..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words last and fast rhyme. They both end with the ast sound.nThe word must does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nNina wants broccoli. Estelle wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nWicked starred Kristin Chenoweth and Idina Menzel when it opened on Broadway on October 30, 2003.nIt can be proved by reading a review of Wicked from the day after it first opened.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nBased on a novel by Gregory Maguire, the musical Wicked is the most entertaining show you will find, on or off Broadway.nThe most shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether one can find a more entertaining show..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The grandfather pushes the swing away from himself. So, the swing moves forward. The direction of the push is away from the grandfather's hands..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest south..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Jennifer investigated whether storing bread in dark bins affects mold growth. So, the loaves of bread in bins covered with dark paper were part of an experimental group.nThe loaves of bread in bins with no covering were not stored in dark bins. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..", - "Solution: Ligaments connect bones to one another. They are tough, fibrous tissue that provides stability and flexibility to the joints..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nRon went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statements describe the Peary Land ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has soil that is frozen year-round. It has mostly small plants. The following statement does not describe Peary Land: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters..", - "Solution: This country is Barbados..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The dill pickles, the lime, and the lemon are soft, but the green apple is not.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The green apple and the dill pickles are not rough.nA lemon has a sour taste. All four objects are sour.nThe property that all four objects have in common is sour..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the great white shark.nThe great white shark has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The great white shark uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe barracuda has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.nThe magnificent rabbitfish has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the green silver-line.nThe green silver-line has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe green mantis has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe spiny orb-weaver has a red, white, and black body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the eye color trait is red eyes. So, the fly's phenotype for the eye color trait is red eyes..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince up is between the guide words unit - urgent, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nBlake repeats the words in every at the beginning of each phrase..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is Don't Bring That Up..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The park is in column 3..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a sofa is 7 feet.n7 yards is too long..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.nSalt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a chemical change. The salt and vinegar change the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. This makes the penny look shiny again.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But salt and vinegar removing tarnish from", - "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if hydrogen sulfide is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with H for hydrogen or S for sulfur. So, the model shows you that hydrogen sulfide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen sulfide is a compound..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince wear is between the guide words wave - which, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the blueberry bush we usually eat is the fruit. It contains the seeds..", - "Solution: An animal's skeletal system provides a strong frame for its body. The skeletal system has three main jobs. First, it supports the animal's body. Second, it protects the organs and other soft parts inside the animal's body. Third, it works with the muscular system to help the animal move.nSome animals have an endoskeleton. The word endoskeleton means \"inside skeleton.\" An endoskeleton is inside an animal's body. Many vertebrates have an endoskeleton. A vertebrate's endoskeleton is made up of bones and fibers called tendons and ligaments. Tendons connect muscles to bones, and ligaments connect bones to other bones.nSome animals have an exoskeleton. The word exoskeleton means \"outside skeleton.\" An exoskeleton is made up of tough structures covering the outside of an animal's body. Many invertebrates have an exoskeleton. Stiff fibers attach the animal's muscles to its exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA peregrine falcon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA peregrine falcon is the fastest animal in the world. It can travel up to 200 miles per hour!.", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Heating water in a microwave is a physical change. The temperature of the water goes up, but the water is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: Pollen helps the flower make seeds. After pollination, sperm cells from the pollen can combine with the eggs. These fertilized eggs can grow into seeds.nPollen does not help a plant make flowers or grow roots..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two helium balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter helium balloon has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, sweep. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that a week without rain is evidence that Seattle isn't a rainy city. However, the experience of one week doesn't necessarily reflect longer trends in a place's climate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..", - "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Newman or her assistant.nMrs. Newman informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Newman told her assistant to book a flight to Oakdale immediately..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that drug and alcohol education comes from the school board's desire to control teens' lives. However, the fact that teens are educated about drugs and alcohol doesn't necessarily suggest that the school board wants to control every aspect of their lives. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20\u00b0C glass of apple juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The scarlet rosemallow plant's observable version of the flower color trait is red flowers. So, the plant's phenotype for the flower color trait is red flowers..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Mandy's skirt or the blouse.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.nIf Mandy's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe wood fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the mammal tooth fossil. So, the wood fossil is most likely younger than the mammal tooth fossil..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Macropus agilis are in the same genus.nLacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus.nTrametes versicolor is in the genus Trametes. The first word of its scientific name is Trametes. So, Trametes versicolor and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pliers is between the guide words peaceful - power, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: On the graph, the year is shown on the x-axis. The global energy use per year is shown by the height of each bar.nTo determine which statement is supported by the data, evaluate how global energy use has changed over time.nGlobal energy use increased most years between 1965 and 2015.nOn the graph, most bars are taller than the ones before them. This means energy use increased most years between 1965 and 2015. So, this statement is supported by the data.nHumans used about the same amount of energy each year between 1965 and 2015.nOn the graph, most bars are taller than the ones before them. This means energy use did not stay the same every year. Instead, it increased between 1965 and 2015. So, this statement is not supported by the data..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Gabby wants or needs:nGabby will spend more time making the beef barley soup than she would have spent making the vegetable soup..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nKuwait is a country in the Middle East. A high pressure system remained over Kuwait for most of last week.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the barometric pressure in Kuwait last week. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The rainbow sucker is not salty.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. All three objects are colorful.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The flip-flops and the silk tie are flexible, but the rainbow sucker is not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is colorful..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA porcupine is a mammal. Like other mammals, a porcupine is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest south..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A song should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Don't Wait, Jump In.\".", - "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nAll of the colonies are shaded by region. The Southern Colonies included five colonies:nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or New England..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Rust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But compost", - "Solution: This country is Vanuatu.nDoes Vanuatu have any territorial disputes?nVanuatu claims to own Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed islands. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the islands rightfully belong to them.nFrance has controlled the islands since 1929. But shortly after gaining independence in 1980, Vanuatu claimed to rightfully own the islands. It points to underwater geographic features and legends passed down by its people to argue that it has stronger connections to the islands than France. No one lives on the islands today..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Everything but the Horse**..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince hesitate is not between the guide words hoe - hunger, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Lamar wanted broccoli in his lunch and Colette was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nLamar has tomatoes. Colette has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the almonds or the cashews.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with cashews.nKen separated the almonds from the cashews because of his strong aversion to cashews..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by emphasizing the hospital's established reputation..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each pizza decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each pizza decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each pizza to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nCora wants broccoli. Bridgette wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an ear of corn is 13 ounces.n13 pounds and 13 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Megaptera novaeangliae is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nBrett noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction where Brett was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The second sentence states a fact.nIn the United States, presidents are elected every four years.nIt can be proved by reading a book about the United States government.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nPeople who vote in every election are the best citizens.nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes one citizen better than another one..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLiechtenstein is a small country in Europe with many castles. Liechtenstein has cold, cloudy winters.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Liechtenstein. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Like all living things, plants need food to survive. Plants can make their own food.nHow do plants make food? Plants use a process called photosynthesis to make sugar. They use this sugar as food.nFor photosynthesis, a plant needs water, carbon dioxide, and energy from light. Most plants use energy from sunlight. The plant uses its roots to take in water. It uses its leaves to take in carbon dioxide from the air.nDuring photosynthesis, chlorophyll in the plant's leaves traps energy from sunlight. The plant uses this energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar. It then releases oxygen into the air as a waste product. The plant gets the energy it needs to live from the sugar..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of cough syrup is 8 fluid ounces.n8 cups and 8 gallons are both too much..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Shale is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.nMaterial that is eroded in nature is called sediment. Mud is a type of sediment. Over time, layers of mud can build up in places like lakes and oceans. The top layers press down on the bottom layers, squeezing out water and air. Shale forms when the bottom layers of mud are pressed together to form rock..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter.nCells using oxygen to break down sugar is a chemical change. When sugar is broken down, it forms carbon dioxide and water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A piranha is a living thing.nPiranhas grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Piranhas are made up of many cells.nA brick wall is not a living thing.nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA tractor is not a living thing.nA tractor does not have all the traits of a living thing. Tractors need energy, but they do not eat food. Tractors get energy from diesel or other fuel. They do not grow.nA bathtub is not a living thing.nBathtubs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Ballard or her granddaughter.nWhen Mrs. Ballard saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Ballard was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The cucumber plant's observable version of the fruit texture trait is smooth fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait is smooth fruit..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jeffrey slept poorly. Jeffrey was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water.nA giant moray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!nA red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the green anemone behind the clownfish..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The water pitcher and the marbles are hard, but the silk tie is not.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The water pitcher is not salty.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three marbles have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 76\u00b0F marble is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: This country is the Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a news magazine is 8 ounces.n8 pounds and 8 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 21 kilometers.n21 millimeters, 21 centimeters, and 21 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Garrison is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cement is between the guide words capital - city, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three marbles have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 4\u00b0C marble is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chord is between the guide words careful - cocoa, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.nThe works of British author Charles Dickens often featured characters struggling to survive in settings such as debtors' prisons and orphanages.nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or poverty-stricken..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A van is not a living thing.nA van does not have all the traits of a living thing. Vans need energy, but they do not eat food. They get energy from gasoline or electricity. Vans do not grow.nA maple tree is a living thing.nMaple trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Maple trees are made up of many cells.nMaple trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.nA cave is not a living thing.nA cave may have animals or plants living inside. But a cave does not have all the traits of a living thing. A cave does not need food or water.nA cell phone is not a living thing.nA cell phone does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the piccolo. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the piccolo is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: This country is Samoa..", - "Solution: This country is Dominica..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have Huntington's disease, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the Huntington's disease trait. The question tells you that the h allele, which is for not having Huntington's disease, is recessive to the H allele, which is for having Huntington's disease.nNot having Huntington's disease is the recessive allele's version of the Huntington's disease trait. A human with the recessive version of the Huntington's disease trait must have only recessive alleles for the Huntington's disease gene. So, offspring that do not have Huntington's disease", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe barren-ground caribou has an arrow pointing to it from the lichen. So, the barren-ground caribou is a consumer, not a producer.nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bilberry is a producer..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The potato sack and the velcro are not hard.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bilberry.nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the bear sedge.nThe only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the barren-ground caribou.nThe lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bilberry to the lichen.There are four paths matter can take from the bilberry to the earthworm: bilberry->Arctic fox->earthworm. bilberry->brown lemming->Arctic fox->earthworm. bilberry->brown lemming->snowy owl->earthworm. bilberry->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger->", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nZach shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nZach shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the bark is the scratchiest. If you could touch this tree bark, it would feel rough and itchy..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Picking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Austin is the capital of Texas..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince plum is between the guide words path - polar, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Adele wanted broccoli in her lunch and Billy was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nAdele has tomatoes. Billy has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.nMiguel will lend us money for the tickets if we promise to repay him by the end of the year..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The lemon is not salty.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The lemon is yellow..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Danny or Adam.nIf Danny winds up attending Adam's performance, he will let Susan know.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nDanny will let Susan know if he winds up attending Adam's performance..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 5 pounds.n5 ounces is too light and 5 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are too many bunk beds for sale. There are 20 beds for sale, but only 15 people want to buy one.nSo, there is a surplus of bunk beds. The furniture store will not get any money for the leftover bunk beds..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A pipe cleaner is a solid. You can easily bend a pipe cleaner. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 51,248 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Seattle, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nChoice \"February, March, and October\" is incorrect.nFebruary, March, and October each have an average precipitation of around 3.5 inches.nChoice \"April, May, and November\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation in April and May is less than 3 inches. And, the average precipitation in November is more than 6 inches.nChoice \"June, July, and December\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation in June and July is less than 2 inches. And, the average precipitation in December is more than 5 inches..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C glass of apple juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C glass of grape juice is colder than the 15\u00b0C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Monongahela National Forest has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nMore than eight million people live in New York City.nIt can be proved by looking up how many people live in New York City.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nSeattle is prettier than New York City.nPrettier shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a city pretty..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Echo's observable version of the myotonia congenita trait is not having myotonia congenita. So, Echo's phenotype for the myotonia congenita trait is not having myotonia congenita..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The road, the water slide, and the crayons are hard, but the track suit is not.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The track suit is flexible, but the road and the crayons are not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Independence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses casual language (happy 4 th, the crew) that is more familiar in tone..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three cookies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 29\u00b0C cookie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Biotite has all the properties of a mineral. So, biotite is a mineral..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction since.nSince it takes approximately", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nSilk is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSilk is made by living things. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, silk is not a mineral.nGalena is a mineral.nCalcite is a mineral..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe insect fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the dinosaur footprint fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely younger than the dinosaur footprint fossil..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Steve investigated whether removing carbon dioxide from soda affects how quickly the soda freezes. So, the bottles with lids taken off were part of an experimental group.nCarbon dioxide was not removed from the bottles with lids kept on. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is New York Law Journal..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the rough-legged hawk: bear sedge->brown lemming->parasitic jaeger->rough-legged hawk. There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the Arctic fox: bear sedge->brown lemming->Arctic fox. mushroom. The mushroom has two arrows pointing to it. One arrow starts from the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. The other arrow pointing to the mushroom starts from the grizzly bear. The grizzly bear has two arrows pointing to it. One arrow starts from the bilberry. The bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. The other arrow pointing to the grizzly bear starts from the barren-ground caribou. The only", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. A jack-o'-lantern rotting in the sun is a chemical change. The matter in the jack-o'-lantern breaks down. It turns into a different type of matter that is soft and smells bad..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nSome people find caffeine nauseous, so they avoid coffee, soda, and energy drinks.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe high caffeine content in coffee, soda, and energy drinks can make some people nauseous.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A hummingbird is a bird. Like other birds, a hummingbird is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA bumble bee is an insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAn American crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an American crocodile is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA lion is a mammal. Like other mammals, a lion is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that off-leash dogs would somehow cause an increase in crime in Booneville. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns brown, and the apples become soft.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nWater boiling is a physical change. But baking a pie is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nBaking a pie is a chemical change. But water boiling is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants.nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night.nA Madagascar day gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nMany geckos have special pads on their toes. The pads help them climb up plants and rocks.nA horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 2,245 kilometers.n2,245 millimeters, 2,245 centimeters, and 2,245 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Stephenson is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, point. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 20\u00b0F.n20\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether boron trifluoride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for boron trifluoride is BF3. This formula contains two symbols: B for boron and F for fluorine. So, the formula tells you that", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Photosynthesis is a chemical change. Plants make sugar using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: The Second Amendment says that the American people have the right to own weapons. The text uses the phrase, \"bear arms.\" To bear something is to have or hold it. The authors of the amendment understood \"arms\" to include the type of weapons we now call guns. The complete text of the Second Amendment is below. According to the text, why is it important for Americans to have the right to own weapons? A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed..", - "Solution: The colony is South Carolina..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA bottlenose dolphin is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nDolphins may look like sharks or other fish, but they are mammals! When a baby dolphin is born, it has hair around its jaw. This hair falls out as the dolphin grows.nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words feed and seed rhyme. They both end with the eed sound.nThe word keep does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the Mozambique spitting cobra.nWhen frightened, the Mozambique spitting cobra can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bearded dragon has spiny scales around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe lace monitor has a narrow neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A bullheaded employee has a more negative connotation. Bullheaded and persistent both denote not backing down. However, bullheaded describes a person who is overly stubborn, while persistent describes a person who is determined and tenacious..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 18 centimeters.n18 millimeters is too short. 18 meters and 18 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.nNo arrow points to the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the bilberry..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctica..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 90\u00b0F mug of cocoa is colder than the 95\u00b0F mug of cocoa, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bilberry is a producer, not an omnivore.nThe Arctic fox has an arrow pointing to it from the bilberry, which is a producer. The Arctic fox also has an arrow pointing to it from the collared lemming, which is a consumer. The Arctic fox eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Rainbow quartz is a type of rock. A rock is a solid with a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words pine and dine rhyme. They both end with the ine sound.nThe word cane does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 87\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Cyprinus carpio is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Cyprinus carpio is the scientific name..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to David's or Eric's.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with David's.nDavid and Eric drove together, so this sweatshirt is probably David's..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 30 grams.n30 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Shelley's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: This country is New Zealand..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Oxygen is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nOxygen can be stored in metal tanks. If oxygen leaks out of the tank, the oxygen will expand into the space around the tank..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A human is a mammal. Like other mammals, a human has a backbone.nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the website.nThe website explains how to install the new software and download add-ons..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. From across the room, Uncle Logan's laughter was booming thunder.nThe words laughter and thunder are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 1,000 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is more than 1.08 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is more than 1,000 times that of Earth..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe fern fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the fern fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gently is between the guide words galleon - glorious, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: This country is Vanuatu.nDoes Vanuatu have any territorial disputes?nVanuatu claims to own Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed islands. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the islands rightfully belong to them.nFrance has controlled the islands since 1929. But shortly after gaining independence in 1980, Vanuatu claimed to rightfully own the islands. It points to underwater geographic features and legends passed down by its people to argue that it has stronger connections to the islands than France. No one lives on the islands today..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Salt Lake City, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nJuly and August each have an average precipitation of less than 1 inch. All other months have a higher average precipitation..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Latrell, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Latrell down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Latrell up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Latrell..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Brian sat", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dump is between the guide words dreadful - dye, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nShrank just a bit is an understatement, since the baby is presumably much smaller than Mia..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to fry an egg in a pan is 4 minutes.n4 seconds is too fast..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. A racket hitting a tennis ball is a type of push. The tennis player hits the ball away from his racket. So, the ball flies over the net. The direction of the push is away from the tennis racket..", - "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.nOne type of convergent boundary is an ocean-ocean subduction zone, which forms when two plates with oceanic crust move toward each other. One of the plates subducts, or sinks, below the other.nWhen one of the plates subducts, a deep-sea trench forms at the plate boundary. Some rock in the subducting plate melts into magma and rises toward the surface. The magma cools and hardens to create a string of volcanoes in the ocean called a volcanic island arc. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Japan Trench, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Japan Trench is a deep-sea trench east of the islands of Japan. The trench formed as the Pacific Plate subducted, or sank, below the Okhotsk Plate. The two plates continue to move toward each other. This movement can cause devastating earthquakes in Japan, such as a magnitude 9.0 earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Japan Trench formed as the two plates moved toward each other. So, the Japan Trench formed at a convergent boundary..", - "Solution: Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant.nFertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern.nThe mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again. Mature ferns have spore cases on the underside of their fronds. Spores are released from the spore cases.nHeart-shaped plants produce eggs and sperm, not spores..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the Damara mole rat.nThe Damara mole rat has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing. The large front teeth can help the Damara mole rat break off pieces of food that it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe nutria has large front teeth. Its mouth is adapted for gnawing.nThe aardvark has a long tube-shaped mouth and a few, small teeth. Its mouth is not adapted for gnawing. The aardvark uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. A beautiful desert in the middle of the country is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The south pole of each magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the box that is heavier.nA box holding 42 pounds is heavier than a box holding 39 pounds. So, the box holding 42 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Apple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space.nThe air inside a beach ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the beach ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.nChocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour chocolate syrup into a container, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space.nThread is a solid that can be bent or tangled. But it still has a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 20 ounces.n20 pounds and 20 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: Smuggling means shipping goods into or out of a place secretly or illegally.nWhy did the colonists smuggle?nSmuggling was a way for the colonists to trade with anyone they wanted. British laws often said the colonies could only trade with Great Britain or British colonies. Smugglers ignored these laws and traded with other countries anyway.nSmuggling was also a way for colonial merchants to avoid paying taxes. If the British tax collectors did not know a product was coming into the colonies, they had no way to tax it..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.nSophia took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer..", - "Solution: Aiden wanted broccoli in his lunch and Jeffrey was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nAiden has tomatoes. Jeffrey has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Scrooge is literature.nThe novella A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, tells the story of the penny-pinching and bitter Ebenezer Scrooge, who values money more than people.nThe allusion Scrooge means a person who isn't generous..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words thank and yank rhyme. They both end with the ank sound.nThe word drink does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest north..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The fast-food restaurant is in row C..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe crocodile egg fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the crocodile egg fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Grandma Bella and Grandpa Fred kiss the children before bed is a complete sentence. The subject is Grandma Bella and Grandpa Fred, and the verb is kiss..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince softly is between the guide words seventh - sting, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Austin's snoring..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms. Balls that are different colors represent atoms of different elements. The element that each color represents is shown in the legend.nEvery element has its own abbreviation, called its atomic symbol. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a substance contains the atomic symbol for each element in the substance. Many chemical formulas also contain subscripts. A subscript is small text placed lower than the normal line of text. Each subscript in a chemical formula is placed after the symbol for an element and tells you how many atoms of that element that symbol represents. If there is no subscript after a symbol, that symbol represents one atom.nSo, the chemical formula for a substance tells you which elements make up that substance. It also tells you the ratio of the atoms of those elements in the substance. For example, the chemical formula below tells you that there are three chlorine atoms for every one boron atom in the substance. This chemical formula represents the same substance as the ball-and-stick model shown above. H is the symbol for hydrogen. According to the legend, hydrogen atoms are shown in light gray. O is the symbol for oxygen. According to the legend, oxygen atoms are shown in red. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up when The Phantom of the Opera became the longest running show on Broadway.nThe Phantom of the Opera became the longest running show in Broadway history on January 9, 2006.nThe first sentence states an opinion. The perfect mix indicates a personal judgment.nThe Phantom of the Opera has the perfect mix of singing, acting, and dancing..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 515 milliliters.n515 liters is too much..", - "Solution: Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction.nFlowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil.nBoth the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm.nPollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again. Anthers make pollen. When a pollinator brushes against the anthers, pollen might stick to the pollinator.nA pollinator may drop pollen on the pistil. This is called pollination. But a pollinator does not pick up pollen from the pistil..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Lam's snoring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 16\u00b0F.n16\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Nothing but the Truth**..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Gary's or Dave's.nWhen Gary tackled Dave during the football game, his arm was injured.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nGary's arm was injured when he tackled Dave during the football game..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest north..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 3 gallons.n3 fluid ounces and 3 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. The water in a bathtub is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you move the water from a bathtub into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Marie's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Marie's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince precious is between the guide words paper - push, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Gavin wants or needs:nGavin will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Vincent and the Grenadines..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A magazine should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Open Road for Boys**..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. My dog, Scooter, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.nThe words Scooter and security guard are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince thrifty is between the guide words tea - touch, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bighorn sheep's scientific name is Ovis canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis.nCastor canadensis and Ovis canadensis are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Castor canadensis and Ovis canadensis have the same species name within their genus, canadensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Castor canadensis is in the genus Castor, and Ovis canadensis is in the genus Ovis.nStrix nebulosa is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix nebulosa and Ovis canadensis are not in the same genus.nOvis aries is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis aries and Ovis canadensis are in the same genus..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statements describe the Biaowiea Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has only a few types of trees. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters. The following statement does not describe the Biaowiea Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has a small amount of rain or snow..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nRoundworms have the following traits:nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA trichina worm has the following traits:nA trichina worm has the traits of a roundworm. A trichina worm is a roundworm.nA birdwing butterfly has the following traits:nIt has six legs.nIt has an exoskeleton.nIt has one pair of antennae.nA birdwing butterfly does not have all of the traits of a roundworm. A birdwing butterfly is an insect..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Dave is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Dave might be voting for a third party\u2014or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Dominican Republic has lush, green forests and beautiful beaches. Temperatures in the Dominican Republic are usually between 70\u00b0F and 90\u00b0F throughout the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in the Dominican Republic. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. The Sun is pulling on Earth. So, Newton's third law tells you that Earth is pulling on the Sun..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. McKee is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that bearberry plants use energy from sunlight to make food. This is evidence that the bearberry plant is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the polar bear is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the sugar glider.nThe sugar glider can spread its patagium like a wing. This helps it glide through the air from the higher branches of one tree to the lower branches of another tree.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Malayan colugo has a patagium stretched between its arms and legs. Its limbs are adapted for gliding.nThe Sumatran orangutan has long limbs but no patagium. Its limbs are not adapted for gliding. The Sumatran orangutan uses its limbs to climb trees..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nThe barber and his brother opened their shop in Harlem more than thirty years ago..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is North America..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince birch is between the guide words banjo - block, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince yelp is between the guide words yarn - yonder, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Gran Sabana has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, roast. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A macaw is a bird. Like other birds, a macaw is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA rock lobster is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a rock lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nLike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest west..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 13 seconds.n13 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day!nA white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have thorns, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the thorns trait. The question tells you that the R allele, which is for having thorns, is dominant over the r allele, which is for not having thorns.nHaving thorns is the dominant allele's version of the thorns trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the thorns trait must have at least one dominant allele for the thorns gene. So, offspring that have thorns must have the genotype RR or Rr.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nA potato is a kind of stem, not a root.nIt can be proved by looking up information about potatoes.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nBaked potatoes with butter are delicious.nDelicious shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how baked potatoes taste..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that a single polite British person indicates that all British people are nice. However, this isn't necessarily true. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..", - "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince drill is between the guide words decision - during, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince peril is between the guide words paper - porch, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour caramel sauce into a container, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space.nA stone statue is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Stone statues are made of one or more pieces of rock. Each piece of rock has a size and shape of its own.nAn umbrella is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you open an umbrella, it still has a size and shape of its own.nA baseball cap is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put a baseball cap on your head, the baseball cap will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, dust. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Sonoran Desert has a small amount of rain. It also has dry, thin soil..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that you don't want your grandmother to have a dog, because you want her to be lonely. However, the fact that you don't want her to have a dog doesn't necessarily suggest that you want her to be lonely. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA lemon has a sour taste. The wet ice cube is not sour.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The marbles are shiny, but the horseshoe is not.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are hard.nThe property that all four objects have in common is hard..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince toil is between the guide words tax - trot, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jake must be an irresponsible dog owner, because his friend was an irresponsible dog owner. However, even though Jake's friend was irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jake is also irresponsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Neptune.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 6.83 x 1013 km3, which is less than 6.25 x 1014 km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion snake oil salesman is U.S. history.nThousands of Chinese laborers immigrated to the United States in the 1800 s. Many of them brought traditional medicines, including snake oil made from the Chinese water snake. In time, some people made fake versions of the remedy, and when the fakes were eventually exposed as ineffective, the salesmen gained a poor reputation.nThe allusion snake oil salesman means a person making false promises..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKinsley wants broccoli. Cole wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space.nA pair of scissors is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you use a pair of scissors to cut paper, the pair of scissors still has a size and shape of its own.nThe water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.nGrape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Samuel wants or needs:nSamuel will give up the chance to go to South Carolina. He would have enjoyed a trip to South Carolina more than California..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Polytrichum commune is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It notes that the brand is trusted by hospitals..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Stacy wants or needs:nStacy will spend more time walking to the meerkats. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the monkeys are close by..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, manages. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Candice started sledding. As Candice rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Candice rode down the hill..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an apple seed is 5 millimeters.n5 centimeters, 5 meters, and 5 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince casket is not between the guide words clatter - comic, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.)..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Ms. Stafford thinks algebra is useless because she would let students take statistics instead. However, Ms. Stafford only claimed that students should be allowed to take statistics instead of algebra. She did not suggest that algebra is a useless subject. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Saturn.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is less than 8.27 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than ten times as large as Saturn's volume..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Galeocerdo cuvier is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Galeocerdo cuvier is the scientific name..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA mandarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nMandarinfish often live near coral reefs. They eat small worms, snails, and fish eggs.nA fire salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFire salamanders can release poison from their skin. This poison helps protect them from predators.nA Canadian lynx is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nCanadian lynx have padded feet to help them walk on snow..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Magma is a liquid. A liquid can change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space.nMagma is melted rock. Rock is usually a solid. But when it gets hot enough, it can melt! Unlike solid rock, magma can change shape easily and flow..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A cocoi heron's scientific name is Ardea cocoi. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Ardea cocoi are in the same genus.nStrix uralensis is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix uralensis and Ardea cocoi are not in the same genus.nPelecanus occidentalis is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus occidentalis and Ardea cocoi are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Story of Man..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the common nighthawk.nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common nighthawk uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe black-capped chickadee has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The military macaw uses its beak to crack open large, hard nuts..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nThe Costa Rican hairy caterpillar wards off predators with its poisonous spines..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. My dog, Rusty, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.nThe words Rusty and security guard are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Getting a haircut is a physical change. Your hair is shorter after a haircut. But it is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne gray whale moved 50 miles in 10 hours.nThe other gray whale moved 20 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 50 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nNative gold is a mineral.nMuscovite is a mineral.nA sunflower seed is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nA sunflower seed is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, a sunflower seed is not a mineral", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Danio rerio is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Both objects are bendable.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The trampoline is not yellow.nThe property that both objects have in common is bendable..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. Both objects are salty.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. Neither of the objects are shiny.nThe property that both objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Eddie or Tom.nAfter Eddie talked with Tom about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nTom felt better about collaborating on the research project after Eddie talked with him about it..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Josiah wants or needs:nJosiah will give up the chance to see the emus. He would have enjoyed seeing them more than the crocodiles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 32 minutes.n32 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Riyadh, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"June, July, and August are colder than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in June, July, and August are around 35\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are hotter, not colder, than the other months.nChoice \"Each month of the year has about the same monthly temperature.\" is incorrect.nSome months of the year have much higher temperatures than others. So, each month does not have the same temperature.nChoice \"June, July, and August are hotter than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in June, July, and August are around 35\u00b0C. These months have the highest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are hotter than the other months..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night.nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a gray body or a black body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body color trait. The question tells you that the B allele, which is for a gray body, is dominant over the b allele, which is for a black body.nA gray body is the dominant allele's version of the body color trait. A fruit fly with the dominant version of the body color trait must have at least one dominant allele for the body color gene. So, offspring with a gray body must have the genotype BB or Bb.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype BB or Bb.nA black body", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound rubidium bromide.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether potassium chloride is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that potassium chloride is composed of chlorine atoms and potassium atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that potassium chloride is composed of two chemical elements: chlorine and potassium. Since potassium chloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium chloride is a compound..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Ronald felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..", - "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is U.S. history.nBenedict Arnold was an American officer who secretly aided the British during the American Revolution.nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a traitor..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The theater is in column 3..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 22\u00b0C rock is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Cincinnati, look at the graph.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nThe only months with an average temperature above 70\u00b0F are June, July, and August..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to make a sandwich is 4 minutes.n4 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the deer mouse is a secondary consumer because it eats a primary consumer. The primary consumer in this food chain is the katydid..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the bottlenose dolphin.nThe bottlenose dolphin uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe humpback whale has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe chital has long, thin legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The chital uses its limbs to walk and run on land..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three gold bars have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 136\u00b0C gold bar is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. California is farthest west..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The fries are flexible, but the cracker is not.nPotato chips have a salty taste. All three objects are salty.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The fries are yellow, but the pretzel is not.nThe property that all three objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with climbing growth or bush growth, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. The question tells you that the G allele, which is for climbing growth, is dominant over the g allele, which is for bush growth.nClimbing growth is the dominant allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the growth pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with climbing growth must have the genotype GG or Gg.nThere are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype GG or Gg. These boxes are highlighted below.nBush growth is the", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nMabel noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.nThis passage tells you about the wind direction where Mabel was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Andrew wants or needs:nAndrew will give up the chance to eat the peach cobbler. Andrew thinks peach cobbler would have tasted better than sunflower seeds will..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A manta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA red-tailed hawk is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects South America. It does not intersect Australia or Antarctica..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each blue jay moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne blue jay moved 180 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other blue jay moved 190 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each blue jay spent the same amount of time moving. The blue jay that moved 180 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that blue jay must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince dawn is not between the guide words deliver - district, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince needle is between the guide words nation - nobody, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Cooper was upset about staying home. Cooper was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion behemoth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, a behemoth is a beast of considerable size and strength.nThe allusion behemoth means something gigantic..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince disease is between the guide words desert - dodge, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Rebecca wants or needs:nRebecca will spend more money. Plane tickets for Rebecca to get to Florida are more expensive than tickets to Michigan..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It notes that the brand has been trusted and highly respected (the best in its class) for many years..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp.nThe only arrow pointing to the black rockfish starts from the zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the black rockfish.nThere are two arrows pointing to the plainfin midshipman. These start from the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the plainfin midshipman.nNo arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the phytoplankton.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the kelp", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for cyclopropane contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, cyclopropane is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, cyclo", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two metal paper clips are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the metal paper clip with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A western gull's scientific name is Larus occidentalis. The first word of its scientific name is Larus.nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Larus occidentalis are not in the same genus.nPolysticta stelleri is in the genus Polysticta. The first word of its scientific name is Polysticta. So, Polysticta stelleri and Larus occidentalis are not in the same genus.nLarus michahellis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus michahellis and Larus occidentalis are in the same genus..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nMalia and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.nA friend who weighs 32 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 31 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Ruben needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 32 pounds..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words real and meal rhyme. They both end with the eal sound.nThe word wed does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Diesel is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour diesel into a different container, the diesel will take the shape of that container..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The jello is flexible, but the marbles are not.nA lemon has a sour taste. The jello and the ocean water are not sour.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All four objects are translucent.nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a stick in half is a physical change. The stick gets broken into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original stick.nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The rock and the log are not soft.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. None of the objects are stretchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..", - "Solution: Highway doesn't belong.nPort, dock, and harbor all name places to park boats..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Canadian lynx is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nCanadian lynx have padded feet to help them walk on snow.nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.nAn albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAlbatrosses live near the ocean. They hunt squid, fish, and other small animals..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKiara wants broccoli. Bernie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 9 kilograms.n9 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 0\u00b0C and 10\u00b0C.n2\u00b0C is within this range.n-2\u00b0C and 17\u00b0C are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair can be naturally straight or naturally curly. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor Tanvi felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Tanvi had varied feelings. A roller coaster has a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Tanvi's feelings..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with city officials.nThe neighborhood association wants city officials to provide more affordable housing..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 135 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction.nFlowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil.nBoth the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm.nPollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again. The male part of the flower makes pollen. The anthers, which are part of the stamen, produce pollen.nThe female part of the flower makes eggs, not pollen..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to drain all of the water in a full bathtub is 50 seconds.n50 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The inflatable castle is not scratchy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The inflatable castle is bouncy..", - "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWax melting is caused by heating. But dust settling out of the air is not.", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: At the Battle of Bunker Hill, the British were trying to capture the hills of Charlestown. The orange arrows on the map show where the British attacked the hills. The Patriots were trying to defend the hills from the British.nThe other choices are not correct:nThe map shows that the defenses on Breed's Hill belonged to the Patriots, not the British.nThe orange arrows on the map show the British attacking the hills in Charlestown, not escaping them..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the queen scallop.nThe queen scallop has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The hard shell makes it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the queen scallop.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe marsh terrapin has a hard outer shell. Its body is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe ring-necked pheasant has soft feathers covering its skin. Its body is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Cracks forming in concrete due to changes in temperature is a physical change. The concrete looks different, but it is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. He won't get lost, I will give him directions is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: He won't get lost and I will give him directions..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Candice's claim that the Loch Ness Monster isn't real is not valid because she's not Scottish. This is a personal attack on Candice's background that isn't relevant to whether her claim is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mess is between the guide words make - moment, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest west..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to cook a turkey in the oven is 6 hours.n6 minutes is too fast..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two meatballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the meatball with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A red-tailed hawk is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nRed-tailed hawks use their sharp beaks to hunt small mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles.nA goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGoldfish are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Oliver has two alleles for not having agouti fur (a). So, Oliver's genotype for the agouti fur gene is aa..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. Both objects are slippery.nA lemon has a sour taste. The wet ice cube is not sour.nThe property that both objects have in common is slippery..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a dwarf body or a normal-sized body, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body size trait. The question tells you that the B allele, which is for a normal-sized body, is dominant over the b allele, which is for a dwarf body.nA dwarf body is the recessive allele's version of the body size trait. A rat with the recessive version of the body size trait must have only recessive alleles for the body size gene. So, offspring with a dwarf body must have the genotype bb.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotyp", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince be is between the guide words bacteria - brag, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nAll of the colonies are shaded by region. The Southern Colonies included five colonies:nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or New England..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A skunk is a mammal. Like other mammals, a skunk has a backbone.nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Living things are made up of four main groups of carbon-based molecules called organic compounds. One of these groups is carbohydrates. The other three groups are lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.nAll carbohydrates are made up of the same three chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. But carbohydrate molecules can come in different forms. The smallest carbohydrates are called simple sugars. Simple sugars can be linked together in long chains to make larger carbohydrates, called complex carbohydrates.nCarbohydrates can also have different functions. An important function of carbohydrates is to provide the primary source of energy for cells. Cells can quickly break down many types of carbohydrates to release energy, so these carbohydrates provide energy for cells' immediate use. Carbohydrates can also form cell structures. One complex carbohydrate, called cellulose, forms the cell walls in plant cells. Cellulose helps to give plants structure and make them strong..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that if you're not a vegetarian, it must be because you despise animals. However, there may be a number of reasons why you eat meat. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A teddy bear is not a living thing.nTeddy bears do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA book is not a living thing.nBooks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nMount Rushmore National Memorial is not a living thing.nThe Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture of four American presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. The sculpture does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.nA snowy owl is a living thing.nSnowy owls grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Snowy owls are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest west..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase refuses to behave. It describes my hair as if it were a disobedient person..", - "Solution: This country is Vanuatu.nDoes Vanuatu have any territorial disputes?nVanuatu claims to own Matthew and Hunter Islands, which are disputed islands. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the islands rightfully belong to them.nFrance has controlled the islands since 1929. But shortly after gaining independence in 1980, Vanuatu claimed to rightfully own the islands. It points to underwater geographic features and legends passed down by its people to argue that it has stronger connections to the islands than France. No one lives on the islands today..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A slide is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA slide has a size and shape of its own, even when you sit on it..", - "Solution: Brenna wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ivan was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nBrenna has tomatoes. Ivan has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Jaylen that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Jaylen..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince thorough is between the guide words tailor - timber, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHavana is the capital of Cuba. The winds in Havana blow from the east most days of the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Havana. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Chelonoidis nigra is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Leopardus wiedii is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot cocoa is 65\u00b0C.n65\u00b0F is too cold..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n5 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n11 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by referencing endorsements from trusted professionals..", - "Solution: A fox is red-brown.nA fox has a big, bushy tail.nA fox looks like a small dog..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the mail truck that is heavier.nA mail truck carrying 450 pounds of mail is heavier than a mail truck carrying 200 pounds of mail. So, the mail truck carrying 450 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other mail truck..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 670 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nThe red wolf of the southeastern United States became extinct in the wild in 1980. After scientists created a breeding program with a few red wolves in captivity.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nThe red wolf of the southeastern United States became extinct in the wild in 1980. After scientists created a breeding program with a few red wolves in captivity, the wolves were reintroduced to the wild..", - "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a glass of milk is 1 cup.n1 fluid ounce is too little and 1 gallon is too much..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The gas station is in row C..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A sand cat's scientific name is Felis margarita.nFelis margarita has the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, these organisms are in the same species.nNeofelis nebulosa does not have the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, Felis margarita and Neofelis nebulosa are not in the same species.nLynx canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, Felis margarita and Lynx canadensis are not in the same species..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Thistle's observable version of the fleece type trait is a hairy fleece. So, Thistle's phenotype for the fleece type trait is a hairy fleece..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. North Carolina is farthest east..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the icicle is harder. If you squeeze an icicle, it will not change shape, unless it starts to melt!.", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Sword of Damocles is ancient legend.nAccording to legend, when Damocles wished his life were as full of luxuries as that of the tyrant Dionysis, Dionysis invited Damocles to a sumptuous banquet. Above Damocles' seat at the feast, Dionysis had placed a sword, suspended only by a thin hair, demonstrating the fragile nature of fortune.nThe allusion Sword of Damocles means a reminder that one is vulnerable..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile as cold as ice suggests that the song is about someone who doesn't care. Someone who is as cold as ice is numb and doesn't have warm feelings..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 650 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: This country is the Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kenneth wants or needs:nKenneth will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.nA green iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.nA whale shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nWhale sharks are the largest fish in the world! Adult whale sharks can weigh over 21 tons\u2014as much as seven elephants!nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince disaster is between the guide words deserve - durable, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion doublethink is literature.nGeorge Orwell's novel 1984 uses the term doublethink to describe simultaneously believing two opposite ideas, such as \"War is peace.\"nThe allusion doublethink means a contradictory belief..", - "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nEach vase and bowl in Samantha's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Samantha is a distinctive artist, but might not be one of a kind. It may be helpful to remember that if unique is modified by an adverb\u2014as in most unique, very unique, or quite unique\u2014it is probably being used nontraditionally.nSamantha's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Hillsdale Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince check is between the guide words cattle - code, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in New Orleans, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"The wettest months of the year are June, July, and August.\" is incorrect.nOn average, more precipitation falls during June, July, and August than during other months of the year. So, June, July, and August are the wettest months.nChoice \"February is wetter than June.\" is incorrect.nFebruary has a lower average precipitation than June. So, February is drier, not wetter, than June.nChoice \"October is the wettest month.\" is incorrect.nEvery other month has a higher average precipitation than October. So, October is the driest, not the wettest, month..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Ted or Brad.nTed waved goodbye to Brad as his train pulled out of the station.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nAs Brad's train pulled out of the station, Ted waved goodbye to him..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Grevy's zebra's scientific name is Equus grevyi.nCervus canadensis does not have the same scientific name as a Grevy's zebra. So, Equus grevyi and Cervus canadensis are not in the same species.nMacropus rufus does not have the same scientific name as a Grevy's zebra. So, Equus grevyi and Macropus rufus are not in the same species.nEquus grevyi has the same scientific name as a Grevy's zebra. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Crocodylus acutus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Crocodylus acutus is the scientific name..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.nChemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight is a chemical change. When the flashlight is turned on, the chemicals in the battery react with each other to form new chemicals. This creates electricity, which powers the lightbulb", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A pair of dice is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you roll a pair of dice, the dice have a shape of their own. They are still cubes when they stop rolling.nThe air inside a raft is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air in a raft expands to fill all the space inside the raft. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the raft.nA bat bone is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A bat bone has its own shape inside the bat.nThe water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, the Belize Barrier Reef has bright sunlight. It also has shallow water..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Becky is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: The map uses blue to show liquid water in rivers, lakes, and oceans. It uses white to show water that is frozen in glaciers.nThe map shows only water that is on the surface of Earth. It does not show water that is underground or in clouds. Other maps might use different colors to show water that is underground or in clouds..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Conway's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a drum is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a drum something you can touch? Yes.nIs a drum a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a drum is a good..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.nA griffon vulture is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nVultures do not usually hunt live animals. They eat animals that are already dead! This behavior is called scavenging..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that because a show is widely watched it is also trustworthy. However, a show's popularity does not necessarily indicate its trustworthiness. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 160 milliliters.n160 liters is too much..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. An emerald tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nTree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!nA tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.nAn African bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA whale shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nWhale sharks are the largest fish in the world! Adult whale sharks can weigh over 21 tons\u2014as much as seven elephants!.", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Jim's or the waiter's.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Jim's.nJim accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Jim's shirt..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great gray owl's scientific name is Strix nebulosa.nGoura scheepmakeri does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Goura scheepmakeri are not in the same species.nStrix nebulosa has the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a great gray owl. So, Strix nebulosa and Goura victoria are not in the same species..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that running shoes aren't good for your feet because our ancient ancestors did not wear running shoes. However, running shoes are not necessarily bad for your feet just because our ancient ancestors did not naturally have them in the past. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the parasol fungus.nThere are two arrows pointing from the gray fox to other organisms. One arrow points to the bobcat. The only arrow pointing from the bobcat leads to the bolete fungus. The other arrow pointing from the gray fox leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the gray fox to the parasol fungus.nThe only arrow pointing from the black racer leads to the bolete fungus. No arrows point from the bolete fungus to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the black racer to the parasol fungus.There is one path matter can take from the black bear to the parasol fungus: black bear->parasol fungus. There are two paths matter can take from the swallowtail caterpillar to the parasol fungus: swallowtail caterpillar->pin", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMaking paper from wood is a chemical change. Paper is made by mixing tiny pieces of wood with special chemicals. The wood reacts with the chemicals to form pulp. Wood and pulp are different types of matter.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince antenna is between the guide words alphabet - area, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation leather is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nJoey lives in a city where the wind often blows from the south throughout the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Joey lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Words are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.ndesk: short enkit / ten: short i / short enAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.ngo: long onhe / ro: long e / long onSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.nsky: long inba / by: long a / long e The word we ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our cabin has bunk beds for the kids is a complete sentence. The subject is our cabin, and the verb is has..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Pleopeltis polypodioides is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Neptune.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 6.83 x 1013 km3, which is less than 6.25 x 1014 km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than ten times the volume of Neptune..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that humans must eat meat because their teeth are naturally suited to eating it. However, a behavior isn't necessarily required simply because it's in our nature. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Mississippi River is 3,700 kilometers.n3,700 millimeters, 3,700 centimeters, and 3,700 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Sophia or Anna.nSophia asked Anna to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nBecause Anna has a gluten allergy, Sophia asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting..", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Europe, the continent it lives on.nThe word europaeus refers to Europe. So, the European hedgehog's scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A coin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Many coins are made of solid metal.nA crayon is a solid. You can break a crayon into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.nDish soap is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour dish soap out of a bottle, the dish soap will change shape. But the dish soap will still take up the same amount of space.nA slide is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A slide has a size and shape of its own, even when you sit on it..", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDarnel wants broccoli. Neil wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nO happy dagger is a direct address to the dagger, a nonhuman entity..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest west..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A chair is not a living thing.nChairs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA jump rope is not a living thing.nJump ropes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nLettuce is a living thing.nLettuce grows and responds to its environment. It needs food and water. It is made up of many cells.nLettuce is usually grown on a farm. But lettuce can also be grown indoors under special lights.nA kite is not a living thing.nA kite does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves fast in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nIn June, Erin and Preston will graduate with honors from Burlington High School..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nRaymond shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nRaymond shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American kestrel's scientific name is Falco sparverius. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.nArdea cinerea is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea cinerea and Falco sparverius are not in the same genus.nArdea herodias is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea herodias and Falco sparverius are not in the same genus.nFalco tinnunculus is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco tinnunculus and Falco sparverius are in the same genus..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Martha's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 280 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole for an eternity suggests that you have to wait in line for a very long time at the passport office. You do not literally have to wait in line for an infinite amount of time..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Emma is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe black crappie has arrows pointing to it from the water flea and the rotifer. The water flea are the rotifer are both primary consumers, so the black crappie is a secondary consumer.nThe copepod has an arrow pointing to it from the rotifer. The rotifer is a primary consumer, so the copepod is a secondary consumer.nThe golden algae does not have any arrows pointing to it, so it is not a secondary consumer.nThe green algae does not have any arrows pointing to it, so it is not a secondary consumer..", - "Solution: Fossils are preserved remains of the body parts or activities of ancient organisms.nSome fossils show the body parts of organisms. Bones and shells are two examples of body parts that can be preserved in fossils.nSome fossils show traces of an organism's activities. An animal might leave footprints in mud or dig a burrow in soil. These traces might be preserved as fossils.nFossils are not human-made. All fossils are formed in nature.nFossils take a long time to form. For example, an organism's body can take thousands of years to become a fossil..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the fantastic leaf-tailed gecko.nThe fantastic leaf-tailed gecko has reddish-brown skin and a leaf-shaped tail. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Surinam horned frog has orange-and-brown skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The rain boots and the flower petals are not scratchy.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. All three objects are yellow.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The rain boots and the flower petals are not rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is yellow..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Nate's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Nate's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nMegan made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Megan may have been looking for an unusual name, but if she found it on a baby name website, it is not actually one of a kind.nMegan wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the three-toed sloth.nThe three-toed sloth uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe chimpanzee has long, powerful limbs. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.nThe California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim underwater..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Jupiter has two alleles for a black coat (a). So, Jupiter's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 48 liters.n48 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that a single typo indicates that a book is terrible. However, one typo does not necessarily reflect the quality of the rest of the book. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nThe Statue of Liberty is made of copper.nIt can be proved by reading about famous monuments in the United States.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nThe Statue of Liberty is easy to recognize.nEasy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes something easy to recognize..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Garrett literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Garrett's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Garrett's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.n5\u00b0C.n-7\u00b0C is within this range.n0\u00b0C and 2\u00b0C are outside of this range..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Spencer is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Spencer..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is North America..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nRonald was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Ronald, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Ronald..", - "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student pushes the key. The direction of the push is away from her finger..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.nSandeep was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Sandeep, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Sandeep..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.nFiring a clay pot in a hot kiln is a chemical change. High temperatures cause the clay to slowly harden. After several hours in the kiln, the clay will have changed into a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nFiring", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The binder is hard, but the soccer shorts are not.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is blue..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. Of these planets, Earth has the volume with the largest exponent. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: This country is Jamaica..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Victoria amazonica is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nChad is a country in northern Africa. Summers in Chad are hot.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Chad. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Material that is carried by wind, water, or ice is called sediment. Sediment may be deposited, or laid down, in places such as deserts and the ocean floor. Different types of sediment are deposited in different environments. For example, sand may be deposited in a desert, and mud may be deposited at the bottom of the ocean.nThe environment of an area can change over thousands of years. When the environment changes, the type of sediment that is deposited also changes. Over a long period of time, different layers of sediment can build up in the same area. These layers preserve a record of the environments that existed in that area in the past.nAs many layers of sediment build up, they can be pressed together to form layers of sedimentary rock. A series of rock layers is called a rock sequence. You can observe the layers of a rock sequence to learn more about how an area's environment changed over time. The environment in the area changed over time. Use the pictures to figure out the type of sediment deposited in each environment.nLater, the area became a desert. A layer of sand was deposited by wind..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince struck is between the guide words splash - sure, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nOur boots were as muddy as a pig's hooves.nThe words boots and pig's hooves are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nOur boots were muddy pig's hooves.nThe words boots and pig's hooves are compared without the word like or as..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a Venn diagram, each circle shows information that is true for a particular topic. In any area where circles overlap, the information is true for all of the overlapping topics. This Venn diagram compares two famous Renaissance artists.nThe detail known for sculpting appears in the Michelangelo circle but not in the Leonardo da Vinci circle. This tells you that only Michelangelo is known for his sculpting..", - "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nSunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the diatom is a producer because it makes its own food. The diatom uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make its own food..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Snyder is an owl, working at night and sleeping during the day.nThe words Mrs. Snyder and owl are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest east..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf-mimic grasshopper.nThe leaf-mimic grasshopper has a reddish-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Surinam horned frog has orange-and-brown skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Leo s", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Canis lupus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Canis lupus is the scientific name..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is My Fair Lady..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bowhead whale moved 25 miles in 5 hours.nThe other bowhead whale moved 20 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Buck has two alleles for white spots (a). So, Buck's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa..", - "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.)..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Zack swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.nThe words Zack and dolphin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Rhode Island is farthest north..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sandbox is 3 meters.n3 millimeters and 3 centimeters are too short. 3 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients.nChoice 1 is a taiga ecosystem. It has many evergreen trees. It also has long, cold winters and short, cool summers.nChoice 2 is a tropical rain forest ecosystem. It has year-round rain and soil that is poor in nutrients.nChoice 3 is a savanna grassland ecosystem. It is covered in grasses and has a dry season and a wet season..", - "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. A sugar glider is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSugar gliders can jump long distances from tree to tree. They have flaps of loose skin on their sides. These flaps help them stay in the air.nA horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast..", - "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Asia or South America..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether chloroform is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of chloroform is composed of one hydrogen atom, one carbon atom, and three chlorine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that chloroform is composed of three chemical elements: hydrogen, carbon, and chlorine. Since chloroform is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, chloroform is a compound..", - "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nVenice Beach lies along the western edge of Los Angeles.nIt can be proved by checking a map of Los Angeles.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nVenice Beach is too crowded in the summer.nToo crowded shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how crowded is too crowded..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA lemon has a sour taste. The butter is not sour.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: This country is Fiji..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nIt is easier to forgive an enemy than to forgive a friend at first appears to be contradictory, as it should be difficult to forgive someone whom you oppose. However, there is some truth to it: it is more hurtful when your friend does something to wrong you than when your enemy does, making it harder", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Stanley living with his parents means that millennials in general are lazy. However, one millennial's behavior does not necessarily reflect the behavior of the entire generation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Omnivores are consumers that eat both producers and other consumers. So, an omnivore has arrows pointing to it from at least one producer and at least one consumer.nThe phytoplankton does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the phytoplankton is not an omnivore.nThe plainfin midshipman has an arrow pointing to it from the phytoplankton, which is a producer. The plainfin midshipman also has an arrow pointing to it from the zooplankton, which is a consumer. The plainfin midshipman eats a producer and a consumer, so it is an omnivore.nThe kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is not an omnivore.nThe kelp bass has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp, which is a producer. The kelp bass also has arrows pointing to it from the zooplankton, the plainfin midshipman, and the black rockfish, which are consumers. The kelp bass", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Sticky is a property. A sticky material easily attaches to other things.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glue is the stickiest. If you touch wet glue, it will stick to you..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that an increase in the global average temperature causes less piracy. However, that's not necessarily true. The fact that piracy decreased as global average temperature increased does not mean that hotter weather reduces piracy. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether sulfur dioxide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of sulfur dioxide is composed of two oxygen atoms and one sulfur atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that sulfur dioxide is composed of two chemical elements: oxygen and sulfur. Since sulfur dioxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, sulfur dioxide is a compound..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest north..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Birdie has one allele for white legs (L) and one allele for yellow legs (l). So, Birdie's genotype for the leg color gene is Ll..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words turn and burn rhyme. They both end with the urn sound.nThe word barn does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nPorter repeats the words give praise at the beginning of each clause..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince whom is between the guide words we - wink, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A boa is a living thing.nBoas grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.nA rainboot is not a living thing.nRainboots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect Asia or South America..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince chore is between the guide words car - coupon, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nJustine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.nJustine adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. None of the objects are blue.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Shelley has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nCole shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nCole shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. An event chain uses arrows to show the order of events. This event chain shows events from Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie.nFollow the arrows to see the order of events. An arrow points from The Lost Boys fight pirates at Mermaids' Lagoon to Wendy remembers her parents. This tells you that right after the battle at Mermaids' Lagoon, Wendy remembers her parents..", - "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the bucket.nThe bucket is made of two different materials. The body is made of plastic, and the handle is made of metal.nPlastic is a great material for buckets because plastic is waterproof..", - "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nSunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba.nBalearica pavonina does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Balearica pavonina are not in the same species.nArdea alba has the same scientific name as a great egret. So, these organisms are in the same species.nFalco novaeseelandiae does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Falco novaeseelandiae are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ted wants or needs:nTed will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA woodpecker is a bird. Like other birds, a woodpecker is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a red-headed poison frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA wombat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a wombat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pots of spaghetti sauce are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter pot of spaghetti sauce has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European green toad's scientific name is Bufo viridis.nLithobates blairi does not have the same scientific name as a European green toad. So, Bufo viridis and Lithobates blairi are not in the same species.nBufo viridis has the same scientific name as a European green toad. So, these organisms are in the same species.nHyla cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a European green toad. So, Bufo viridis and Hyla cinerea are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Elise was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Indiana is farthest west..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The driftwood is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. So, the driftwood has a constant velocity..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **White House Down**..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Chad needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents the compound pyrite.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether silicon is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the ball-and-stick model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that beige represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Si.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silicon is composed of only one chemical element. So, silicon is an elementary substance..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve has long, cold winters. It also has soil that is frozen year-round..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a classroom is 70\u00b0F.n70\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nVictoria couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Victoria so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you two ways a sloth's fur helps protect it.nFor example, sloths' long fur grows in the opposite direction from that of most animals. Most animals' fur grows downward, which helps rainwater run down off the animal. Sloths' fur, however, grows upward. When a sloth is hanging upside down, rainwater is still directed off its body. This helps the sloth dry off more quickly. Sloth fur has another special purpose. Each strand of fur has grooves that collect algae. The algae give the sloth a greenish color, which helps it blend in with its leafy environment. Along with sloths' slow movement, this disguise makes sloths hard for predators to spot..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. At the hospital, all the doctors and nurses work hard is a complete sentence. The subject is all the doctors and nurses, and the verb is work..", - "Solution: This country is Jamaica..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that yucca plants use carbon dioxide and water to make food. This is evidence that the yucca plant is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the echidna is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A blue jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta cristata. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta.nGoura cristata and Cyanocitta cristata are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Goura cristata and Cyanocitta cristata have the same species name within their genus, cristata. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Goura cristata is in the genus Goura, and Cyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta.nCyanocitta stelleri is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Cyanocitta cristata are in the same genus.nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A mangrove tree is a plant. It has wide green leaves.nMangrove trees grow in salty water near oceans and seas.nA strawberry bush is a plant. It has green leaves.nThe type of strawberries most people eat today were first grown in the 1750 s.nA rose bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.nMost rose bushes have sharp thorns. The thorns help protect the rose bush from being eaten by animals.nAn albatross is an animal. It walks, flies, and swims.nAn albatross is a bird. It lives near the ocean and eats fish..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, throws. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The wet paint and the wet ice cube are not scratchy.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The wet paint and the wet ice cube are not rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..", - "Solution: A climax community is an ecological community in the final stage of forest regrowth. It is often characterized by deciduous trees\u2014trees whose leaves turn colors and fall off during the winter..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nHassan seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nHassan subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 66\u00b0F block is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nLoose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest east..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Pouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Luna's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Luna's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blot is between the guide words beef - bolt, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A cell phone is not a living thing.nA cell phone does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is not a living thing.nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is a statue of a mythical sphinx, a creature with a lion's body and a human head. The Great Sphinx does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.nA coral is a living thing.nCorals grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Corals are made up of many cells.nCorals are animals that live in the ocean. Most corals grow in warm water.nA globe is not a living thing.nGlobes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word for is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Hair for Mama..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 12 liters.n12 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nArachnids have the following traits:nThey have eight legs.nThey have an exoskeleton.nThey have no antennae.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA castor bean tick has the following traits:nIt has eight legs.nIt has an exoskeleton.nIt has no antennae.nA castor bean tick has the traits of an arachnid. A castor bean tick is an arachnid.nAn earthworm has the following traits:nIt has a soft, cylindrical body.nIt has no limbs.nIt is made up of segments.nAn earthworm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. An earthworm is a segmented worm..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nChina grows most of the wheat in the world..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.nObon is a traditional Japanese Buddhist festival. Because the festival honors the spirits of family members who have died, many people spend it with family and friends..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, ride. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 30\u00b0C mug of cocoa is colder than the 35\u00b0C mug of cocoa, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMadelyn wants broccoli. Kylie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nBaryte is a mineral.nWool is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, wool is not a mineral.nFluorite is a mineral..", - "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. An American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA giant moray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!nA cobra is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nMost cobras have a wide, flat hood below their head. A cobra can display its hood to scare away a predator.nA wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWombats have strong claws on their front feet. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest north..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Hen, chicken, and duck go together. They are birds. Girl is not a bird, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Noah sat", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The kiwi and the tennis ball are not blue.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The socks and the tennis ball are not fragile.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. An almond tree is a plant. It can grow many small flowers.nAlmonds were first grown by people living near the Mediterranean Sea.nA penguin is an animal. It walks and swims.nA penguin is a bird that lives near water. Penguins cannot fly! They use their wings to swim..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to play the banjo. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the banjo is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by referring to real users who endorse the headphones..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Andrew wants or needs:nAndrew will give up the chance to go to California. He would have enjoyed a trip to California more than Georgia..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the sharpnose-puffer.nThe sharpnose-puffer has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators. The bright colors serve as a warning sign that the sharpnose-puffer is poisonous.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe fire salamander has a poisonous body with brightly colored skin. Its skin is adapted to ward off predators.nThe peppered moth has gray and brown patches on its body. Its skin is not adapted to be a warning sign that wards off predators..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Connecticut is farthest north..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a loaf of bread is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a loaf of bread something you can touch? Yes.nIs a loaf of bread a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a loaf of bread is a good..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. Aloe vera is a plant. It has spiny leaves.nAloe vera leaves contain a watery liquid. People use this liquid in lotion and medicine.nA barn owl is an animal. It walks and flies.nA barn owl is a bird. Barn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.nA toucan is an animal. It eats mostly fruit.nA toucan is a bird with a large beak. A toucan's beak can be half as long as its body!nA catfish is an animal. It swims underwater.nA catfish is a fish. Unlike most other fish, catfish do not have scales! They have slimy skin..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of basalt match the properties of a rock. So, basalt is a rock..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Shawn wanted broccoli in his lunch and Mike was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nShawn has tomatoes. Mike has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: This country is The Bahamas..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A green moray eel is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food.nA rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nRabbits live underground in burrows. A group of rabbit burrows is called a warren.nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBald eagles live in trees near water. They build nests that can be up to 13 feet wide!.", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, Everglades National Park has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Warren is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 2 and 8 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n3 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n11 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to put on your seat belt is 5 seconds.n5 minutes is too slow..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with bumpy fruit or smooth fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit texture trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for bumpy fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for smooth fruit.nBumpy fruit is the dominant allele's version of the fruit texture trait. A cucumber plant with the dominant version of the fruit texture trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit texture gene. So, offspring with bumpy fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype FF or Ff.nSmooth fruit is the rece", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest north..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe colonies are shaded by region, and the New England Colonies are all shaded the same color. They include these colonies:nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or the Southern Colonies..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Fromia monilis is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Alabama is farthest south..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms. Balls that are different colors represent atoms of different elements. The element that each color represents is shown in the legend.nEvery element has its own abbreviation, called its atomic symbol. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a substance contains the atomic symbol for each element in the substance. Many chemical formulas also contain subscripts. A subscript is small text placed lower than the normal line of text. Each subscript in a chemical formula is placed after the symbol for an element and tells you how many atoms of that element that symbol represents. If there is no subscript after a symbol, that symbol represents one atom.nSo, the chemical formula for a substance tells you which elements make up that substance. It also tells you the ratio of the atoms of those elements in the substance. For example, the chemical formula below tells you that there are three chlorine atoms for every one boron atom in the substance. This chemical formula represents the same substance as the ball-and-stick model shown above. N is the symbol for nitrogen. According to the legend, nitrogen atoms are shown in blue. H is the symbol for hydrogen. According to the legend, hydrogen atoms are shown in light gray. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 145\u00b0F pot of spaghetti sauce is colder than the 185\u00b0F pot of spaghetti sauce, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The mini golfer pushes the ball away from the putter. The ball rolls into the hole. The direction of the push is away from the mini golfer's putter..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Walton). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nIt hit me means that the ball struck me. It also means that I suddenly realized why the ball was getting bigger..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Earth is pulling on the International Space Station. So, Newton's third law tells you that the International Space Station is pulling on Earth..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A helicopter is not a living thing.nA helicopter does not have all the traits of a living thing. It needs energy to fly, but it does not eat food. Helicopters get energy from gasoline or other fuel. They do not grow.nA snowman is not a living thing.nA snowman does not have all the traits of a living thing. It is shaped like a person. But it does not need food.nA ferris wheel is not a living thing.nA ferris wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in a circle, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA barn owl is a living thing.nBarn owls grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Barn owls are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale shows some famous characters from folktales.nNicer characters are shown to the left. Meaner characters are shown to the right. The Big Bad Wolf is shown to the right of Rumpelstiltskin. This tells you that the Big Bad Wolf is meaner than Rumpelstiltskin..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince we is between the guide words wait - wound, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Mom announced her new job to our family is a complete sentence. The subject is Mom, and the verb is announced..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Samuel is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Belle wants or needs:nBelle will give up the chance to look at the hickory tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the morning glories..", - "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Chicago, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nChoice \"December, January, and February\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation for these three months is different. The average precipitation in December is just over 2 inches. But, the average precipitation in January and February is just under 2 inches.nChoice \"September, October, and November\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation in September, October, and November is just over 3 inches. Every other month has an average precipitation that is either higher or lower than these three months.nChoice \"June, July, and August\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation for these three months is different. The average precipitation in August is more than an inch higher than the average precipitation in June and July..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two fish tanks are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the fish tank with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the shoebill.nLong legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe little bittern has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe African fish eagle has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The African fish eagle uses its legs to walk and perch..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Kirk's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Professor Harrell's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince stalk is not between the guide words snap - soar, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Gary or Ryan.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Gary.nGary's brother Ryan wondered whether Gary ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the gum would stretch more. If you pull on soft chewing gum, it will get longer..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the styrofoam packing peanuts are more flexible. If you gently bend styrofoam packing peanuts, they will not break..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Goliath heron's scientific name is Ardea goliath.nFalco tinnunculus does not have the same scientific name as a Goliath heron. So, Ardea goliath and Falco tinnunculus are not in the same species.nArdea goliath has the same scientific name as a Goliath heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.nStrix uralensis does not have the same scientific name as a Goliath heron. So, Ardea goliath and Strix uralensis are not in the same species..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Making lemonade is a physical change. The sugar, water, and lemon juice are mixed together. But they do not change into different types of matter..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a parking space is 23 feet.n23 inches is too short. 23 yards and 23 miles are too long..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. All four objects are sticky.nA lemon has a sour taste. The honey is not sour.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The honey and the tape are not slippery.nThe property that all four objects have in common is sticky..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nAn Amazon tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nTree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.nA snowy owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nSnowy owls live in cold places. Even their feet have feathers to keep warm!.", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The Channel catfish has two alleles for a white body (b). So, the catfish's genotype for the body color gene is bb..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Cairo, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nJanuary has an average monthly precipitation of about 15 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, January is the wettest month on average..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in Tokyo, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in January and February are around 5\u00b0C. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coldest months of the year..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoiling sugar is caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is not.nBoth are caused by", - "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two tennis balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter tennis ball has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. South Dakota is farthest north..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bald eagle's scientific name is Haliaeetus leucocephalus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus.nStrix varia is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix varia and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not in the same genus.nFalco tinnunculus is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco tinnunculus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are not in the same genus.nHaliaeetus pelagicus is in the genus Haliaeetus. The first word of its scientific name is Haliaeetus. So, Haliaeetus pelagicus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are in the same genus..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Gran Sabana has a rainy season and a dry season. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..", - "Solution: This country is Barbados..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Nicholas, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Nicholas, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nCrustaceans have the following traits:nThey have two pairs of antennae.nThey have an exoskeleton.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA white-spotted octopus has the following traits:nIt has a soft body.nIt has tentacles.nA white-spotted octopus does not have all of the traits of a crustacean. A white-spotted octopus is a mollusk.nA Caribbean spiny lobster has the following traits:nIt has two pairs of antennae.nIt has an exoskeleton.nA Caribbean spiny lobster has the traits of a crustacean. A Caribbean spiny lobster is a crustacean..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 190\u00b0C block is hotter than the 180\u00b0C block, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nNovember, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Alvin that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Alvin..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a refrigerator is 3\u00b0C.n3\u00b0F is too cold..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nembrotha megalocera is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two watermelons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the watermelon with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince deal is between the guide words dance - did, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 975 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two gold bars are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the gold bar with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest west..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:nThe crocodile egg fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the palm leaf fossil. So, the crocodile egg fossil is most likely older than the palm leaf fossil..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the leopard shark.nThe leopard shark's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding. The leopard shark uses its mouth to find food hidden in the sediment of the ocean floor.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe sturgeon's mouth is located on the underside of its head and points downward. Its mouth is adapted for bottom feeding.nThe orangespine unicornfish's mouth is not located on the underside of its head. Its mouth is not adapted for bottom feeding..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Slicing cheese is a physical change. The cheese changes shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nThe pirates buried the treasure chest, but some sailors soon found it..", - "Solution: The colony is South Carolina..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. California is farthest south..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.n", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Percy attends weekly book club meetings, and", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince inch is between the guide words imagine - irrigation, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Canada goose.nThe Canada goose has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud. The Canada goose gathers muddy water in its beak. Then, it pushes the water out through gaps along the sides of the beak. Bits of food, such as plant roots, are left behind inside the goose's beak.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe black swan has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud.nThe Eurasian eagle-owl has a short hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to filter through mud. The Eurasian eagle-owl uses its beak to tear through meat..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The soccer ball is bouncy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The soccer ball is not blue..", - "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words thin and win rhyme. They both end with the in sound.nThe word pipe does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a small measuring spoon is 5 milliliters.n5 liters is too much..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the meteorologists.nThe meteorologists predicted afternoon thunderstorms, but the sky remained clear all day..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction while.nRuben prepared a receipt for the customer while Mateo packaged her items for her..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the Cape vulture.nThe Cape vulture has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the Cape vulture travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe great blue heron has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe gaur has long legs. It is not adapted for flight. The gaur uses its legs to walk and run..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jeffrey wants or needs:nJeffrey will spend more time walking to the zebras. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the gibbons are close by..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Lola wants or needs:nLola will spend more time making the cream of mushroom soup than she would have spent making the minestrone soup..", - "Solution: Isabella wanted broccoli in her lunch and Clara was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nIsabella has tomatoes. Clara has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn opaque object does not let light through. The pretzel, the cracker, and the fries are opaque, but the ocean water is not.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The fries are flexible, but the cracker is not.nPotato chips have a salty taste. All four objects are salty.nThe property that all four objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nSunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince people is between the guide words pattern - plot, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether zirconium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for zirconium is Zr. This formula contains one symbol: Zr. So, the formula tells you that zirconium is made of one chemical element.nSubstances", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with straight fur or curly fur, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fur type trait. The question tells you that the f allele, which is for curly fur, is recessive to the F allele, which is for straight fur.nStraight fur is the dominant allele's version of the fur type trait. A cat with the dominant version of the fur type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fur type gene. So, offspring with straight fur must have the genotype FF or Ff.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.nCurly fur is the reces", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.nA black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!.", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. My family will swim at the town pool tomorrow is a complete sentence. The subject is my family, and the verb is will swim..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Russia, Italy, and Germany go together. They are countries. Sunday is not a country, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Coach West talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach West, and the verb is talked..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Sonoran Desert has a small amount of rain. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 17 seconds.n17 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nTaste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.n Look at the picture.nThe word soft describes how this feather feels to the touch.nHeavy and bumpy can also describe how something feels to the touch. But they do not describe this feather..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the bamboo plant we usually eat is the stem. It supports the plant. It also carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant..", - "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: This country is Nauru..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nAllie wants broccoli. Bobby wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Haley wants or needs:nHaley will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bowls of oatmeal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bowl of oatmeal with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.nA common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!nAn albatross is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nAlbatrosses live near the ocean. They hunt squid, fish, and other small animals..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bald eagle's scientific name is Haliaeetus leucocephalus.nPelecanus occidentalis does not have the same scientific name as a bald eagle. So, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Pelecanus occidentalis are not in the same species.nHaliaeetus leucocephalus has the same scientific name as a bald eagle. So, these organisms are in the same species.nBubo scandiacus does not have the same scientific name as a bald eagle. So, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Bubo scandiacus are not in the same species..", - "Solution: A bat is black.nA bat flies at night.nA bat sleeps upside down..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The runner is speeding up. So, the runner is accelerating..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 1 inch.n1 foot, 1 yard, and 1 mile are all too long..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Dwayne felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Look at the map.nThe letter D shows the territory where the Inca created their civilization. The Inca civilization was located in South America..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound potassium chloride.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether silver bromide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that silver bromide is composed of bromine atoms and silver atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silver bromide is composed of two chemical elements: bromine and silver. Since silver bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silver bromide is a compound..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nIn the fifth and sixth centuries, more than fifty thousand Buddhist statues carved into the rock of the Yungang Grottoes of China.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nIn the fifth and sixth centuries, more than fifty thousand Buddhist statues were carved into the rock of the Yungang Grottoes of China..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Ice melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water.nThe links between atoms in the water molecules do not change. So, a different type of matter is not formed..", - "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a garden snail is 2 inches.n2 yards is too long..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A sea eagle is a bird. Like other birds, a sea eagle has a backbone.nA julia butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a julia butterfly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDustin wants broccoli. Evelyn wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 8 feet.n8 inches is too short. 8 yards and 8 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest west..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bat moved 35 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other bat moved 45 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 35 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nLocated just south of Dover, Tristan's Restaurant offers an eclectic menu in a scenic country setting..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nColleen wants broccoli. Natalie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Undyne's observable version of the tail spots trait is a spotted tail. So, Undyne's phenotype for the tail spots trait is a spotted tail..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The baby's hand applies a force to the cabinet door. This force causes the door to open. The direction of this force is toward the baby's hand. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA salt water crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a salt water crocodile has a backbone..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bike is between the guide words behave - breakfast, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 3 ounces.n3 pounds and 3 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nBoring shows verbal irony because Shane's sister's hairstyle is not at all boring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a tennis court is 75 feet.n75 inches is too short. 75 yards and 75 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Gregory usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A purple heron's scientific name is Ardea purpurea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nSarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Sarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea have the same species name within their genus, purpurea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Sarracenia purpurea is in the genus Sarracenia, and Ardea purpurea is in the genus Ardea.nArdea cocoi is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea cocoi and Ardea purpurea are in the same genus.nLynx pardinus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx pardinus and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Susan or Kate.nSusan looks almost identical to her twin sister Kate, but she has pierced ears.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nSusan has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Kate..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle**..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nCora wants broccoli. Reagan wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Whitney's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Buteo jamaicensis is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nButeo jamaicensis is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that red-tailed hawk is the common name..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 6 pounds.n6 ounces is too light and 6 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe black bear has an arrow pointing to it from the persimmon tree. The persimmon tree is a producer, so the black bear is a primary consumer.nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is a producer, so the beaver is a primary consumer.nThe persimmon tree does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is not a primary consumer.nThe silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the silver maple is not a primary consumer.nThe gray fox has arrows pointing to it from the swallowtail caterpillar and the pine vole. Neither the swallowtail caterpillar nor the pine vole is a producer, so the gray fox is not a primary consumer..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nCamille and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A pelican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBrown pelicans live near water. They can dive underwater to catch fish.nA golden frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.nCamels in the wild tend to eat an apparently random assortment of leaves, grasses, shrubs, and other plant matter. As an adaptation to their native desert environment, they are able to eat even thorny and salt-heavy plants that most animals will reject.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.nDuring the nineteenth century, the U.S. Army used camels as pack animals in the Southwest. Though the program was discontinued after the outbreak of the Civil War, reported sightings of random camels throughout the Southwest continued through at least the 1940 s.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Desmond wanted broccoli in his lunch and Tom was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDesmond has tomatoes. Tom has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things stay healthy. Food gives living things energy. They can use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives. Living things can get bigger and grow new body parts.nFor example, an oak tree is a living thing. It begins life as a seed. It takes in water from the soil. It makes food using energy from the sun. The oak tree gets taller and grows leaves and branches during its life. A stop sign is not a living thing.nStop signs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow. They do not need food or water.nA cherry tree is a living thing.nCherry trees grow and change. They need food and water.nCherry trees are plants. They make their own food using water, air, and energy from sunlight..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nMr. Dodson's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nMr. Dodson's long legs were sunflower stalks.nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The window is not soft.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The window is hard..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Haliaeetus leucocephalus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nHaliaeetus leucocephalus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that bald eagle is the common name..", - "Solution: Plant and animal cells have many parts in common, but not all. This table shows some of their similarities and differences.nCell part | Plant cell | Animal cellncell wall | yes | noncell membrane | yes | yesncytoplasm | yes | yesnmitochondria | yes | yesnvacuole | yes | yesnchloroplasts | yes | nonnucleus | yes | yesnchromosomes | yes | yesnThink about how plant and animal cells are different:nPlant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. The cell wall helps plant cells keep a fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape.nPlant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloroplasts make sugar that plants cells can use as food. Animal cells cannot make their own food.n.", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with sulfur in the air to form black tarnish. The tarnish is a different type of matter that was not there before the change.nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoiling", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of one-tenth the volume of Saturn.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 68,300 billion km3, which is less than 82,713 billion km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than one-tenth the volume of Saturn..", - "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (\u00b0C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 30 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 30\u00b0C. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 45. So, the temperature is 45\u00b0C..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Vermont is farthest east..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Canada lynx's scientific name is Lynx canadensis. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx.nLynx rufus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx rufus and Lynx canadensis are in the same genus.nFelis chaus is in the genus Felis. The first word of its scientific name is Felis. So, Felis chaus and Lynx canadensis are not in the same genus.nFelis catus is in the genus Felis. The first word of its scientific name is Felis. So, Felis catus and Lynx canadensis are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Seattle, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"February, March, and October\" is incorrect.nFebruary, March, and October each have an average precipitation of around 3.5 inches.nChoice \"April, May, and November\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation in April and May is less than 3 inches. And, the average precipitation in November is more than 6 inches.nChoice \"May, June, and October\" is incorrect.nOctober does have an average precipitation of about 3.5 inches. But, the average precipitation in May and June is less than 2 inches..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nThe Zion Narrows, a canyon in Utah's Zion National Park, stretching for sixteen miles and, in some areas, narrowing to just twenty feet.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nThe Zion Narrows, a canyon in Utah's Zion National Park, stretches for sixteen miles and, in some areas, narrows to just twenty feet..", - "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason, by citing evidence that proves the vacuum's effectiveness..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest west..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince medicine is between the guide words marry - mistake, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The wool sweater is fuzzy, but the sandpaper is not.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The tree bark is hard, but the wool sweater is not.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is scratchy..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that free gym memberships will result in lower productivity. However, offering free gym memberships doesn't necessarily suggest that employees will spend all their time at the gym rather than at work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nKurt wants broccoli. Franco wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: This country is Palau..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Some humans are born with naturally curly hair. Others are born with naturally straight hair. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Clown, king, and teacher go together. They are people. Door is not a person, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cherry pies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cherry pie with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gym is not between the guide words game - gnaw, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nPeeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is not covering the rest of the fruit anymore. But both the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But peeling a banana is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Apollo has one allele for a spotted coat (A) and one allele for a black coat (a). So, Apollo's genotype for the coat pattern gene is Aa..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJustine wants broccoli. Norma wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word awoke. It describes the smoke detector as if it were a person who is waking up..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nThe package includes some old letters from my grandma to my dad and a broken pocket watch..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 33 kilograms.n33 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. The apples become soft, and the crust turns brown.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are made of different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of the Nile River is 4,250 miles.n4,250 inches, 4,250 feet, and 4,250 yards are all too short..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA lemon has a sour taste. All four objects are sour.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The green apple is not translucent.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The dill pickles, the lime, and the lemon are soft, but the green apple is not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is sour..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince clam is between the guide words candle - coffee, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Garrison was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time..", - "Solution: Atlanta is the capital of Georgia..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince ghost is between the guide words gallop - glad, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest west..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the shield.nThe shield is made of metal.nPeople can use metal shields to protect themselves. Metal is strong. A sharp sword might dent a shield, but a strong shield is hard to break..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nGenuine imitation leather is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest west..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Daphnia pulex is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, De Biesbosch National Park has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 80\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 70\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 26 centimeters.n26 millimeters is too short. 26 meters and 26 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Patrick wanted broccoli in his lunch and Isabelle was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nPatrick has tomatoes. Isabelle has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince border is between the guide words bandage - breeze, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with blue body feathers or green body feathers, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the body feather color trait. The question tells you that the B allele, which is for green body feathers, is dominant over the b allele, which is for blue body feathers.nBlue body feathers is the recessive allele's version of the body feather color trait. A budgerigar parakeet with the recessive version of the body feather color trait must have only recessive alleles for the body feather color gene. So, offspring with blue body feathers must have the genotype bb.nThere are 0 boxes", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects the Arctic Ocean. It does not intersect the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the northern elephant seal.nThe northern elephant seal uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe bottlenose dolphin has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe nilgai has long legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The nilgai uses its limbs to walk and run on land..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Algernon has two alleles for a dwarf body (b). So, Algernon's genotype for the body size gene is bb..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the citizens or several competent city council members.nThe citizens of Seaside have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nSeveral competent city council members have been elected in Seaside, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nIn the 1840 s, American fans of Charles Dickens hosted a \"Boz Ball\" in New York to honor the writer.nIt can be proved by reading a biography of Charles Dickens.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nFor someone who has never read Charles Dickens, David Copperfield is the best novel to start with.nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which of Dickens's novels is best for a reader new to Dickens..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.nA black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!nA gharial is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGharials are a type of crocodile. Gharials live near rivers and eat fish..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It links the product to feelings of love and family..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 7 inches.n7 feet, 7 yards, and 7 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Mixing copper and tin to make bronze is a physical change. To make bronze, a furnace melts the copper and tin so that they can be mixed easily.nSolid bronze forms when the mixture cools. The copper and tin are now combined as bronze. But they are still made of the same types of matter as before..", - "Solution: A cake is food.nA cake is sweet.nYou may eat cake on your birthday..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The wet paint and the jello are not rough.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The wet paint and the jello are not yellow.nThe property that all three objects have in common is slippery..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nDrivers should stop talking on their phones, or they should pull over..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, mail. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nElena", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flying fox.nThe flying fox has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the flying fox travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Cape vulture has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe gaur has long legs. It is not adapted for flight. The gaur uses its legs to walk and run..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Cassie, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Cassie down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Cassie up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Cassie..", - "Solution: Informational texts include many facts, examples, and details. Authors don't always directly state how these things connect to each other. So, you may need to make guesses, or inferences, to understand how the ideas from the text fit together. Inferences can help you understand the whole text and draw conclusions about the information. Be sure to base your inferences on details found in the text as well as things you already know. Think about these details from the text:nFossils can show how many ancient species have gone extinct.nFossil evidence shows that beetles die out less often than any other animal.nBeetles' low extinction rate helps explain the large number of beetle species.nIn order to show that beetles die out less often than other animals, scientists must have compared different animals' extinction rates. To do this, they would need to figure out how many ancient species have gone extinct.nBased on these clues, you can guess that fossil evidence let scientists compare the number of extinct beetles to the number of other extinct animals. This helped them figure out that beetles die out less often than other animals, which explains the huge number of beetle species..", - "Solution: Look at the table.nThe abbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.nThe Babylonian (ba-bih-LOH-nee-in) Empire came after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon (BA-bih-lahn)..", - "Solution: This country is Fiji..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nA high pressure system can push clouds out of an area. It has been clear in the Gobi Desert all week because of a high pressure system in the region.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the barometric pressure in the Gobi Desert this week. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether chloromethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of chloromethane is composed of three hydrogen atoms, one carbon atom, and one chlorine atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that chloromethane is composed of three chemical elements: hydrogen, carbon, and chlorine. Since chloromethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, chloromethane is a compound..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cease is between the guide words cartoon - character, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words dine and mine rhyme. They both end with the ine sound.nThe word heat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A soccer ball is not a living thing.nSoccer balls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.nA pine tree is a living thing.nPine trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.nPine trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight..", - "Solution: An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the FliG gene affected the structure and function of the FliG protein..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kentucky is farthest south..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The judge talks about the new law everyone listens is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: The judge talks about the new law and Everyone listens..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest north..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf-mimic grasshopper.nThe leaf-mimic grasshopper has a reddish-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe plated leaf chameleon has reddish-brown scales coverings its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves, which often have a reddish or brownish color.nThe snowy owl has white feathers covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among dead leaves..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince stork is not between the guide words shy - single, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. So, in a food web, tertiary consumers have arrows pointing to them from secondary consumers. Secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. And primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is not a secondary consumer, so the beaver is not a tertiary consumer.nThe gray fox has an arrow pointing to it from the pine vole. The pine vole is a secondary consumer, so the gray fox is a tertiary consumer.nThe black racer has an arrow pointing to it from the pine vole. The pine vole is a secondary consumer, so the black racer is a tertiary consumer.nThe black bear has arrows pointing to it from the persimmon tree, the swallowtail caterpillar, and the beaver. None of these organisms is a secondary consumer, so the black bear is not a tertiary consumer.nThe silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nEli wants broccoli. Pedro wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 70\u00b0F bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. An American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nTiger sharks are nocturnal. This means that they are active mostly at night.nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.nA green sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nSea turtles live in the water, but they lay their eggs on land..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince criminal is between the guide words clutch - curse, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.nSusan had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Megaptera novaeangliae is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Neil must not care about democracy, because he didn't vote in the election. However, there may be a number of reasons why Neil didn't vote in the election. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 8 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 2 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 3 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..", - "Solution: Stir doesn't belong.nLink, attach, and join all name ways to connect things..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Bella is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the star-nosed mole.nThe star-nosed mole has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The star-nosed mole uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe honey badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.nThe blue-footed booby has small claws and webbed feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The blue-footed booby uses its feet to swim..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic wolf.nThe Arctic wolf has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic wolf uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe musk ox has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe armadillo lizard has scales covering much of its skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.nDeep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But milk going sour is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **The Night at the Museum**..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (flipped out).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince found is between the guide words flutter - fur, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the gray-headed albatross.nThe gray-headed albatross has long, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the gray-headed albatross travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe flamingo has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe northern elephant seal has flippers. It is not adapted for flight. The northern elephant seal uses its flippers to swim underwater..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A keel-billed toucan is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA barking tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A green chameleon is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nChameleons eat insects. They use their long, sticky tongues to catch their prey.nA porcupinefish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPorcupinefish can puff up their bodies with air or water to scare off predators.nA European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark..", - "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: This country is Palau..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the ptarmigan.nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThis Arctic wolf has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe porcupine has black-and-white spines covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 54,500 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a newspaper is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a newspaper something you can touch? Yes.nIs a newspaper a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a newspaper is a good..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince minute is between the guide words mat - movies, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Dayton. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Potassium feldspar has all the properties of a mineral. So, potassium feldspar is a mineral..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that people who drive old cars are likely to be poor lifeguards. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to someone's qualifications to be a lifeguard. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether diamond is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for diamond is C. This formula contains one symbol: C for carbon. So, the formula tells you that diamond is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances", - "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nThe sentence contrasts two ways of looking at competition, as a threat and a challenge..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two brownies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter brownie has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. A tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 37 millimeters.n37 meters and 37 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each humpback whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne humpback whale moved 30 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other humpback whale moved 20 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each humpback whale spent the same amount of time moving. The humpback whale that moved 30 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that humpback whale must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a gray tree frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA black howler is a mammal. Like other mammals, a black howler is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nLatrell took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the snow leopard.nThe snow leopard has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice. The fur can help keep the snow leopard's feet warm. The large pads help spread its weight over a larger area. This allows it to walk on ice without slipping and to walk on snow without sinking in too deep.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe brown bear has furry feet with large pads. Its feet are adapted to walk on snow and ice.nThe horse has hooves. Its feet are not adapted to walk on snow and ice. The horse uses its feet to walk and run on surfaces covered by soil..", - "Solution: The colony is New York.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A green frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGalapagos tortoises live on the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They can live to be over 150 years old!.", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nHarper wants broccoli. Kamal wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but the sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA sidewalk getting warm in the sun is caused by heating. But carving a piece of wood is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nDarrell always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The fish bowl is not sticky.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The fish bowl is smooth..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All four objects are fragile.nAn opaque object does not let light through. The ceramic plate is opaque, but the glass flask, the glass bottle, and the icicle are not.nSugar has a sweet taste. The ceramic plate and the icicle are not sweet.nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Chicago, look at the graph.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Apr\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"June, July, and August\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation for these three months is different. The average precipitation in August is more than an inch higher than the average precipitation in June and July.nChoice \"March, April, and May\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation for these three months is different. The average precipitation in April and May is more than 3 inches. But, the average precipitation in March is less than 3 inches.nChoice \"September, October, and November\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation in September, October, and November is just over 3 inches. Every other month has an average precipitation that is either higher or lower than these three months..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 40 grams.n40 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne sailboat moved 30 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other sailboat moved 80 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each sailboat spent the same amount of time moving. The sailboat that moved 30 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMaria wants broccoli. Jason wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Missouri is farthest north..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Hancock's snoring..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is North America..", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Conifers use their cones to make seeds. Seeds grow inside the female cones.nMany conifers have thin pointed leaves called needles. The needles make most of the conifer's food. Needles do not make seeds.nRoots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They do not make seeds..", - "Solution: This country is Haiti.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The slide is yellow.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The slide is not fuzzy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus.nPelecanus philippensis does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Pelecanus philippensis are not in the same species.nPelecanus occidentalis does not have the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, Falco peregrinus and Pelecanus occidentalis are not in the same species.nFalco peregrinus has the same scientific name as a peregrine falcon. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Independence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses casual language (happy 4 th, the crew) that is more familiar in tone..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Mud drying out in the sun is a physical change. The sun heats the water in the mud. The water changes state. It evaporates and becomes gas in the air.nDry dirt is left behind. But the dirt and the water are still made of the same types of matter as before..", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 11 liters.n11 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nMiranda can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nIf Miranda prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.nArrows point to the mushroom from the grizzly bear and the barren-ground caribou. The only arrows pointing to the grizzly bear start from the barren-ground caribou and the bilberry. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. No arrow points to the lichen or the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the mushroom.nArrows point to the grizzly bear from the bilberry and the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. No arrow points to the lichen or the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the grizzly bear..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A silver gull's scientific name is Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae.nChroicocephalus novaehollandiae has the same scientific name as a silver gull. So, these organisms are in the same species.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a silver gull. So, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae and Goura victoria are not in the same species.nGoura cristata does not have the same scientific name as a silver gull. So, Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae and Goura cristata are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Jayla went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.nThe words Jayla and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nBreaking a rock in half is a physical change. The rock gets broken into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original rock.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 65 gallons.n65 fluid ounces and 65 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Emily's skirt or the blouse.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.nIf Emily's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 25\u00b0C bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the white-backed vulture.nThe white-backed vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the white-backed vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe bald eagle has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.nThe hoopoe has a long, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A red kangaroo's scientific name is Macropus rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nLepus americanus is in the genus Lepus. The first word of its scientific name is Lepus. So, Lepus americanus and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus.nLynx rufus and Macropus rufus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lynx rufus and Macropus rufus have the same species name within their genus, rufus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx, and Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus.nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Macropus rufus are in the same genus..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Dan that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Dan..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 440 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe colonies are shaded by region, and the New England Colonies are all shaded the same color. They include these colonies:nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or the Southern Colonies..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The hockey puck is slowing down. So, the hockey puck is accelerating..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Like other spiders, an orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA painted stork is a bird. Like other birds, a painted stork is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Candy has two alleles for a hairy body (B). So, Candy's genotype for the body hair gene is BB..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Freya's observable version of the coat pattern trait is a black coat. So, Freya's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is a black coat..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Sarah lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Sarah lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 9 pounds.n9 ounces is too light and 9 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nAshley dislikes radishes, so she always orders her salad without them..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A fruit bat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a fruit bat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other spiders, a black orb weaver spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA seahorse is a fish. Like other fish, a seahorse is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA salt water crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a salt water crocodile is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the bridge.nThe bridge is made of two different materials. The surface is asphalt. The rest of the bridge is made of metal.nAsphalt and metal are good materials to build bridges with. Both materials are strong. They hold up well in cold or rainy weather..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Aequorea victoria is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Aequorea victoria is the scientific name..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a bench is 3 meters.n3 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The rock are not smooth.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. The rock are bumpy..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: Moss plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMoss plants use their male and female parts for sexual reproduction. The male parts produce sperm. Moss live in damp environments, and moss sperm can travel through water to the female parts.nThe sperm fuse with eggs in the female part. This is called fertilization. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm from a moss plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant. Cross-fertilization happens when a sperm from one moss plant fertilizes an egg from a different moss plant.nThe fertilized egg grows into a thin brown stalk on top of the female part. Each stalk has a small spore capsule at the top. Moss plants use asexual reproduction to make small spores in the capsules. When the capsules open, the spores are released.nWhen the spores land on the ground, they may germinate and grow into a new moss plant. This new moss plant can produce eggs and sperm and begin the moss life cycle again. An adult moss plant produces eggs and sperm.nSpores may germinate and grow into an adult moss plant, but spores do not produce eggs and sperm themselves..", - "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if chloromethane is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with C for carbon, H for hydrogen, or Cl for chlorine. So, the model shows you that chloromethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloromethane is a compound..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact.nFlorence Nightingale's parents expected their daughter to get married, but she enrolled in nursing school in 1844 instead.nIt can be proved by reading a biography of Florence Nightingale.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nFlorence Nightingale's parents, William Shore and Frances Nightingale, were overly strict with their daughter.nOverly shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether William Shore and Frances Nightingale were too strict..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: Kwanzaa celebrates the history and culture of African American people.nDuring Kwanzaa, African American people honor the traditions of their African ancestors. Ancestors are family members who lived a long time ago.nDuring Kwanzaa, family and friends come together to remember the past. They talk about the future, too. Everyone sets goals to work hard and make their lives better..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Limestone is a rock that forms from ocean sediment. The sediment in limestone is made mostly of the shells of marine organisms. But the rock itself is not made by organisms. It forms deep below Earth's surface when layers of sediment are pressed together to form rock..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. We went to Texas, we saw an old fort is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: We went to Texas and We saw an old fort..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, arrives. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase screamed at. It describes the alarm as if it were a screaming person..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words duck and truck rhyme. They both end with the uck sound.nThe word hate does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nembrotha megalocera is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, open. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden..", - "Solution: A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.nFossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.nThe relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers. Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.nCompare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:nThe fern fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the dinosaur footprint fossil. So, the fern fossil is most likely younger than the dinosaur footprint fossil..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 11 ounces.n11 pounds and 11 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe swallowtail caterpillar has an arrow pointing to it from the persimmon tree. The persimmon tree is not a primary consumer, so the swallowtail caterpillar is not a secondary consumer.nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is not a primary consumer, so the beaver is not a secondary consumer.nThe persimmon tree does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is not a secondary consumer.nThe black bear has arrows pointing to it from the swallowtail caterpillar and the beaver. The swallowtail caterpillar and the beaver are primary consumers, so the black bear is a secondary consumer.nThe bobcat has an arrow pointing to it from the beaver. The beaver is a primary consumer, so the bobcat is a secondary consumer..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince stories is between the guide words sincere - swim, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Sold the black coat is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 95\u00b0F block is hotter than the 70\u00b0F block, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two blocks of steel are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder block of steel has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Pablo wants or needs:nThe birch tree will use up more space than the hydrangeas would have used up..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDiane wants broccoli. Evelyn wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences..", - "Solution: There is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage. At the current price, there are not enough cookies for sale. There are 20 boxes for sale, but 35 people want to buy a box.nSo, there is a shortage of cookies..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction when.nPeter was playing the piano in the living room when Dad called him for dinner..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The soccer shorts are soft.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The soccer shorts are not transparent..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of New England or the Southern Colonies..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Arianna's skirt or the blouse.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.nIf Arianna's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest west..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nHematite is a mineral.nA skull is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nA skull is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, a skull is not a mineral.nQuartz is a mineral..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the Daintree rain forest has year-round warm temperatures. It also has soil that is poor in nutrients..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first graduation announcement is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (proud to announce). The other graduation announcement uses more conversational language (we couldn't be more proud!)..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Letting Go and Moving On..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Meg lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Meg lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 8 liters.n8 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Ocean water is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour some ocean water into a bucket, the ocean water will take the shape of the bucket. But the ocean water will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince poetry is between the guide words plump - prevail, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Bleaching hair is a chemical change. Hair contains colorful matter called pigment. The bleach reacts with the pigment and turns it into a different type of matter. The new matter gives the hair a lighter color than before..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On that winter morning, Linda's hands were as cold as ice.nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Neither of the objects are bendable.nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. Both objects are breakable.nThe property that both objects have in common is breakable..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA lemon has a sour taste. All three objects are sour.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The green apple and the lemon are not transparent.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The green apple is not translucent.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sour..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest south..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the binder.nThe binder is made of two different materials. The cover is made of plastic, and the rings are made of metal..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of one-tenth the volume of Saturn.nThen compare the result to the volume of Uranus. The volume of Uranus is 68,300 billion km3, which is less than 82,713 billion km3. So, the volume of Uranus is less than one-tenth the volume of Saturn..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Cerrado ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a rainy season and a dry season. It has warm summers and warm winters. The following statement does not describe the Cerrado: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has cool summers and long, cold winters..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 70\u00b0F glass of orange juice is colder than the 80\u00b0F glass of orange juice, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the military macaw.nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts. The military macaw uses its thick beak to crack the shell of a nut by squeezing it. The hooked shape of the beak can help the bird hold the nut in place while cracking it.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe palm cockatoo has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to crack large, hard nuts.nThe blue rock pigeon has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack large, hard nuts..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Liam borrowed my book he enjoyed it is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Liam borrowed my book and He enjoyed it..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It includes a recommendation from a respected organization..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 17\u00b0C meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boat applies a force to the water skier. This force causes the water skier to move across the water. The direction of this force is toward the boat. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.nA seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA painted stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 11 inches.n11 feet, 11 yards, and 11 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two glasses of grape juice are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the glass of grape juice with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The builder pulls the bucket toward his body. The bucket moves up to where he is working. The direction of the pull is toward the builder's body..", - "Solution: The city is Detroit, Michigan. Indianapolis, Chicago, and St. Louis are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nKevin put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Kevin lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Frederick Douglass was born in 1818. He became an important African American leader in the 1840 s.nFrederick Douglass fought for African American people's rights. He worked to end slavery before the Civil War. During and after the Civil War, he kept fighting against unequal treatment.nFrederick Douglass died in 1895..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two watermelons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the watermelon with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gnaw is between the guide words get - goes, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nChad seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nChad subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40\u00b0F glass of water is colder than the 50\u00b0F glass of water, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words dime and lime rhyme. They both end with the ime sound.nThe word tape does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince offer is between the guide words oats - onion, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression..", - "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the eastern bluebird is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The eastern bluebird in this food chain eats the red-legged grasshopper..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Plant cells do not have vacuoles.nThis statement is false. Not all cells have vacuoles, but most plant and animal cells have them..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Sticky is a property. A sticky material easily attaches to other things.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the tape is the stickiest. If you touch a piece of tape, it will stick to you..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nDebbie's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nDebbie's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the porcupine.nThe porcupine has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator. The spines can harm a predator that tries to bite the porcupine.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe blowfish has sharp spines on its skin. Its skin is adapted to hurt an attacking predator.nThe fantastic leaf-tailed gecko has thin skin covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for hurting an attacking predator..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The force of Earth's gravity pulls the skater downward. The direction of the pull is toward the center of Earth..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Carlson's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince deep is between the guide words dangle - drench, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Wind raising a kite is air that is moving! Air is a gas. The air expands to fill the space around the kite..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two watermelons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder watermelon has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nThe detective must keep working, or he will never solve this case..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Obed River is in central Tennessee. This region normally receives between three and five inches of rain each year during September, October, and November.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in central Tennessee. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 7 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nPyrite is a mineral.nA marble is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.nSo, a marble is not a mineral.nGalena is a mineral..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the shopping bag that is heavier.nA shopping bag holding 9 pounds of food is heavier than a shopping bag holding 7 pounds of food. So, the bag holding 9 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other bag..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that we must invite the manager because we can't not invite her. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first expression of thanks is more formal. It avoids imprecise, conversational language (super nice, fitting me in)..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nLexi wants broccoli. Hugo wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the turkey vulture.nThe turkey vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the turkey vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe California condor has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.nThe ringed teal has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The ringed teal uses its beak to eat plants and invertebrates that live in mud..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things stay healthy. Food gives living things energy. They can use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives. Living things can get bigger and grow new body parts.nFor example, an oak tree is a living thing. It begins life as a seed. It takes in water from the soil. It makes food using energy from the sun. The oak tree gets taller and grows leaves and branches during its life. A mug is not a living thing.nMugs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow. They do not need food or water.nA gorilla is a living thing.nGorillas grow and change. They need food and water..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Chad wanted broccoli in his lunch and Tessa was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nChad has tomatoes. Tessa has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Emily Campbell can't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is associated with an urban newspaper. However, where Emily works doesn't necessarily indicate anything about her ability to empathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It uses a specific figure (3% cash back) and focuses on practical benefits of the product (everyday purchases)..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of shale match the properties of a rock. So, shale is a rock..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Millie has two alleles for having agouti fur (A). So, Millie's genotype for the agouti fur gene is AA..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Debbie's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Like other spiders, an orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA domestic dog is a mammal. Like other mammals, a domestic dog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA bumble bee is an insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The jeans are not slippery.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is blue..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason, by using a chart to compare the quality of Vistle cat food to that of a competitor..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.nKristen was upset about the local news network's coverage of the presidential debates, calling it a travesty of reporting that undermined important issues.nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.nKristen thought it a travesty that her local news network provided only limited coverage of the presidential debates.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince anybody is between the guide words ally - ascent, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the following statements describe the Biaowiea Forest ecosystem: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statement does not describe the Biaowiea Forest: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. It has a small amount of rain or snow..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a hot day is 38\u00b0C.n38\u00b0F is too cold..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince balcony is not between the guide words bitter - blame, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Fern plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMature ferns have flat leaves called fronds. Ferns have structures that look like small dots on the underside of their fronds. These structures are called spore cases. The mature ferns use asexual reproduction to make spores. When the spore cases open, the spores are released.nWhen a spore lands on the ground and germinates, it grows into a small heart-shaped plant. The heart-shaped plant begins the fern's sexual reproduction stage by making eggs and sperm. Ferns live in damp environments, and sperm can swim though small water drops. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm swims to an egg on the same heart-shaped plant. Cross-fertilization happens when the sperm swims to an egg on a nearby plant.nFertilization happens when a sperm and an egg fuse. The fertilized egg germinates and grows into a mature fern.nThe mature fern can make spores and begin the fern life cycle again. Ferns do not produce seeds. Mature ferns produce spores, and heart-shaped plants produce eggs and sperm..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.nMonica can eat the leftover tomato soup, or she can make herself a tuna sandwich..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Breaking a pencil is a physical change. The pencil gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the great blue heron.nThe great blue heron has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the great blue heron travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe gray-headed albatross has long, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe rock hyrax has short legs. It is not adapted for flight..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two meatballs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter meatball has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince visit is between the guide words very - volcano, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 300\u00b0F block is colder than the 335\u00b0F block, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Ivan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Gavin was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nIvan has tomatoes. Gavin has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Lindsey's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Lindsey's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect South America or North America..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a potato is 19 centimeters.n19 millimeters is too short. 19 meters and 19 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A gray tree frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a gray tree frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nOlivia wants broccoli. Cara wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne duck moved 755 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other duck moved 970 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each duck spent the same amount of time moving. The duck that moved 755 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Moss plants reproduce using both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.nMoss plants use their male and female parts for sexual reproduction. The male parts produce sperm. Moss live in damp environments, and moss sperm can travel through water to the female parts.nThe sperm fuse with eggs in the female part. This is called fertilization. Self-fertilization happens when a sperm from a moss plant fertilizes an egg from the same plant. Cross-fertilization happens when a sperm from one moss plant fertilizes an egg from a different moss plant.nThe fertilized egg grows into a thin brown stalk on top of the female part. Each stalk has a small spore capsule at the top. Moss plants use asexual reproduction to make small spores in the capsules. When the capsules open, the spores are released.nWhen the spores land on the ground, they may germinate and grow into a new moss plant. This new moss plant can produce eggs and sperm and begin the moss life cycle again. The thin brown stalk produces spores. Spores are released from the capsule at the top of the stalk.nThe thin brown stalk does not produce eggs or sperm. They are produced by the female and male parts of the moss plant..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nNick put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Nick lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the sedan or Bluetooth.nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Dave finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Dave finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 60 centimeters.n60 millimeters is too short. 60 meters and 60 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the plastic bag is smoother. If you touch a plastic bag, it will not feel rough..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: A drop of dye coloring all of the water in a container is an example of diffusion. Molecules spread throughout the water to areas where they are less concentrated..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect Australia or South America..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Pena hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Pena wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mars.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. Jupiter's volume is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is less than 1.63 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than 10,000 times as large as the volume of Mars..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Benton is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Manny wants or needs:nManny will give up the chance to look at the oak tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the amaryllises..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget..", - "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nKaren lives in a windy place.nThis passage tells you about the usual amount of wind where Karen lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Plagiarism is the act of taking another person's work or ideas and presenting them as your own, either accidentally or on purpose. When you use an outside source in your own writing, you should make sure to cite the source in order to avoid plagiarism. Consider the following source:nFisher, Goddu, and Keil, \"Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge.\" Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological AssociationnThe results of these experiments suggest that searching the Internet may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge. Searching for explanations on the Internet inflates self-assessed knowledge in unrelated domains.nIf you use a direct quotation in your writing, you must use quotation marks around the exact words that were copied from the source, in addition to citing the source.nResearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge.nThis sentence is plagiarized because it uses the source's exact words without quotation marks and without properly citing the source.nResearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information \"may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge\" (Fisher, Goddu, and Keil).nIf you paraphrase a source, or put a source's ideas into your own words, you must still cite the source. Even if properly cited, a paraphrase that is too similar to the source in wording or sentence structure is still considered plagiarized.nAccording to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, searching the Internet can lead to a regular failure to perceive the extent to which we rely on outside knowledge.nThis sentence is plagiarized because it is an insufficient paraphrase. Even though it is properly cited, it borrows too much of the source's wording and sentence structure.nAccording to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, relying on the Internet to look up information can make it difficult for us to estimate how much of our knowledge comes from internal versus external sources.nThere are different rules about how to format", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cent is between the guide words careful - correct, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Adventures of Bert..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.nVinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.nA scarf is a solid. You can fold a scarf. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.nThe air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space..", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 3 kilometers.n3 millimeters, 3 centimeters, and 3 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An axolotl's scientific name is Ambystoma mexicanum. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma.nLissotriton helveticus is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton helveticus and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus.nAmbystoma texanum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma texanum and Ambystoma mexicanum are in the same genus.nTaricha torosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha torosa and Ambystoma mexicanum are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved 135 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 105 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 135 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nThe word exoskeleton means \"outside skeleton.\"nIt can be proved by looking up exoskeleton in the dictionary.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nCreatures with exoskeletons, such as crabs, look scary.nScary shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what looks scary..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the largest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 15, which is the largest out of all the planets.nJupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince glider is between the guide words gear - gnat, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nAmphibians have the following traits:nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.nThey have moist skin.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA great blue heron has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA great blue heron does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A great blue heron is a bird.nA red salamander has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA red salamander has the traits of an amphibian. A red salamander is an amphibian..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nHallstatt is a village in Austria, a country known for winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding. Summers are warm and winters are cold in Austria.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual temperature pattern in Austria. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Hazel cannot be insightful about foreign affairs because she grew up on a farm. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether she knows about foreign affairs. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 17 millimeters.n17 centimeters, 17 meters, and 17 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. So, in a food web, tertiary consumers have arrows pointing to them from secondary consumers. Secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. And primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe gray fox has an arrow pointing to it from the pine vole. The pine vole is a secondary consumer, so the gray fox is a tertiary consumer.nThe black bear has arrows pointing to it from the persimmon tree, the swallowtail caterpillar, and the beaver. None of these organisms is a secondary consumer, so the black bear is not a tertiary consumer.nThe beaver has an arrow pointing to it from the silver maple. The silver maple is not a secondary consumer, so the beaver is not a tertiary consumer.nThe persimmon tree does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the persimmon tree is not a tertiary consumer.nThe black racer has an arrow pointing to it from the pine vole. The pine", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of dolostone match the properties of a rock. So, dolostone is a rock..", - "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to hydrogen peroxide in this chemical reaction.nHydrogen peroxide, a household disinfectant, breaks down into water and oxygen gas over time. Light speeds up this process, so hydrogen peroxide is typically stored in a dark-colored bottle. The bottle's dark coloring blocks light and makes the hydrogen peroxide last longer.nThe underlined text tells you that when hydrogen peroxide breaks down, hydrogen and oxygen are formed. When hydrogen peroxide reacts, or goes through a chemical change, its atoms are rearranged to form hydrogen and oxygen. Because hydrogen peroxide reacts in this chemical reaction, hydrogen peroxide is a reactant..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nYellow is a color.nThis color is yellow. The sandpaper is not yellow.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The sandpaper is rough..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Chanel's observable version of the body hair trait is a hairless body. So, Chanel's phenotype for the body hair trait is a hairless body..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word protested. It describes the door as if it were a person who didn't want to obey..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Mr. Harding can quit smoking because he is able to stop. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the screw driver.nThis screw driver is made of two different materials. The handle is made of plastic. The rest of the screw driver is made of metal.nMetal is a good material for tools. Metal is hard and can be made into many shapes..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nFish have the following traits:nThey have fins, not limbs.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nAn Amazon milk frog has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nAn Amazon milk frog does not have all of the traits of a fish. An Amazon milk frog is an amphibian.nA thresher shark has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA thresher shark has the traits of a fish. A thresher shark is a fish..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase boasted of. It describes the tomatoes as if they were people who brag..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Ellison). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.There is one path matter can take from the black rockfish to the bat star: black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the bat star: kelp->kelp bass->bat star. There are four paths matter can take from the phytoplankton to the bat star: phytoplankton->zooplankton->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton->zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton->zooplankton->black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. phytoplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. orca. The only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the orca to the bat star...", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: Ginger root is the rhizome, or branching underground stem, of the ginger plant..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The track suit is blue.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The track suit is not hard..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50% of Jupiter's volume by multiplying Jupiter's volume by 0.5.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 827,130 billion km3, which is more than 715,640 billion km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Monongahela National Forest has cold, wet winters. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 66\u00b0F glass of apple juice is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Samantha wants or needs:nSamantha will give up the chance to eat the chicken soup, which would have been tastier than the onion soup..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that two out of the eight planets are made mainly of gas. So, one-fourth, or 25%, of the planets are made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun hers could refer to Sophia's or Kate's.nSophia told Kate that the fleece jacket on the bench looked like hers.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nThe fleece jacket that Sophia saw on the bench looked like Kate's..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince anchor is between the guide words account - apart, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nSavannah wants broccoli. Michael wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night. The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Tara's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Jupiter is the largest planet and that Jupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nAn opaque object does not let light through. The ceramic tea cup is opaque, but the window, the glass, and the icicle are not.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All four objects are fragile.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. The window and the glass are transparent, but the ceramic tea cup is not.nThe property that all four objects have in common is fragile..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the sidewalk.nThe sidewalk is made of concrete.nConcrete is a mixture of sand, rocks, and cement. Concrete is heavy and strong. Bridges and large buildings are often made out of concrete..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a small can of tomato sauce is 1 cup.n1 fluid ounce is too little and 1 gallon is too much..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the superb fairywren.nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The superb fairywren uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe rosy-faced lovebird has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The rosy-faced lovebird uses its beak to eat seeds and berries..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cups of black tea are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cup of black tea with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. None of the objects are fragile.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. All three objects are colorful.nThe property that all three objects have in common is colorful..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe temperature recorded in Des Moines on Tuesday morning was 49\u00b0F.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Des Moines on Tuesday morning. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 60 grams.n60 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nPre-owned is an indirect way of saying used..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Mixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Brian is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Peaches has one allele for bright orange cheeks (R) and one allele for pale orange cheeks (r). So, Peaches's genotype for the cheek color gene is Rr..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 16 centimeters.n16 millimeters is too short. 16 meters and 16 kilometers are too long..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Hen, duck, and chicken go together. They are birds. Boy is not a bird, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: The city is Kansas City, Missouri. St. Louis, Cleveland, and Minneapolis are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..", - "Solution: Jackie Robinson played baseball for a living. He played for a team called the Brooklyn Dodgers. This picture shows him in his Dodgers uniform..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Maverick's observable version of the wool color trait is white wool. So, Maverick's phenotype for the wool color trait is white wool..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA snowy owl has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA snowy owl has the traits of a bird. A snowy owl is a bird.nA black howler has the following traits:nIt feeds its offspring milk.nIt has fur.nA black howler does not have all of the traits of a bird. A black howler is a mammal..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince impose is between the guide words igloo - injury, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether platinum is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that dark blue represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Pt. So, the model shows you that platinum is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that platinum is composed of only one chemical element. So, platinum is an elementary substance..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Delaware is farthest north..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the harbor seal.nThe harbor seal uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe sea turtle has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe ostrich has short wings and long, thin legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The ostrich uses its limbs to walk and run on land..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A gorilla is an animal. It eats leaves, fruits, and insects.nGorillas live in groups called troops.nA pear tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nWild pear trees grow in Europe, north Africa, and Asia..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Molly or Maria.nWhen Molly ran into Maria at the post office, she smiled and said hello.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMolly smiled and said hello when she ran into Maria at the post office..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Splash has two alleles for mostly plain scales (i). So, Splash's genotype for the iridescent scales gene is ii..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Granodiorite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock below the earth's surface is called magma. Granodiorite forms from magma that contains a lot of silica. As the magma cools, minerals such as feldspar begin to form. When the magma becomes solid, it turns into granodiorite..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Trevor wants or needs:nTrevor will spend more time in the Photography Club than he would have spent in the Theater Club..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. A slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDalton wants broccoli. Elise wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The paper notebook and the grocery bag are flexible, but the concrete steps are not.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. The concrete steps are not soft.nAn opaque object does not let light through. All three objects are opaque.nThe property that all three objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 51,248 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Victoria crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura victoria. The first word of its scientific name is Goura.nStrix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Goura victoria are not in the same genus.nGoura scheepmakeri is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura scheepmakeri and Goura victoria are in the same genus.nAequorea victoria and Goura victoria are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Aequorea victoria and Goura victoria have the same species name within their genus, victoria. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Aequorea victoria is in the genus Aequorea, and Goura victoria is in the genus Goura..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **A Good Day for an Outing**..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.nWater droplets are a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you collect water droplets in a bucket, they will take the shape of the bucket. But the water droplets will still take up the same amount of space.nA robot is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A robot can move. But if it moves across a room, the robot will still have a size and shape of its own.nHelium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Helium is lighter than air. So, if you fill a balloon with helium, the balloon will rise. If helium", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Sadie was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the forms.nMr. Dudley wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Carla is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Mrs. Bradley's or Jane's.nJust as Mrs. Bradley finished brewing Jane a cup of tea, her phone rang.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMrs. Bradley's phone rang just as she finished brewing Jane a cup of tea..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Rafflesia arnoldii is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The baseball bat and the road are not blue.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All three objects are hard.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is hard..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Chelonoidis nigra is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Chelonoidis nigra is the scientific name..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nSeptember has thirty days, and July has thirty-one..", - "Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word complained. It describes the washing machine as if it were a grumpy, overworked person..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.nThe grizzly bear has two arrows pointing to it. One arrow starts from the bilberry. The bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. The other arrow pointing to the grizzly bear starts from the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. The lichen does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the grizzly bear.nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the bilberry.There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the short-tailed weasel: bear sedge->brown lemming->short-tailed weasel. There is one path matter can take from the bear sedge to the Arctic fox", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Senator Robinson isn't lying about caring for her constituents because she doesn't lie to people she cares about. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince torn is between the guide words tea - triangle, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A trait is the way an organism looks or behaves.nAn adaptation is a trait that helps an organism stay alive in its environment..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 160\u00b0F mug of cocoa is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Pleopeltis polypodioides is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Faye has one allele for not having albinism (A) and one allele for having albinism (a). So, Faye's genotype for the albinism gene is Aa..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Trevor's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Trevor's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Temperature is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average temperature for each month. The average temperature can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA line graph can be used to show the average temperature each month. Months with higher dots on the graph have higher average temperatures. To describe the average temperature trends in New York City, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"January and February are the coldest months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in January and February are between 30\u00b0F and 35\u00b0F. These months have the lowest average temperatures of all of the months. So, they are the coldest months of the year.nChoice \"November is warmer than May.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperature in November is around 50\u00b0F. May has an average temperature around 60\u00b0F. So, November is colder, not warmer, than May.nChoice \"July, August, and September are colder than the other months of the year.\" is incorrect.nThe average temperatures in July, August, and September are around 75\u00b0F. These months have the highest average temperatures of any months. So, they are hotter, not colder, than the other months..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An eastern gray kangaroo's scientific name is Macropus giganteus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.nEquus grevyi is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus grevyi and Macropus giganteus are not in the same genus.nEquus quagga is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus quagga and Macropus giganteus are not in the same genus.nMacropus agilis is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus agilis and Macropus giganteus are in the same genus..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Marie must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Marie's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Marie does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. South Dakota is farthest east..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.nIn the Bible, Adam and Eve's son Cain murders his brother in a jealous rage.nThe allusion raise Cain means to resort to violence..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of siltstone match the properties of a rock. So, siltstone is a rock..", - "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the green anemone behind the clownfish.nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 54,500 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest east..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Scott is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Scott..", - "Solution: The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also protects the cell from the outside environment.nThe cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports the other cell parts and holds them in place. Many important chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm.nThe mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use.nThe vacuoles store nutrients, such as sugar, in the cell. Vacuoles also store water and waste.nThe nucleus directs cell activities. It does this by sending instructions to different parts of the cell.nThe chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. In animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus. Chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. This information helps control what the cell does and how it grows and develops.nIn animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nIn ancient Egypt, some people were preserved as mummies after they died.nIt can be proved by reading a book about ancient Egypt.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nPreserving dead people as mummies is definitely gross.nDefinitely gross shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is gross..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince tickle is between the guide words throw - true, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.nIt is legal for public schools to have dress codes.nIt can be proved by looking up court rulings about dress codes.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nSchool dress codes are bad for students.nBad shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what rules are bad for kids..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that raw milk is better than pasteurized milk because pasteurization isn't a natural process. However, raw milk isn't necessarily healthier for humans just because it's unprocessed. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature..", - "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.nA red howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHowler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!.", - "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince which is not between the guide words wide - wren, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n3 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n11 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of an adult alligator is 14 feet.n14 inches is too short..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nAlbert stacked a crate of oranges on top of the crate of lemons and checked both crates off his order sheet..", - "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bobcat's scientific name is Lynx rufus. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx.nHalichoeres hortulanus is in the genus Halichoeres. The first word of its scientific name is Halichoeres. So, Halichoeres hortulanus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.nLynx lynx is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx lynx and Lynx rufus are in the same genus.nMacropus rufus and Lynx rufus are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Macropus rufus and Lynx rufus have the same species name within their genus, rufus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Macropus rufus is in the genus Macropus, and Lynx rufus is in the genus Lynx.", - "Solution: Both the picture and the text tell you about the traits of African wild dogs. Start with the picture.nThese African wild dogs have black, brown, and white fur. They also have four legs and two ears.nNext, read the text about African wild dogs.nAfrican wild dogs live in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack.nAfrican wild dogs do live in groups. But the groups are not made up of thousands of dogs..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Breaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.nA green frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a green frog has a backbone..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nConglomerate is a rock.nSteel is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.nSo, steel is not a rock.nMarble is a rock..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Hematite has all the properties of a mineral. So, hematite is a mineral..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Elena thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Samantha was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Sasha did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Hansen investigated whether adding salt to water affects how quickly spaghetti cooks. The pots with pure water did not have salt. So, they were part of a control group..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the spectacled cobra.nWhen frightened, the spectacled cobra can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe frillneck lizard has a layer of skin, called a frill, around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe sand lizard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Alouatta caraya is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Alouatta caraya is the scientific name..", - "Solution: This country is Tonga..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 10 hours. The motorboat that moved 55 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, helps. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A baseball is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nIf you hit a baseball with a bat, the baseball will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: The city is Charlotte, North Carolina. Nashville, Oklahoma City, and San Antonio are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince garbage is not between the guide words glitter - grin, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dan wants or needs:nDan will spend more time making the beef barley soup than he would have spent making the split pea soup..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCutting an apple is a physical change. The apple gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut apple.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words top and cop rhyme. They both end with the op sound.nThe word mad does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest east..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether flying a plane is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs flying a plane something you can touch? No.nIs flying a plane a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, flying a plane is a service..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The pineapple and the tree bark are not bouncy.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The sidewalk and the pineapple are not fuzzy.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to watch a movie at the theater is 3 hours.n3 minutes is too fast..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A cocoi heron's scientific name is Ardea cocoi.nTyto alba does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Tyto alba are not in the same species.nArdea cocoi has the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, these organisms are in the same species.nFalco peregrinus does not have the same scientific name as a cocoi heron. So, Ardea cocoi and Falco peregrinus are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Matt felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the old broom or the broken glass.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the broken glass.nCarly used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing the broken glass away..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nPlacental mammals have the following traits:nThey give birth to live offspring.nThey have fur or hair.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA red-headed poison frog has the following traits:nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.nIt has moist skin.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA red-headed poison frog does not have all of the traits of a placental mammal. A red-headed poison frog is an amphibian.nA sea otter has the following traits:nIt gives birth to live offspring.nA sea otter has the traits of a placental mammal. A sea otter is a placental mammal..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bald eagle.nThe bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe common buzzard has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe sable has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jar.nThe jar is made of two different materials. The lid is made of metal. The rest of the jar is made of glass..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cotton balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter cotton ball has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Idaho is farthest north..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word by is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Tales by Moonlight..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nDuring a test flight over the Mojave Desert, Virgin Galactic's experimental SpaceShipTwo spacecraft crashing on October 31, 2014.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nDuring a test flight over the Mojave Desert, Virgin Galactic's experimental SpaceShipTwo spacecraft crashed on October 31, 2014..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Nico has one allele for a hairy body (B) and one allele for a hairless body (b). So, Nico's genotype for the body hair gene is Bb..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 82 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 59 pounds. So, the cart holding 82 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.nGypsum is a mineral.nAn antler is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.nSo, an antler is not a mineral.nBaryte is a mineral..", - "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Beavers build a dam, they use sticks and branches is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Beavers build a dam and They use sticks and branches..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of an eraser is 1 ounce.n1 pound and 1 ton are both too heavy..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun him could refer to Mr. Vance or Mr. Patton.nAfter Mr. Vance finished performing with Mr. Patton, Mary went up and thanked him.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nMary went up and thanked Mr. Vance after he finished performing with Mr. Patton..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a hummingbird's beak is 2 centimeters.n2 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the mint plant we usually eat is the leaves. They do most of the photosynthesis to make food for the plant..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the spotted deer.nThe spotted deer has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the spotted deer reach grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe giraffe has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe cougar has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The cougar uses its mouth to eat other animals..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the bamboo plant we usually eat is the stem. It supports the plant. It also carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether zinc is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for zinc is Zn. This formula contains one symbol: Zn. So, the formula tells you that zinc is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nA seed can grow into a new plant, which can grow pollen and cones. But a fertilized egg does not become pollen or a cone..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Gasoline is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour gasoline into a different container, the gasoline will take the size and shape of that container..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.nA gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nThe corridor in the basement was dark and damp, so Ariel put on a sweater and found a flashlight..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: An animal cell does not have a cell membrane.nThis statement is false. Every cell has a cell membrane. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.nHyla japonica is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla japonica and Hyla cinerea are in the same genus.nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.nArdea cinerea and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ardea cinerea and Hyla cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea, and Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla..", - "Solution: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:nThey are solid.nThey are formed in nature.nThey are not made by living things.nThey are not pure substances. Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.nSandstone is a rock.nDolerite is a rock.nSteel is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.nSo, steel is not a rock..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The student's hand applies a force to the drawer. This force slides the drawer open. The direction of this force is toward the student's hand. This force is a pull..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A purple heron's scientific name is Ardea purpurea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nSarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Sarracenia purpurea and Ardea purpurea have the same species name within their genus, purpurea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Sarracenia purpurea is in the genus Sarracenia, and Ardea purpurea is in the genus Ardea.nProcambarus clarkii is in the genus Procambarus. The first word of its scientific name is Procambarus. So, Procambarus clarkii and Ardea purpurea are not in the same genus.nArdea alba is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea alba and Ardea purpurea are in the same genus..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A garbage can is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nYou can open or close a garbage can. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. South Carolina is farthest south..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Turquoise has all the properties of a mineral. So, turquoise is a mineral..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All four objects are fuzzy.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The kiwi is not stretchy.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The boots, the stuffed dice, and the yarn pom pom are not hard.nThe property that all four objects have in common is fuzzy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince ski is between the guide words safety - sneak, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. Neither of the objects are stretchy.nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. Both objects are breakable.nThe property that both objects have in common is breakable..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. C is the symbol for carbon. Cl is the symbol for chlorine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one carbon atom and four chlorine atoms.nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols C and Cl. There is one carbon atom, so C will not have a subscript. There are four chlorine atoms, so Cl will have a subscript of 4.n", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince toot is not between the guide words tepee - thrilling, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A salmon is a fish. Like other fish, a salmon has a backbone.nLike other spiders, a wolf spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Ellen investigated whether spraying air plants affects their growth. The plants that were only soaked in water were not sprayed. So, they were part of a control group..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: This country is Kiribati..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35\u00b0C mug of cider is colder than the 55\u00b0C mug of cider, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 10 inches.n10 feet, 10 yards, and 10 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 34 millimeters.n34 centimeters, 34 meters, and 34 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The paperback book and the ballet shoes are flexible, but the concrete steps are not.nAn opaque object does not let light through. All four objects are opaque.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The paperback book and the concrete steps are not stretchy.nThe property that all four objects have in common is opaque..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. A cheese sandwich with lettuce and tomato is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three plates of spaghetti have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 97\u00b0F plate of spaghetti is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Luce has one allele for straight fur (F) and one allele for curly fur (f). So, Luce's genotype for the fur type gene is Ff..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a basketball court is 29 meters.n29 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (may your Thanksgiving be filled). The other holiday greeting uses slang (your gang, have a blast) and sounds more casual..", - "Solution: Some words are alike. They go together in a group.nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. Bee, ant, and fly go together. They are bugs. Pig is not a bug, so it is not like the other words..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nPedro put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Pedro lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince stunt is between the guide words sped - sworn, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The girl's dad pushes the bike away from himself. So, the girl rides forward. The direction of the push is away from the dad's hands..", - "Solution: This country is New Zealand..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.nGrilling a hamburger is a chemical change. Heat from the grill causes the matter in the meat to change. Cooked meat and raw meat are different types of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. An alpine newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.nA koala is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nKoalas sleep for up to 20 hours a day!nA red crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A marble is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nA marble can be made of clear or colored glass..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Terrence tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Terrence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Terrence's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Terrence took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the metal horseshoe is the hardest. If you squeeze a metal horseshoe, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nThe baby fish in the aquarium are as tiny as specks.nThe words baby fish and specks are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nThe baby fish in the aquarium are tiny specks.nThe words baby fish and specks are compared without the word like or as..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Fawkes's observable version of the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks. So, Fawkes's phenotype for the cheek color trait is pale orange cheeks..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 76 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 63 pounds. So, the cart holding 76 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Rhode Island is farthest south..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The slippers are not smooth.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The slippers are not shiny.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects South America. It does not intersect Europe or Australia..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bird moved 35 miles in 10 hours.nThe other bird moved 50 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 35 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 33 minutes.n33 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great blue heron.nThe great blue heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great blue heron to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe painted stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe blue-footed booby has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Tom wanted broccoli in his lunch and Debbie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nTom has tomatoes. Debbie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three bath towels have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 18\u00b0F towel is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Nero has two alleles for orange fur (F). So, Nero's genotype for the fur color gene is FF..", - "Solution: The colony is Virginia.nThe Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The spring is not slippery.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. The inflatable castle is colorful, but the soccer ball and the spring are not.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. All three objects are bouncy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bouncy..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Conglomerate does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, conglomerate is not a mineral..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 54 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 53 pounds. So, the cart holding 54 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A copperband butterflyfish's scientific name is Chelmon rostratus.nChelmon rostratus has the same scientific name as a copperband butterflyfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.nAmphiprion frenatus does not have the same scientific name as a copperband butterflyfish. So, Chelmon rostratus and Amphiprion frenatus are not in the same species.nPremnas biaculeatus does not have the same scientific name as a copperband butterflyfish. So, Chelmon rostratus and Premnas biaculeatus are not in the same species..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. Magnet 1 pushes Magnet 2. The direction of the push is away from Magnet 1..", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that azalea plants use chlorophyll to capture energy from sunlight. This is evidence that the azalea plant is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the Anna's hummingbird is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.nBurning a piece of wood is a chemical change. When the wood burns, the type of matter in it changes. The wood turns black and gives off smoke.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words pop and top rhyme. They both end with the op sound.nThe word jog does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Robert is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Steve wants or needs:nSteve will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Food burning on a stove is a chemical change. The type of matter in the food changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 2 miles.n2 inches, 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nThe Chinese New Year celebration lasts for fifteen days.nIt can be proved by looking up information about the Chinese New Year.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nFifteen days is a long time to celebrate a holiday.nLong time shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is a long time..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 4 kilometers.n4 millimeters, 4 centimeters, and 4 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to paint the walls in a bedroom is 3 hours.n3 minutes is too fast..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the harbor seal.nThe harbor seal uses its flippers to push itself through water. The flippers can also help it change direction while swimming.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe humpback whale has flippers. Its limbs are adapted for swimming.nThe ostrich has short wings and long, thin legs. Its limbs are not adapted for swimming. The ostrich uses its limbs to walk and run on land..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nScientists face many challenges working in Antarctica. Cracked lips and dry skin are constant problems on scientific expeditions like the one shown here. This is because the Antarctic air is extremely dry for most of the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of humidity in Antarctica. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the cart that is heavier.nA cart holding 84 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 68 pounds. So, the cart holding 84 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the chalk is harder. If you squeeze a piece of chalk, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Billy wants or needs:nBilly will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the gardenias..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nThe mayor left a message for the president..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 120 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Food and water are fuel for our bodies is a complete sentence. The subject is food and water, and the verb is are..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, mail. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nMr. Atkinson cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Atkinson washes the car..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words first and thirst rhyme. They both end with the irst sound.nThe word chirp does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nVictoria adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.nVictoria adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Acanthaster planci is an animal. Animals are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: The colony is New Hampshire.nDuring the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of New England or the Southern Colonies..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nUganda is an African country with large forests. The humidity in the forest was low this morning, so the air felt dry.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the humidity in Uganda this morning. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The motorcycle is changing direction. So, the motorcycle is accelerating..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The track suit is stretchy, but the sapphire is not.nThe property that both objects have in common is blue..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,730 kilograms.n6,730 grams is too light..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a passenger airplane is 48 tons.n48 ounces and 48 pounds are both too light..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The breakdown of plant and animal matter by organisms such as fungi and earthworms is called decomposition. A log decomposing in the woods is a chemical change.nAs the log breaks down, the type of matter in it changes. Over time, the log becomes softer and has a different smell..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince tidy is between the guide words thaw - trunk, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: This country is Cuba.nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: The colony is Massachusetts.nThe Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony..", - "Solution: Lansing is the capital of Michigan..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Audrey's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the rain boots.nThe rain boots are made of rubber.nRubber is waterproof, so it's the perfect material for rain boots..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes.nAn American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water..", - "Solution: Trenton is the capital of New Jersey..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Kraken's observable version of the eye color trait is red eyes. So, Kraken's phenotype for the eye color trait is red eyes..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A sugar glider is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSugar gliders can jump long distances from tree to tree. They have flaps of loose skin on their sides. These flaps help them stay in the air.nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.nAn ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast.nAn American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: This country is Cuba.nDoes Cuba have any territorial disputes?nCuba claims to own Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States controls the area and uses it as a military base and prison. A treaty in 1903 gave the U.S. the right to rent the land from Cuba. But today, Cuba says that it had no choice but to accept the treaty. It wants the United States to leave the area and does not accept the rent money sent by the United States each year..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 1.63 x 1011 km3, which is less than 6.08 x 1011 km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than ten times as large as Mercury's..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.nCutting an orange is a physical change. The orange gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut orange.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nA puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But cutting an orange is not..", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to the Arctic, the environment it lives in.nThe word arcticus refers to the Arctic. So, the Arctic hare's scientific name is Lepus arcticus..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But a sandwich rotting is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nWendy", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that President Hamilton is an effective communicator because he communicates well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince whisper is between the guide words week - winter, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest east..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Kerr's snoring..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n A peach pit does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, a peach pit is not a mineral..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The yarn pom pom and the stuffed rabbit are not slippery.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The stuffed rabbit is not shiny.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether an apple is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs an apple something you can touch? Yes.nIs an apple a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, an apple is a good..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. The temperature of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Pirates of the Plain**..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 25\u00b0F.n25\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each fish moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne fish moved 40 miles in 10 hours.nThe other fish moved 10 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each fish spent the same amount of time moving. The fish that moved 40 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that fish must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two plates of spaghetti are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter plate of spaghetti has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (see eye to eye).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Zane tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.nLast winter, Zane took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.nThe second text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Zane's friends were in Florida the week before.nLast winter, Zane took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale shows how common different blood types are.nLess common blood types are shown to the left. More common blood types are shown to the right. B- is shown farther to the left than B+, so B- is less common than B+. A+ is shown farther to the right than B+, so A+ is more common than B+..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.nIn this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.nThe amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.nThe number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment..", - "Solution: This country is Haiti.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nBoring shows verbal irony because Darrell's sister's hairstyle is not at all boring..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the leaf insect.nThe leaf insect has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe leaf-mimic katydid has a green leaf-shaped body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe hoverfly has a yellow-and-black pattern on its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by associating the chocolate with indulgence and luxury..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Closed the door to the baby's room is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word taunted. It describes the mosquitoes as if they were people who torment others..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that texting must be a better form of communication because it's more popular. However, this isn't necessarily true. A phone call may be a better way to communicate, even though texting is more popular. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology..", - "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up who wrote the introduction to Frankenstein.nAlthough Mary Shelley published Frankenstein anonymously, her husband Percy Shelley wrote the introduction.nThe first sentence states an opinion. Unfortunate indicates a personal judgment.nIt is unfortunate that Mary Shelley could not publish Frankenstein under her own name..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA Chinese alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Ancient Egypt is located in northeastern Africa, along the Nile River. Locate the Nile River on the map.nAncient Egyptian civilization began along the Nile River. The Nile is closest to label A, which marks the location of ancient Egypt.nZoom into Egypt!nAncient Egypt was divided into two main territories:nLower Egypt was close to the mouth, or end, of the Nile River, which flowed into the Mediterranean Sea.nUpper Egypt was closer to the source, or beginning, of the Nile River.nSo, Lower Egypt is in northern Egypt and Upper Egypt is in southern Egypt..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 19\u00b0F.n19\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nIvan wants broccoli. Abdul wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A paper clip is not a living thing.nPaper clips do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA soccer ball is not a living thing.nSoccer balls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA crayon is not a living thing.nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA crab is a living thing.nCrabs grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Crabs are made up of many cells.nCrabs are animals. Some crabs live in oceans. Other crabs live in freshwater or on land..", - "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nAlthough she left her house early, Lola barely made it to the train station in time..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: This country is Grenada..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice..", - "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you who Theodor Geisel was.nTheodor Geisel wrote many books for kids. But most people know him by the name Dr. Seuss. As Dr. Seuss, he wrote books that were easy to read. His silly poems made his books fun to read, too. Theodor used words in clever ways. Sometimes he even made up his own words!.", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the horse.nThe horse has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the horse reach grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe impala has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe cougar has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The cougar uses its mouth to eat other animals..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest west..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nDad takes a shower at night, or he soaks in the bathtub..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a mischievous, unpredictable person..", - "Solution: All living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A crayon is not a living thing.nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.nAn ostrich is a living thing.nOstriches grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0F pie is colder than the 80\u00b0F pie, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two pencils are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter pencil has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the Allen's hummingbird.nThe Allen's hummingbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The Allen's hummingbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe bronzy sunbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe roseate spoonbill has a long spoon-shaped beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The roseate spoonbill uses its beak to filter through mud for invertebrates and small fish..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with sulfur in the air to form black tarnish. The tarnish is a different type of matter that was not there before the change.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But silver tarnishing is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Malia has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..", - "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up founders of NAACP.nW. E. B. Du Bois was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).nThe first sentence states an opinion. Compelling and insightful indicates a personal judgment.nW. E. B. Du Bois's essays were compelling and insightful, but sometimes the language he used was difficult to understand..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether silane is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of silane is composed of four hydrogen atoms and one silicon atom bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that silane is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and silicon. Since silane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, silane is a compound..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair can be naturally curly or naturally straight. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nUntil the variable harlequin toad was rediscovered in a remote mountain region of Costa Rica.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nUntil the variable harlequin toad was rediscovered in a remote mountain region of Costa Rica, it was thought to be extinct..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bird moved 5 miles in 5 hours.nThe other bird moved 15 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 5 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: The city is Minneapolis, Minnesota. Detroit, Cleveland, and Chicago are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **So Dear to My Heart**..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether magnesium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for magnesium is Mg. This formula contains one symbol: Mg. So, the formula tells you that magnesium is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances", - "Solution: Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce. This organism is photosynthetic:nThe text tells you that painted nettles combine water and carbon dioxide to make sugars, which they use for energy. This is evidence that the painted nettle is a photosynthetic organism.nThis organism is not photosynthetic:nThe text does not provide evidence that the planthopper is photosynthetic..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 660 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Dall sheep's scientific name is Ovis dalli. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis.nAlouatta caraya is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta caraya and Ovis dalli are not in the same genus.nOvis canadensis is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis canadensis and Ovis dalli are in the same genus.nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Ovis dalli are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the elementary substance copper.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. The color of a ball represents a specific chemical element. The atomic symbol for that chemical element is shown in the legend. Use the model to determine whether titanium is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.nIn the space-filling model shown above, all of the balls are the same color:n. The legend shows that gray represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol Ti. So, the model shows you that titanium is composed of one chemical element.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that titanium is composed of only one chemical element. So, titanium is an elementary substance..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 55\u00b0F glass of orange juice is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 8.27 x 1014 km3, which is more than 6.08 x 1014 km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as Mercury's volume..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Steller's sea eagle's scientific name is Haliaeetus pelagicus.nHaliaeetus pelagicus has the same scientific name as a Steller's sea eagle. So, these organisms are in the same species.nDiodon hystrix does not have the same scientific name as a Steller's sea eagle. So, Haliaeetus pelagicus and Diodon hystrix are not in the same species.nHaliaeetus pelagicus is in the same genus as Haliaeetus leucocephalus, but they are not in the same species.nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Haliaeetus pelagicus and Haliaeetus leucocephalus are different species within the same genus..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe Arctic fox has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.nThe lichen does not have an arrow pointing to it. So, the lichen is a producer.nThe earthworm has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bear sedge is a producer..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest south..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the handkerchief.nThe handkerchief is made of linen.nLinen is made from the stems of flax plants. First, the stems are cut. Then, the stems are soaked in water until they are soft. The soft fibers from the stems are then spun into yarn..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with sour fruit or sweet fruit, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the fruit taste trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for sour fruit, is dominant over the f allele, which is for sweet fruit.nSour fruit is the dominant allele's version of the fruit taste trait. A muskmelon plant with the dominant version of the fruit taste trait must have at least one dominant allele for the fruit taste gene. So, offspring with sour fruit must have the genotype FF or Ff.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype FF or Ff.nSwee", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase sang in. It describes the wind as if it were a singer..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter.nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCells using oxygen to break down sugar is a chemical change. When sugar is broken down, it forms carbon dioxide and water.nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But cells using oxygen to break down sugar is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Conifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. A seed can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow male and female cones. But a seed does not grow into a male cone or a female cone..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A bobcat's scientific name is Lynx rufus.nFelis silvestris does not have the same scientific name as a bobcat. So, Lynx rufus and Felis silvestris are not in the same species.nFelis nigripes does not have the same scientific name as a bobcat. So, Lynx rufus and Felis nigripes are not in the same species.nLynx rufus has the same scientific name as a bobcat. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Biotite has all the properties of a mineral. So, biotite is a mineral..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA common toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Both objects are bouncy.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The spring is not slippery.nThe property that both objects have in common is bouncy..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A loon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nLoons usually live near lakes. They dive in the water to hunt for food.nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there The deep sea is a type of ecosystem. Deep sea ecosystems have the following features: water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground. So, the Kermadec Arc has water at the bottom of the ocean. It also has organisms that crawl or stick to the ground..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The gas station is in row C..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nAlthough she left her house early, Mabel barely made it to the train station in time..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether water is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for water is H2 O. This formula contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that water is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Cooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are made of different types of matter..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThere are usually more days with low air pressure than high air pressure where Chloe lives.nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of air pressure where Chloe lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first holiday greeting is more formal. It uses more elevated language (Independence Day, the entire staff). The other holiday greeting uses casual language (happy 4 th, the crew) that is more familiar in tone..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: Look at the timeline.nThe timeline shows that Spain, England, and France all sent expeditions to the Americas. For example, the following expedition leaders traveled to the Americas:nIn 1493, Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas on behalf of Spain.nIn 1497, John Cabot sailed to Canada, which is in the Americas, on behalf of England.nIn 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed to Canada on behalf of France..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.nThe Navajo people are a Native American nation from the southwestern United States.nIt can be proved by reading about the Navajo people.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nLiving in the southwestern United States is more difficult than living in other parts of North America.nMore difficult shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a place difficult to live in..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words pain and main rhyme. They both end with the ain sound.nThe word sock does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Oak Grove. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the opponent can't question the budget proposal because of his personal spending habits. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the opponent's criticisms are valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA three-toed sloth is a mammal. Like other mammals, a three-toed sloth is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA praying mantis is an insect. Like other insects, a praying mantis is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or South America..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The caramel corn is not blue.nSugar has a sweet taste. The caramel corn is sweet..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when you press on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the styrofoam packing peanuts are softer. If you squeeze styrofoam packing peanuts, they will change shape..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.nocean-continent subduction zonenOne type of convergent boundary is an ocean-continent subduction zone, which forms when a plate with oceanic crust and a plate with continental crust move toward each other. The oceanic crust subducts, or sinks, below the continental crust.nAs the oceanic crust subducts, a deep-sea trench forms at the plate boundary. Some rock in the subducting plate melts into magma and rises toward the surface. The magma cools and hardens to create a string of volcanoes called a volcanic arc. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Peru-Chile Trench, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Peru-Chile Trench is a deep-sea trench that extends along the western coast of South America. Here, the Nazca Plate is moving toward the South American Plate at a rate of about 7.9 centimeters per year. As these plates collide, the oceanic crust of the Nazca Plate subducts, or sinks, below the continental crust of the South American Plate, forming the Peru-Chile Trench.nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the Peru-Chile Trench formed as the two plates moved toward each other. So, the Peru-Chile Trench formed at a convergent boundary..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the nurses.nZach, did you ask the nurses if the flu vaccination is available yet?.", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. A chair is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nWhen you sit on a chair, it keeps its shape..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Siltstone does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, siltstone is not a mineral..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the silk necktie is softer. If you press on silk fabric, it will change shape..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince sure is between the guide words stalk - swarm, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 65 grams.n65 kilograms is too heavy..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nOn November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed. Which gave the United States possession of the Panama Canal Zone.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nOn November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed, giving the United States possession of the Panama Canal Zone..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the vervet monkey.nThe vervet monkey has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees. The vervet monkey uses its long fingers and toes to hold on to branches while climbing.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe common marmoset has long fingers and toes. It is adapted for climbing trees.nThe Grevy's zebra has four hoofed feet. It is not adapted for climbing trees. The Grevy's zebra uses its feet to walk and run..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Moxie has two alleles for black wool (l). So, Moxie's genotype for the wool color gene is ll..", - "Solution: The way an organism looks or acts is called a trait. Scientists use fossils to learn more about the traits of ancient organisms.nFossils can preserve the remains of body parts and activities. A fossil of a body part, such as a tail or a wing, can tell you what an organism looked like. A fossil of an organism's activities, such as a burrow or a footprint, can tell you about the organism's behavior.nHere are three examples of fossils and the traits that you can observe from them:nThis is a fossil of an animal. This fossil tells you that the animal had a spiral-shaped shell.nThis is a fossil of a plant. This fossil tells you that the plant had small leaves arranged in a branched pattern.nThis is a fossil of an animal's footprint. This fossil tells you that the animal could walk on land.nAn organism's fossil may not show all of the organism's traits. This is because most body parts are destroyed during fossil formation. When an organism's body turns into a fossil, only a few body parts are usually preserved..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Neither of the objects are bouncy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. Both objects are blue.nThe property that both objects have in common is blue..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A chair is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nWhen you sit on a chair, it keeps its shape..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the bronzy sunbird.nThe bronzy sunbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The bronzy sunbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe green violetear has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe northern mockingbird has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The northern mockingbird uses its beak to eat insects and earthworms..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tropical coral reef is a type of ecosystem. Tropical coral reefs have the following features: shallow, salty water, bright sunlight, and many different types of organisms. So, Jardines de la Reina National Park has salty water. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.nLava from the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea usually flows southward into the ocean. In June of 2014, though, northward.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nLava from the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea usually flows southward into the ocean. In June of 2014, though, lava from the Puu Oo crater flowed northward..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each refrigerator increased, which means that the thermal energy of each refrigerator increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each refrigerator..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince postage is between the guide words pennies - praise, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0C mug of cider is hotter than the 60\u00b0C mug of cider, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince temper is between the guide words tap - than, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 315 milliliters.n315 liters is too much..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nJuly has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nEduardo will read the script on his own, and then we'll practice our lines together..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. The Great Sphinx of Giza is not a living thing.nThe Great Sphinx of Giza is a statue of a mythical sphinx, a creature with a lion's body and a human head. The Great Sphinx does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.nA cave is not a living thing.nA cave may have animals or plants living inside. But a cave does not have all the traits of a living thing. A cave does not need food or water.nA sponge is a living thing.nSponges grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Sponges are made up of many cells.nSponges are animals. They eat tiny organisms that float in the water.nA kite is not a living thing.nA kite does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves fast in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Honey's observable version of the whisker type trait is straight whiskers. So, Honey's phenotype for the whisker type trait is straight whiskers..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the nine-banded armadillo.nThe nine-banded armadillo has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the nine-banded armadillo.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe hyrax has thin fur covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nDeath Valley is a desert in eastern California. A record high temperature of 134\u00b0F was recorded there on July 10, 1913!nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in Death Valley on a certain day in 1913. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest south..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Producers do not eat other organisms. So, in a food web, producers do not have arrows pointing to them from other organisms.nThe brown lemming has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.nThe mushroom has arrows pointing to it, so it is not a producer.nThe bear sedge does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bear sedge is a producer.nThe lichen does not have an arrow pointing to it. So, the lichen is a producer..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as before.nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nAn iceberg melting is caused by heating. But stretching a rubber band is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blouse is between the guide words battle - bounty, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion down the rabbit hole is literature.nLewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tells the story of a young girl who follows a white rabbit down a rabbit hole and finds herself in a series of adventures in a surreal world.nThe allusion down the rabbit hole means on a strange or difficult exploration..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest east..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince ignorant is between the guide words idea - impress, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Kinsley, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Kinsley down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Kinsley up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Kinsley..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that a single boring class indicates that all classes on the same topic are dull. However, this isn't necessarily true. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. A sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A European hedgehog's scientific name is Erinaceus europaeus. The first word of its scientific name is Erinaceus.nThis organism and the European hedgehog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Erinaceus europaeus.nSciurus vulgaris is in the genus Sciurus. The first word of its scientific name is Sciurus. So, Sciurus vulgaris and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus.nLepus americanus is in the genus Lepus. The first word of its scientific name is Lepus. So, Lepus americanus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word a is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is A Black Hole Is Not a Hole..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Hoffman's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 4 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n1 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n10 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: This country is Fiji..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has two alleles for potato leaves (l). So, the plant's genotype for the leaf type gene is ll..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the following statements describe the Tibetan Plateau ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has mostly small plants. It has soil that is frozen year-round. The following statement does not describe the Tibetan Plateau: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. It has warm summers and cool winters..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.nAs odd as it might seem, the Guadalupe Mountains National Park in Texas offers one of the finest examples of an ancient marine reef..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Cole lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Cole lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of purple particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the cotton bush is a producer because it makes its own food. The cotton bush uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make its own food..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: This country is the Dominican Republic.nWhy does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?nThe Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.nThough many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Look at the legend on the map.nAll of the colonies are shaded by region. The Southern Colonies included five colonies:nThe rest of the Thirteen Colonies were part of the Middle Colonies or New England..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.nIsaac couldn't find the definition for flax in the book's glossary, so he looked it up online..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Maria's bedroom is neat she puts everything away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Maria's bedroom is neat and She puts everything away..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nWheat is a kind of grass that is used to make food.nIt can be proved by looking up information about wheat.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nAmericans eat far too much food made from wheat.nFar too much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how much is too much..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The rubber ball and the green apple are not blue.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Monica doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Monica doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Sasha wants or needs:nSasha will give up the chance to see the zebras. She would have enjoyed seeing them more than the baboons..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, chews. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass jar is the hardest. If you gently squeeze glass, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of granodiorite match the properties of a rock. So, granodiorite is a rock..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether fixing a car is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs fixing a car something you can touch? No.nIs fixing a car a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, fixing a car is a service..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the bracelet.nThe bracelet is made of metal.nThis is a gold bracelet. Jewelry makers usually mix gold with other metals. Mixing the metals makes the jewelry stronger..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince solution is between the guide words seat - sped, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Latrell is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boy pulls the groceries out of the trunk. The direction of the pull is toward the boy..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince lest is not between the guide words liner - local, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Edgar was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nThe natives of Greenland used kayaks for hunting and fishing.nIt can be proved by reading a book about Greenland history.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nPaddling a kayak down a river is an unforgettable experience.nUnforgettable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what the experience is like..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A pink skunk clownfish's scientific name is Amphiprion perideraion.nAmphiprion perideraion has the same scientific name as a pink skunk clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.nDiodon nicthemerus does not have the same scientific name as a pink skunk clownfish. So, Amphiprion perideraion and Diodon nicthemerus are not in the same species.nProcambarus clarkii does not have the same scientific name as a pink skunk clownfish. So, Amphiprion perideraion and Procambarus clarkii are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Wisconsin is farthest east..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the syrup is stickier. If you touch syrup, it will stick to you..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A TV show should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Wheel of Fortune**..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words skirt and dirt rhyme. They both end with the irt sound.nThe word sport does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Christine wants or needs:nChristine will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Grevy's zebra's scientific name is Equus grevyi. The first word of its scientific name is Equus.nThis organism and the Grevy's zebra are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Equus grevyi.nMacropus giganteus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus giganteus and Equus grevyi are not in the same genus.nCamelus bactrianus is in the genus Camelus. The first word of its scientific name is Camelus. So, Camelus bactrianus and Equus grevyi are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demandnSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go upnSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go downnProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Castroville. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is \"A Horseman in the Sky.\".", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nBridgette wants broccoli. Maggie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.nThe Twenty-Third Amendment gave citizens of Washington, D.C., the right to cast ballots for the nation's president and vice president, residents voted in a presidential election for the first time in 1964.", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.nThe dancer practices after work, or she dances on weekends..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that if Shawna doesn't go to the speaker's birthday party, it means that she hates the speaker. However, there may be a number of reasons why Shawna wouldn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of three times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mars. The volume of Mars is 160 billion km3, which is less than 180 billion km3. So, the volume of Mars is less than three times as large as Mercury's..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nElijah had a growth spurt, and now most of his pants are too short..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Brett claims that Americans should stop learning English and only study foreign languages. However, this misrepresents Brett's argument. Brett only wants more foreign language instruction. He says nothing about eliminating English instruction. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A black-footed cat's scientific name is Felis nigripes.nPhoebastria nigripes does have the same species within its genus as a black-footed cat, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.nMacropus giganteus does not have the same scientific name as a black-footed cat. So, Felis nigripes and Macropus giganteus are not in the same species.nFelis nigripes has the same scientific name as a black-footed cat. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 30 and 40. So, the temperature is 35\u00b0F..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word breathed. It describes the car as if it were a person who was exercising..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction after.nEthan's ears were ringing after he stood near the stage for the entire concert..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that companies that make huge profits must be engaging in exploitation because the only way a company can make huge profits is by exploiting their customers. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a refrigerator is 4\u00b0C.n4\u00b0F is too cold..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Heather lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Heather lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to logos, or reason. It uses a specific figure (an average of $300 a year)..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nBabies don't shed tears until they are about a month old.nIt can be proved by checking a website about newborn babies.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nIn general, newborn babies cry far too often.nFar too often shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how often is too often..", - "Solution: The colony is South Carolina..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy. The two blocks of iron have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the block of iron with less mass has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word belching. It describes the volcano as if it were a person who is burping..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nMom can sew buttons, and Sasha wants to learn how..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince lose is between the guide words lit - lung, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nColleen lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Colleen lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince grain is not between the guide words gallop - generous, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 510 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each bottle increased, which means that the thermal energy of each bottle increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each bottle..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statements describe the Sonoran Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has dry, thin soil. It has many different types of organisms. The following statement does not describe the Sonoran Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has only a few types of organisms..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Logan must not care about democracy, because he didn't vote in the election. However, there may be a number of reasons why Logan didn't vote in the election. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A sand cat's scientific name is Felis margarita.nBufo bufo does not have the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, Felis margarita and Bufo bufo are not in the same species.nFelis margarita is in the same genus as Felis chaus, but they are not in the same species.nOrganisms in the same species have the same scientific names. Felis margarita and Felis chaus are different species within the same genus.nFelis margarita has the same scientific name as a sand cat. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bendable object can be bent without breaking. Both objects are bendable.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The eraser is bouncy, but the stuffed rabbit is not.nThe property that both objects have in common is bendable..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.nLasagna is a delicious comfort food, it can be made healthier with the addition of vegetables such as mushrooms and kale.nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:nLas", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nRoasting is caused by heating. But a copper statue turning green is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: The cell membrane is the outermost layer in an animal cell.nThis statement is true. An animal cell does not have a cell wall. The cell membrane is the outermost layer in an animal cell..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Kurt found the smell rather nauseous.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Kurt feel rather nauseous.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne mountain biker moved 120 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other mountain biker moved 155 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 120 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the aardvark.nA tube-shaped snout helps the aardvark reach into a burrow. A long, sticky tongue helps it catch the insects.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe long-beaked echidna has a tube-shaped snout and a long, sticky tongue. Its mouth is adapted to eat insects that live inside burrows.nThe gelada baboon has a wide snout. Its mouth is not adapted to get insects out of burrows. The gelada baboon uses its mouth to eat mostly grass..", - "Solution: The fruits and vegetables we eat are parts of plants! Plants are made up of different structures. The different structures carry out important functions.nThe roots take in water and nutrients from the soil. They also hold the plant in place in the soil.nThe stem supports the plant. It carries food, water, and nutrients through the plant.nThe leaves are where most of the plant's photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process plants use to turn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into food.nAfter they are pollinated, the flowers make seeds and fruit.nThe fruit contain the seeds. Each fruit grows from a pollinated flower.nThe seeds can grow into a new plant. Germination is when a seed begins to grow. The part of the carrot plant we usually eat is the root. It takes in water and nutrients. It also holds the plant in place in the soil..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.nScientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.nA ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.nThe balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.nNotice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.nThe molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.nThe chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.nIn chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.nThe symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance. C is the symbol for carbon. I is the symbol for iodine. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with one carbon atom and four iodine atoms.nThe chemical formula will contain the symbols C and I. There is one carbon atom, so C will not have a subscript. There are four iodine atoms,", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each greenhouse increased, which means that the thermal energy of each greenhouse increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each greenhouse..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Loxodonta africana is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. A flip-flop is a solid. You can bend or fold a flip-flop. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, folded. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All four objects are translucent.nSugar has a sweet taste. The honey is sweet, but the icicle, the marbles, and the ocean water are not.nAn opaque object does not let light through. None of the objects are opaque.nThe property that all four objects have in common is translucent..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a parking space is 25 feet.n25 inches is too short. 25 yards and 25 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 24\u00b0C pie is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or Australia..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. The particles in sample B also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion Casanova is history.nThe autobiography of Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, an eighteenth-century Italian adventurer, details and perhaps exaggerates his amorous adventures and success with women.nThe allusion Casanova means a womanizer..", - "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Ninth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:nHark! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.nWhere the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether glucose is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for glucose is C6 H12 O6. This formula contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that glucose is made of three chemical elements", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion philistine is the Bible.nThe Philistines were a group of people who lived in Palestine during Biblical times. They are described in the Bible as superstitious people who indulged excessively in alcohol and had no relationship with God.nThe allusion philistine means a person hostile or indifferent to culture and the arts..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Colorado is farthest west..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Elizabeth was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. An antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A mantled howler's scientific name is Alouatta palliata. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta.nAlouatta caraya is in the genus Alouatta. The first word of its scientific name is Alouatta. So, Alouatta caraya and Alouatta palliata are in the same genus.nOvis orientalis is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis orientalis and Alouatta palliata are not in the same genus.nOvis aries is in the genus Ovis. The first word of its scientific name is Ovis. So, Ovis aries and Alouatta palliata are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the barn swallow.nA short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The barn swallow uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.nThe military macaw has a thick hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The military macaw uses its beak to crack open large, hard nuts..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Her comfortable clothing and her warm coat is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Ninth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:nHark! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.nWhere the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 13 miles.n13 inches, 13 feet, and 13 yards are all too short..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. Concrete hardening is a chemical change. The chemicals in the concrete react with each other to form a different type of matter. The new matter is hard and strong..", - "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When an epiphytic orchid grows on a tree branch in the canopy, the orchid gets more sunlight and wind than it would if it grew on the forest floor. So, the orchid benefits from its relationship with the tree.nThe tree is not damaged by the orchid, but the tree is not helped, either. So, the tree is not significantly affected by its relationship with the orchid.nSince the orchid benefits and the tree is not significantly affected, a commensal relationship is formed when an epiphytic orchid grows on a tree branch in the canopy..", - "Solution: Look at the underlined parts of the table.nAll the words that use the root \"ante\" mean to come before something else. So, the root ante means \"before.\"nAll the words that use the root \"bellum\" mean to fight or cause war.So, the root bellum means \"war.\"nSo, the word \"antebellum\" means \"before the war.\" The antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince fence is not between the guide words forecast - furnish, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince teeth is between the guide words talk - thy, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each speed walker moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne speed walker moved 40 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other speed walker moved 45 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each speed walker spent the same amount of time moving. The speed walker who moved 40 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that speed walker must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince mill is between the guide words marry - moment, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are hard.nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Antarctica..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nGreg wants broccoli. Josie wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA cassowary is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nCassowaries have wings, but they cannot fly! They can run very fast..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. All three objects are fragile.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. None of the objects are scratchy.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fragile..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.nA flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The hair clip is flexible, but the gold ring and the metal bar are not.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.nThe property that all three objects have in common is shiny..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. Both objects are rough.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. Neither of the objects are smooth.nThe property that both objects have in common is rough..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion sybaritic is Greek history.nLocated in a fertile coastal area of southern Italy, Sybaris was a prosperous Greek city known for its citizens' lavish lifestyles.nThe allusion sybaritic means luxurious..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It triggers a fear of illness..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince bite is between the guide words babies - blew, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a metaphor:nHis deep voice is a foghorn.nThe words voice and foghorn are compared without the word like or as.nThis sentence uses a simile:nHis voice is as deep as a foghorn.nThe words voice and foghorn are compared using the word as..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Dolostone is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.nOcean sediment builds up in layers. Over time, the sediment can go through a chemical reaction with the water around it. As many layers of the sediment build up, the top layers press down on the bottom layers. Dolostone forms when the bottom layers of the chemically changed sediment are pressed together to form rock..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Pacific Ocean..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, repeat. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a watering can is 23 cups.n23 fluid ounces is too little and 23 gallons is too much..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nIguazu Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. It is located in South America. The region surrounding the falls normally receives over 1,000 millimeters of rainfall each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation near Iguazu Falls. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great egret.nThe great egret has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great egret to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe black-headed heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe mallard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..", - "Solution: Nabi's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Nabi's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Nabi's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.nTo check this answer, consider whether Nabi's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.nNabi's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Nabi's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJeffrey wants broccoli. David wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to make a paper airplane is 45 seconds.n45 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince general is not between the guide words gloomy - grew, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: This country is Haiti.nDoes Haiti have any territorial disputes?nHaiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nNavassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Coach Johnson talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach Johnson, and the verb is talked..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Jayden is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Jayden might be voting for a third party\u2014or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Our school has rules, we always follow them is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Our school has rules and We always follow them..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bowls of oatmeal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder bowl of oatmeal has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince which is between the guide words wares - wise, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A barn owl's scientific name is Tyto alba.nTyto alba has the same scientific name as a barn owl. So, these organisms are in the same species.nArdea cinerea does not have the same scientific name as a barn owl. So, Tyto alba and Ardea cinerea are not in the same species.nFalco sparverius does not have the same scientific name as a barn owl. So, Tyto alba and Falco sparverius are not in the same species..", - "Solution: The four Middle Colonies are dark blue on the map:nDuring colonial times, Delaware was usually called the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware, or the Lower Counties for short.nNew York claimed part of the land that would later become the state of Vermont. But New Hampshire, a New England colony, also claimed this area..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.nThe Arctic fox has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic fox uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the Eurasian lynx has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe fire salamander has thin, moist skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..", - "Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A nautilus is a mollusk. Like other mollusks, a nautilus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone.nA ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nAn Asian elephant is a mammal. Like other mammals, an Asian elephant is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But picking up a paper clip with a magnet is not.nBoth are caused by cooling", - "Solution: Kiera's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is AA. Kiera's genotype of AA has only A allelles. The A allele is for not having sickle-cell disease. So, Kiera's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait must be not having sickle-cell disease.nTo check this answer, consider whether Kiera's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having sickle-cell disease (A) is dominant over the allele for having sickle-cell disease (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.nKiera's genotype of AA has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Kiera's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait must be not having sickle-cell disease..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nQuinn wants broccoli. Ling wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nThe second line reverses the order of the words meant and said relative to the first line..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nArdea cinerea is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea cinerea and Ardea alba are in the same genus.nTyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.nHystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix. The first word of its scientific name is Hystrix. So, Hystrix cristata and Ardea alba are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A California newt's scientific name is Taricha torosa. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha.nTaricha granulosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha granulosa and Taricha torosa are in the same genus.nAmbystoma texanum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma texanum and Taricha torosa are not in the same genus.nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Taricha torosa are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each aquarium decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each aquarium decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each aquarium to the surroundings..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Tammy has one allele for having Thomsen disease (M) and one allele for not having Thomsen disease (m). So, Tammy's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is Mm..", - "Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nJulie noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.nThis passage tells you about the clouds Julie saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The muskmelon plant's observable version of the fruit taste trait is sweet fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait is sweet fruit..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a pen is 7 inches.n7 feet, 7 yards, and 7 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince pad is not between the guide words polar - private, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that all cyclists are rude and aggressive. However, even though one cyclist was rude, that doesn't necessarily mean that all cyclists are rude. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. A snooty person has a more negative connotation. A snooty person is proud but also treats people rudely..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the great egret.nLong legs help the great egret keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe hammerkop has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe white tern has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The white tern uses its legs to walk, perch, and swim..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words beach and reach rhyme. They both end with the each sound.nThe word bead does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks. This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.nLocated just south of Seaside, Gabriel's Restaurant offers an eclectic menu in a scenic country setting..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLhasa is a city in the high mountains of Tibet. It is often windy in Lhasa.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Lhasa. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A small-mouth salamander's scientific name is Ambystoma texanum.nTaricha granulosa does not have the same scientific name as a small-mouth salamander. So, Ambystoma texanum and Taricha granulosa are not in the same species.nLissotriton vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a small-mouth salamander. So, Ambystoma texanum and Lissotriton vulgaris are not in the same species.nAmbystoma texanum has the same scientific name as a small-mouth salamander. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBony fish have the following traits:nThey have fins, not limbs.nThey live underwater.nThey have a skeleton made of bone.nThey make eggs with no shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA hippopotamus has the following traits:nIt gives birth to live offspring.nA hippopotamus does not have all of the traits of a bony fish. A hippopotamus is a placental mammal.nAn anchovy has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt lives underwater.nIt has a skeleton made of bone.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nAn anchovy has the traits of a bony fish. An anchovy is a bony fish..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the metal trombone is the smoothest. If you touch a metal trombone, it will not feel rough..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nA ton is an exaggeration, since it would be impossible for one or two people to carry a box that weighed a ton, which is 2000 pounds..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Arizona is farthest south..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words main and rain rhyme. They both end with the ain sound.nThe word bean does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 11 gallons.n11 fluid ounces and 11 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Lambert is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Tennessee is farthest south..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion yahoos is literature.nIn Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Gulliver encounters the Yahoos, creatures who resemble humans but exhibit humans' most brutish and impolite behaviors.nThe allusion yahoos means rude people..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Becky had just been speaking about Dirk. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A smooth newt's scientific name is Lissotriton vulgaris. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton.nTaricha torosa is in the genus Taricha. The first word of its scientific name is Taricha. So, Taricha torosa and Lissotriton vulgaris are not in the same genus.nLissotriton helveticus is in the genus Lissotriton. The first word of its scientific name is Lissotriton. So, Lissotriton helveticus and Lissotriton vulgaris are in the same genus.nAmbystoma opacum is in the genus Ambystoma. The first word of its scientific name is Ambystoma. So, Ambystoma opacum and Lissotriton vulgaris are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince moan is not between the guide words mask - meek, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of one-tenth the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Mercury. The volume of Mercury is 60 billion km3, which is less than 109 billion km3. So, the volume of Mercury is less than one-tenth of the volume of Earth..", - "Solution: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...nincreases | increasesndecreases | decreasesnstays the same | stays the same Think about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Trent rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Trent rode up the hill..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 8 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 4 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt is 65\u00b0F in Colin's backyard.nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Colin's backyard right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Milk is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour milk into a different container, the milk will take the shape of that container. But the milk will still take up the same amount of space.nRain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.nThe water in a waterfall is a liquid. A liquid can change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space. As water flows down a waterfall, the water changes shape.nAn empty glass is a solid. If someone drops a glass, it may break into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether fluoromethane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for fluoromethane is CH3 F. This formula contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and F for fluorine. So, the formula tells you that flu", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two trays of lasagna have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10\u00b0C tray of lasagna is colder than the 20\u00b0C tray of lasagna, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two cookies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the cookie with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that some people think Shakespeare was born being able to write his plays. However, this misrepresents their argument. They only claim that Shakespeare could have learned to write plays without formal schooling. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince root is between the guide words right - ruby, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Ninth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:nHark! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.nWhere the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Sarah is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nIt has not rained in over a week at Patty's house.nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Patty's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of purple particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nGalapagos tortoises live on the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They can live to be over 150 years old!nA whale shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nWhale sharks are the largest fish in the world! Adult whale sharks can weigh over 21 tons\u2014as much as seven elephants!nA golden frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA giant moray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 4 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n3 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n9 and 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Human hair can be naturally straight or naturally curly. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 325 milliliters.n325 liters is too much..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Oliver's observable version of the ear type trait is curled ears. So, Oliver's phenotype for the ear type trait is curled ears..", - "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Pablo wants or needs:nPablo will give up the chance to look at the eucalyptus tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the morning glories..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, cut. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the green mantis.nThe green mantis has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThis huntsman spider has a green body. It is adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves.nThe hoverfly has a yellow-and-black pattern on its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged among green leaves..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.nAs Jerry sat", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Utah is farthest south..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the fennec fox.nThe fennec fox has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWax melting is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The first excerpt from a student essay is more formal. It uses more elevated language (continues to influence the world). The other excerpt uses imprecise language (a really long time ago) and conversational language (totally)..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Josiah's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Mateo wanted broccoli in his lunch and Austin was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nMateo has tomatoes. Austin has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the smallest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Mercury's volume has an exponent of 10, which is the smallest out of all the planets.nMercury is made mainly of rock. So, the smallest planet is made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.nWhen frightened, the bearded dragon can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe frillneck lizard has a layer of skin, called a frill, around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.nThe lace monitor has a narrow neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. Both objects are salty.nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The fries are soft, but the cracker is not.nThe property that both objects have in common is salty..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe rain kiss describes the rain as if it were human, creating an image of raindrops gently touching a person's face..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Nembrotha megalocera is an animal. Animal cells cannot make their own food. Animals get their food by digesting other organisms..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Daniel or Brad.nAfter Daniel beat Brad in tennis, he asked for a rematch.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nBrad asked for a rematch after Daniel beat him in tennis..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words sell and fell rhyme. They both end with the ell sound.nThe word team does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. The two bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20\u00b0C bottle of water is hotter than the 5\u00b0C bottle of water, it has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: This state is Kentucky..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A tarantula is an animal. It walks and climbs.nTarantulas hunt their prey. Some tarantulas hunt on the ground. Other tarantulas hunt in trees!nA rose bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.nMost rose bushes have sharp thorns. The thorns help protect the rose bush from being eaten by animals..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Ed or Bill.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Ed.nEd's brother Bill wondered whether Ed ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"March is drier than January, February, and October.\" is incorrect.nDrier months have a lower average precipitation than wetter months. October has a lower average precipitation than March. So, March is not drier than October.nChoice \"March is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nJanuary, not March, has the highest average monthly precipitation.nChoice \"About the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation each month between May and October is about 3 inches. So, about the same amount of precipitation falls during each of these months..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether cobalt is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for cobalt is Co. This formula contains one symbol: Co. So, the formula tells you that cobalt is made of one chemical element.nSubstances made of only one chemical", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Field of Dreams**..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nTed went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..", - "Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A clothespin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can open or close a clothespin. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.nA bean is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put many beans into a jar, the group of beans will take the shape of the jar, as a liquid would. But be careful! A bean is not a liquid. Each bean still has a size and shape of its own.nThe air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.nLemonade is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour lemonade into", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Alice Cheng won the mayoral election in Hillsboro,\" Kevin remarked to his sister..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince compass is between the guide words clean - crystal, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJackie wants broccoli. Gabby wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 54,500 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull.nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.nForces can be different sizes.nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object. Look for the friend who is heavier.nA friend who weighs 23 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 21 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Chase needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 23 pounds..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. None of the objects are soft.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. The wooden ruler and the ice hockey rink are not sticky.nThe property that all three objects have in common is smooth..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe wind speed in Patagonia, Argentina, reached 17 kilometers per hour yesterday.nThis passage tells you about the wind speed in Patagonia yesterday. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 9 kilograms.n9 grams is too light..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But breaking a plate is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Africa..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Europe. It does not intersect North America or Asia..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to a second object.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The man who is walking applies a force to the wheelchair to roll it along. The direction of this force is away from the walking man. This force is a push..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (ace).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince nozzle is between the guide words nickel - nurse, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves.nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which four planets are the largest, look at the volumes and compare the exponents. The volumes of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune have the largest exponents. So, these four planets are the largest.nJupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Uranus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, the four largest planets are made mainly of gas or ice..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion fifteen minutes is modern history.nIn a catalog that accompanied an exhibit of his work, pop artist Andy Warhol said, \"In the future, everybody will be world-famous for fifteen minutes,\" meaning that fame would be briefly available even to those who did nothing spectacular.nThe allusion fifteen minutes means a temporary moment of celebrity status..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJim wants broccoli. Sasha wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a coffee pot is 13 cups.n13 fluid ounces is too little and 13 gallons is too much..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. This sentence uses a simile:nHis voice is as deep as a foghorn.nThe words voice and foghorn are compared using the word as.nThis sentence uses a metaphor:nHis deep voice is a foghorn.nThe words voice and foghorn are compared without the word like or as..", - "Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase cried out. It describes the canoe as if it were a person in pain..", - "Solution: A bird can fly.nA bird lays eggs.nA bird makes a nest..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.nWhereas the Spirit and Opportunity space rovers were solar powered, the Mars rover known as Curiosity is nuclear powered..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWhitman repeats the word where at the beginning of each clause..", - "Solution: According to the Seventh Amendment, the jury has the final say in deciding who wins a court case. The judge is usually not allowed to change a jury's decision. A jury is a group of regular citizens who listen to a trial. Then they decide together which side is right. In the United States, juries are supposed to come from the area where the crime or disagreement took place. Most trial juries have between 6 and 12 people, called jurors. If you are an American citizen, you may be asked to be on a jury someday! Part of the text of the Seventh Amendment is below. What kind of trials does the amendment talk about? In suits at common law...the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nThe unusual contraption had two levers, three ramps, and one metal basket..", - "Solution: Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.nA catfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nUnlike most other fish, catfish do not have scales! They have slimy skin.nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.nA tiger salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nTiger salamanders often live in underground burrows..", - "Solution: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., grew up in the American South. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1929..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A coin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nMany coins are made of solid metal..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the butterfish is a secondary consumer because it eats a primary consumer. The primary consumer in this food chain is the sea squirt..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, finds. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Look back at the map. The labels on the map show the name of each region. The shaded area shows the territory controlled by the Mongol Empire.nThe map shows that the Mongol Empire controlled many parts of Siberia, East Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East.nThe Mongol Empire did not control South Asia or Southeast Asia..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two plates of spaghetti are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the plate of spaghetti with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the planets made mainly of rock. Of these planets, Earth is the largest. So, Earth is the largest planet that is made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince steel is not between the guide words shadow - sleeve, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the paper clip.nThe paper clip is made of metal.nNot all paper clips are made of metal. Some paper clips are made of colorful plastic..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the cotton shirt is the most flexible. If you fold cotton fabric, it will not break..", - "Solution: An endotherm can regulate its temperature when the outer temperature changes. Dogs are endotherms, and on hot days, one way that they regulate their temperatures is by panting..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A ladybug is an insect. Like other insects, a ladybug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA blue dasher is an insect. Like other insects, a blue dasher is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA Caribbean spiny lobster is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a Caribbean spiny lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA blue jay is a bird. Like other birds, a blue jay is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 12 fluid ounces.n12 cups and 12 gallons are both too much..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Mrs. Harrington is kind, and her heart is gold.nThe words heart and gold are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a sandbox is 2 yards.n2 inches and 2 feet are too short. 2 miles is too long..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A smooth newt's scientific name is Lissotriton vulgaris.nAmbystoma texanum does not have the same scientific name as a smooth newt. So, Lissotriton vulgaris and Ambystoma texanum are not in the same species.nAmbystoma opacum does not have the same scientific name as a smooth newt. So, Lissotriton vulgaris and Ambystoma opacum are not in the same species.nLissotriton vulgaris has the same scientific name as a smooth newt. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: Richmond is the capital of Virginia..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Alexa wants or needs:nAlexa will give up the chance to look at the juniper tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the sunflowers..", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: Evidence is information that tells you something happened.nHow do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?nThere are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.nHere are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:nCause of the change | Evidence of the changenearthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofsnvolcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the groundnerosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mudnBe careful when you are looking for evidence!nA picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!nFor example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.n.", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling.", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: This country is Dominica..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Pleopeltis polypodioides is a plant. Plant cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 2 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..", - "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Andesite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock at the earth's surface is called lava. Andesite forms from lava that contains large amounts of iron, magnesium, and silica. As the lava cools, minerals such as feldspar and pyroxene begin to form. When the lava becomes solid, it turns into andesite..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nAn American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Barry lives, the air pressure is usually higher in the summer than in the winter.nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of air pressure where Barry lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A gray tree frog's scientific name is Hyla versicolor. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.nHyla japonica is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla japonica and Hyla versicolor are in the same genus.nBufo guttatus is in the genus Bufo. The first word of its scientific name is Bufo. So, Bufo guttatus and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus.nAtelopus zeteki is in the genus Atelopus. The first word of its scientific name is Atelopus. So, Atelopus zeteki and Hyla versicolor are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Isaac is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Isaac..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the large ground finch.nThe large ground finch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The large ground finch uses its short, thick beak to press down on a seed and crack open its hard shell.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe Asian golden weaver has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.nThe bald ibis has a long curved beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds..", - "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Oklahoma is farthest south..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nRising air in a low pressure system can cause clouds to build up in the sky. Low pressure systems are common in Seattle during the months of December, January, and February.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of barometric pressure in Seattle. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A vulture is an animal. It eats mammals and birds.nVultures usually do not hunt live animals. They eat animals that are already dead! This behavior is called scavenging.nA pear tree is a plant. It has green leaves.nWild pear trees grow in Europe, north Africa, and Asia..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBurning is caused by heating. But a piece of apple turning brown is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the northern pintail.nThe northern pintail has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud. The northern pintail gathers muddy water in its beak. Then, it pushes the water out through gaps along the sides of the beak. Bits of food, such as plant roots, are left behind inside the pintail's beak.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe mute swan has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is adapted to filter through mud.nThe rosy-faced lovebird has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to filter through mud. The rosy-faced lovebird uses its beak to eat seeds and berries..", - "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When a pseudoscorpion is dispersed by a harlequin beetle, the pseudoscorpion is able to move faster and farther than it could on its own. So, the pseudoscorpion benefits from its relationship with the beetle.nThe beetle is not harmed by the pseudoscorpion, but the beetle is not helped, either. So, the beetle is not significantly affected by its relationship with the pseudoscorpion.nSince the pseudoscorpion benefits and the beetle is not significantly affected, a commensal relationship is formed when a pseudoscorpion is dispersed by a harlequin beetle..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMalaysia is located in Southeast Asia. It experiences cloudy, wet conditions during two different seasons each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in Malaysia. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three brownies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 23\u00b0C brownie is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that there are two ice planets and four rocky planets. So, there are half as many ice planets as rocky planets..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A common toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a common toad is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA beluga whale is a mammal. Like other mammals, a beluga whale is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA hissing cockroach is an insect. Like other insects, a hissing cockroach is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA common ostrich is a bird. Like other birds, a common ostrich is a vertebrate. It has a backbone..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The tent is blue.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The tent is not rough..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, help. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with critics.nThe new documentary, critics claim, is one of the best ever made..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A marble is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A marble can be made of clear or colored glass.nThe air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.nA handsaw is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. The handle of this handsaw is made of wood, and the blade is made of metal. Both wood and metal are solids.nA door is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you open or close a door, it keeps its shape..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Grand Canyon is 450 kilometers.n450 millimeters, 450 centimeters, and 450 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Masters of the Universe**..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the fgfr1 a1 gene affected the structure and function of the Fgfr1 a1 protein..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nAusten shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nAusten shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Statements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by comparing the speeds of land mammals.nThe cheetah is the fastest land mammal in the world, followed by the pronghorn.nThe second sentence states an opinion. Cuter indicates a personal judgment.nPronghorns are animals that look similar to deer, only cuter..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Oglala National Grassland ecosystem: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has hot summers and cool winters. It has soil that is rich in nutrients. The following statement does not describe Oglala National Grassland: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It has soil that is poor in nutrients..", - "Solution: This country is Palau..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A maroon clownfish's scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus.nProcambarus clarkii does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Procambarus clarkii are not in the same species.nAmphiprion melanopus does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Amphiprion melanopus are not in the same species.nPremnas biaculeatus has the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you. Stacy's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Stacy's foot..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince material is not between the guide words mitt - mug, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 6 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSawing a log in half is a physical change. The log splits into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter.nA rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. The temperature of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But sawing a log in half is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the hawfinch.nThe hawfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The hawfinch uses its short, thick beak to press down on a seed and crack open its hard shell.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe bronze mannikin has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.nThe blue rock pigeon has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, dust. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the bat star.nThe only arrow pointing from the orca leads to the sea cucumber. No arrows point from the sea cucumber to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the orca to the bat star.There is one path matter can take from the black rockfish to the bat star: black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. There are three paths matter can take from the zooplankton to the bat star: zooplankton->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star. zooplankton->black rockfish->kelp bass->bat star. There is one path matter can take from the plainfin midshipman to the bat star: plainfin midshipman->kelp bass->bat star..", - "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether delivering mail is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs delivering mail something you can touch? No.nIs delivering mail a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, delivering mail is a service..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 950 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: When two organisms of different species interact in a way that affects one or both organisms, they form a symbiotic relationship. The word symbiosis comes from a Greek word that means living together. Scientists define types of symbiotic relationships based on how each organism is affected.nThis table lists three common types of symbiotic relationships. It shows how each organism is affected in each type of symbiotic relationship.nType of symbiotic relationship | Organism of one species... | Organism of the other species...nCommensal | benefits | is not significantly affectednMutualistic | benefits | benefitsnParasitic | benefits | is harmed (but not usually killed) When acacia ants live on a bullhorn acacia tree, the ants get food and shelter. So, the ants benefit from their relationship with the bullhorn acacia tree.nThe ants protect the tree and make it easier for the tree to get resources. So, the bullhorn acacia tree also benefits from its relationship with the ants.nSince both the acacia ants and the bullhorn acacia tree benefit, a mutualistic relationship is formed when acacia ants live on a bullhorn acacia tree..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether paving a street is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs paving a street something you can touch? No.nIs paving a street a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, paving a street is a service..", - "Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont..", - "Solution: This country is Tonga..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the wood chair is the hardest. If you squeeze a piece of wood, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nThe sentence contrasts two descriptions of methods, failed in the past and succeed in the future..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with dark yellow flowers or light yellow flowers, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the flower color trait. The question tells you that the F allele, which is for light yellow flowers, is dominant over the f allele, which is for dark yellow flowers.nDark yellow flowers is the recessive allele's version of the flower color trait. A rose plant with the recessive version of the flower color trait must have only recessive alleles for the flower color gene. So, offspring with dark yellow flowers must have the genotype ff.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ff.nL", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that four out of the eight planets are made mainly of rock. So, one-half, or 50%, of the planets are made mainly of rock..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Daphnia pulex is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Great Wall is located in northern China. This region is often cold and cloudy during December, January, and February.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover at the Great Wall of China. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 7 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 6 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The rose plant has one allele for light yellow flowers (F) and one allele for dark yellow flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower color gene is Ff..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two helium balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder helium balloon has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Erica or Annie.nErica greeted Annie with a hug when she returned to the apartment that evening.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nWhen Erica returned to the apartment that evening, she greeted Annie with a hug..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nMollusks have the following traits:nThey have a soft body.nThey have a muscular foot or tentacles.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA white-spotted octopus has the following traits:nIt has a soft body.nIt has tentacles.nA white-spotted octopus has the traits of a mollusk. A white-spotted octopus is a mollusk.nA blue crab has the following traits:nIt has two pairs of antennae.nIt has an exoskeleton.nA blue crab does not have all of the traits of a mollusk. A blue crab is a crustacean..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bowling balls have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the bowling ball with less mass has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Lucia..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Stones for My Father**..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to bake lasagna in the oven is 41 minutes.n41 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Rebecca's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Bubo scandiacus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Bubo scandiacus is the scientific name..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. The little boy popped a big bubble is a complete sentence. The subject is the little boy, and the verb is popped..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A TV show should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Bear in the Big Blue House**..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nPut their dog to sleep is a more indirect way of saying have the veterinarian kill their dog..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words torn and corn rhyme. They both end with the orn sound.nThe word fern does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: An analog device shows information in a continuous spectrum. For example, on an analog speedometer, the needle can point to a continuous range of values between 220 and 240 kph..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.nA leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.nA wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nWombats have strong claws on their front feet. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows.nA Chinese alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lyla's observable version of the fur color trait is orange fur. So, Lyla's phenotype for the fur color trait is orange fur..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest west..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 10,000 times the volume of Mercury.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 8.27 x 1014 km3, which is more than 6.08 x 1014 km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 10,000 times as large as Mercury's volume..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nOver the weekend, the wind was too weak to fly a kite in Plentywood, Montana.nThis passage tells you about the wind in Plentywood over the weekend. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Leo felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Linda, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Linda down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Linda up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Linda..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Pippi Goes on Board**..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that the speaker shouldn't remove standing water from the backyard because none of the speaker's neighbors are doing it. However, this isn't necessarily true. The speaker's neighbors may not be best qualified to know whether it is safe to leave standing water around the home. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. The air moving through a trumpet is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air in a trumpet expands to fill all the space inside the trumpet. When air leaves the trumpet, the air expands into a much larger space..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince strain is not between the guide words shape - spray, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Singapore, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jun\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Jul\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Aug\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Sep\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Nov\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Dec\" is incorrect.nNovember, December, and January each have over 200 millimeters of precipitation..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a small can of tomato sauce is 2 cups.n2 fluid ounces is too little and 2 gallons is too much..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Going to School in India**..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Rhyolite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock at the earth's surface is called lava. Rhyolite forms from a type of lava that is rich in silica. As the lava cools, minerals such as quartz and feldspar begin to form. When the lava becomes solid, it turns into rhyolite..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nMadagascar is a country in Africa. One day in May 1932, the temperature fell to 0\u00b0C.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about a temperature measured on a specific day in Madagascar in 1932. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word or is not important, so it should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is Live Free or Die Hard..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Thumper's observable version of the body size trait is a dwarf body. So, Thumper's phenotype for the body size trait is a dwarf body..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Madison is the capital of Wisconsin..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. A screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nThis screwdriver has a metal blade and a plastic handle. Both metal and plastic are solids..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince elf is between the guide words egg - every, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A swing set is not a living thing.nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nAn iceberg is not a living thing.nAn iceberg does not have all the traits of a living thing. It may grow or melt in response to the world around it, but it does not need food.nA sea turtle is a living thing.nSea turtles grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Sea turtles are made up of many cells.nA bracelet is not a living thing.nBracelets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that if Camilla doesn't go to the speaker's birthday party, it means that she hates the speaker. However, there may be a number of reasons why Camilla wouldn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLeah lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Leah lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 3 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the right side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the right than to the left..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A short story should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"The Door in the Wall.\".", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words tie and lie rhyme. They both end with the ie sound.nThe word see does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky..", - "Solution: This country is Australia.nIs Australia a country or a continent?nBoth! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead..", - "Solution: An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.nA permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.nThe function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.nAn organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits. A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.nSo, the mutation in the CmACO1 gene affected the structure and function of the CmACO1 protein..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDustin wants broccoli. Myra wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three blocks of copper have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 57\u00b0F block is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.nCora is", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis.nPelecanus occidentalis does not have the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, Alligator mississippiensis and Pelecanus occidentalis are not in the same species.nIctinia mississippiensis does have the same species within its genus as an American alligator, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.nAlligator mississippiensis has the same scientific name as an American alligator. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Connecticut is farthest east..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is South America..", - "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her sentence fluency by combining sentences.nFor example, the writer could combine the underlined sentences.nThe Western Australian pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant native to southwestern Australia. The pitcher is a perennial herb. It is approximately eight inches high. Growing in swampy or sandy soils, it obtains needed nutrients from insects and other small prey. The pitcher plant has carnivorous leaves. The leaves act as traps, or pitchers. The pitchers produce enzymes for digesting prey. Prized among collectors, the plant is considered a vulnerable species..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nSteve shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nSteve shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a beach ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.nThe air fills all the space inside the beach ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget..", - "Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Edward, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Edward down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Edward up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Edward..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word hiding. It describes the phone as if it were a person who is hiding..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses abbreviated language (FYI).nThe first sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal..", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A chili pepper is a plant. It has many green leaves.nChili peppers give food a spicy flavor.nA dahlia is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.nDahlia plants grow in the wild in Central America. But people grow dahlias in gardens all over the world!nAn elephant is an animal. It eats plants.nElephants live in groups led by females. The oldest female is the head of the group.nA banana tree is a plant. It has large leaves.nThe leaves on a banana tree can be up to nine feet long!.", - "Solution: Both the picture and the text tell you about the traits of African wild dogs. Start with the picture.nThese African wild dogs have black, brown, and white fur. They also have four legs and two ears.nNext, read the text about African wild dogs.nAfrican wild dogs live in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack.nAfrican wild dogs do live in groups. But the groups are not made up of thousands of dogs..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nA cloud forest is a tropical mountain ecosystem that is home to a wide variety of species. Ecuador's cloud forests are filled with low, thick clouds most days of the year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of cloud cover in the cloud forest. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the armadillo lizard.nThe armadillo lizard has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the armadillo lizard.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe southern three-banded armadillo has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe European robin has soft feathers covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests have the following features: warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees. So, the Biaowiea Forest has soil that is rich in nutrients. It also has only a few types of trees..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nMinor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means small or insignificant, and a crisis is a large problem..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nSome objects are made of just one material.nMost nails are made of metal.nOther objects are made of more than one material.nThis hammer is made of metal and wood. Look at the picture of the jacket.nThe jacket is made of two different materials. The buckles are made of metal. The rest of the jacket is made of leather.nNot all shiny jackets are made of leather. Some are made from other fabrics designed to look like leather..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw. The first sentence states a fact.nThanksgiving is a holiday in November.nIt can be proved by finding Thanksgiving on a calendar.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nThanksgiving is the best holiday.nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes one holiday better than others..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Consumers eat other organisms. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other organisms to consumers.nThe bilberry does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the bilberry is a producer, not a consumer.nThe grizzly bear has arrows pointing to it from the barren-ground caribou and the bilberry. So, the grizzly bear is a consumer..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Like other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA western gorilla is a mammal. Like other mammals, a western gorilla is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.nA luna moth is an insect. Like other insects, a luna moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of diorite match the properties of a rock. So, diorite is a rock..", - "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for boron trifluoride contains two symbols: B for boron and F for fluorine. So, boron trifluoride is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a school bus is 13 yards.n13 inches and 13 feet are too short. 13 miles is too long..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for terminal flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower position gene is ff..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Abigail had just been speaking about Craig. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the rubber gloves would stretch the most. If you pull the fingers of a rubber glove, they will get longer..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince kept is between the guide words kayak - king, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Scarlett wants or needs:nScarlett will give up the chance to eat the onion soup, which would have been tastier than the vegetable soup..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nAn iceberg melting is a physical change. But cooking a pancake is not.nBoth are chemical changes.nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. But an iceberg melting is not.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.nBears eat honeybees, and some birds eat them, too..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The sunglasses are shiny.nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The sunglasses are not soft..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of blue particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a king coat or a spotted coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the a allele, which is for a king coat, is recessive to the A allele, which is for a spotted coat.nA king coat is the recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A cheetah with the recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a king coat must have the genotype aa.nThere are 0", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the mug.nThe mug is ceramic.nCeramics are made of clay. The clay is baked in an oven to make it hard. This oven is called a kiln..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, first compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015nTo multiply a number written in scientific notation by a power of 10, write the multiple of 10 as 10 raised to an exponent. Then, add the exponents. For example:n1.43 x 1015 1000n= 1.43 x 1015 103n= 1.43 x 10(15 + 3)n= 1.43 x 1018n To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of ten times the volume of Saturn.nThen compare the result to the volume of Jupiter. The volume of Jupiter is 1.43 x 1015 km3, which is less than 8.27 x 1015 km3. So, Jupiter's volume is less than ten times as large as Saturn's volume..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" An article should be in quotation marks.nThe correct title is \"Scientists Show Facebook Is a Downer.\".", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Isaiah's skin color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Florida is farthest west..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show air temperatures.nThe map's legend tells you the temperature that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower temperatures than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -25\u00b0C up to -20\u00b0C. Areas that are the next darkest shade of blue have a temperature from -20\u00b0C up to -15\u00b0C. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which air temperatures those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with temperatures between 25\u00b0C and 35\u00b0C.n30\u00b0C is within this range.n4\u00b0C and 7\u00b0C are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter.nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But cracking open a peanut is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince sidewalk is between the guide words separate - snow, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The colony is Rhode Island..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. Both objects are colorful.nA breakable object will break into pieces if you drop it. The hot air balloon is not breakable.nThe property that both objects have in common is colorful..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.nAn avid reader, Mitchell attends weekly book club meetings, and he", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.nClassification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals. A box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBarn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the great cormorant is a tertiary consumer because it eats a secondary consumer. The secondary consumer in this food chain is the brown trout..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked..", - "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Antarctica. It does not intersect North America or Australia..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom like the back of my hand suggests that the singer has walked the path many times before. To know something like the back of your hand is to know it very well..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: This country is Tuvalu..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words sing and thing rhyme. They both end with the ing sound.nThe word long does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor conscience is a man's compass suggests that your conscience guides you to act the right way. A compass is an instrument used to find direction, just as your conscience guides you on the right moral path..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Finn wants or needs:nFinn will give up the chance to look at the fir tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the violets..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nThe wind usually blows from the west or northwest in San Diego, California.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in San Diego. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nAs soft as concrete shows verbal irony because concrete is not soft..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A sea urchin is an echinoderm. Like other echinoderms, a sea urchin is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone.nLike other spiders, a leaf-curling spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA common loon is a bird. Like other birds, a common loon is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA fireworm is a worm. Like other worms, a fireworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether phosphorus tribromide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that a molecule of phosphorus tribromide is composed of one phosphorus atom and three bromine atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that phosphorus tribromide is composed of two chemical elements: phosphorus and bromine. Since phosphorus tribromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, phosphorus tribromide is a compound..", - "Solution: All substances are made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists can use models to represent molecules. A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below. This model represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent chemical bonds. Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element. Count the number of chemical elements represented in the model. Then, decide if phosphine is an elementary substance or a compound.nIn this model, each ball is labeled with P for phosphorus or H for hydrogen. So, the model shows you that phosphine is made of two chemical elements bonded together.nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, phosphine is a compound..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the ceramic plate is smoother. If you touch a piece of ceramic like this one, it will not feel rough..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is This Is Not My Hat..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Surprise someone has a more positive connotation. If you startle someone, you surprise them in a bad way..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince eye is not between the guide words entire - everyone, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you what the small rooms inside the bees' nest are made of.nLike many animals, bees live in nests. These nests, which are sometimes called hives, each have one opening where all bees enter and leave. Inside the nest are sheets of tiny rooms made of wax, called honeycombs. The tiny rooms are shaped like hexagons. That means they have six sides. These hexagons fit together without wasting space, and their shape helps make the nest stronger..", - "Solution: Every living thing needs food to stay alive. Living things get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how living things in an ecosystem get their food.nProducers make their own food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. This sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other living things. Consumers cannot make their own food. In this food chain, the midge larva is a consumer because it eats another living thing. The midge larva in this food chain eats the diatom..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Eva wants or needs:nEva will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. She would have enjoyed the waffle cone..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Utah is farthest north..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Hartford is the capital of Connecticut..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The library is in column 2..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A minnow is a fish. Like other fish, a minnow has a backbone.nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: When you write, you can use sensory details. These sense words help your reader understand what something looks, sounds, tastes, smells, or feels like.nSensory Category | DescriptionnSight | These are words like bright, clean, and purple. A reader can imagine looking at these details.nSound | These are words like hissing, buzzing, and ringing. A reader can imagine hearing these details.nTaste | These are words like juicy, sweet, and burnt. A reader can imagine tasting these details.nSmell | These are words like fruity, sweet, and stinky. A reader can imagine smelling these details.nTouch | These are words like fuzzy, wet, and soft. A reader can imagine feeling these details.nMany sense words can describe more than one sense. For example, soft can describe a touch or a sound. And sweet can describe a taste or a smell.n Look at the picture.nThe word sour describes how this lemon tastes. You can tell by looking at the girl's face.nSweet and buttery can also describe how something tastes. But they do not describe this lemon..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Tom can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tom can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The equator is the line at 0\u00b0 latitude. It intersects South America. It does not intersect Australia or Antarctica..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. West Virginia is farthest south..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three pencils have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 71\u00b0F pencil is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The grape juice is not salty.nSugar has a sweet taste. The grape juice is sweet..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Southern Ocean.nThe Southern Ocean reaches from the shores of Antarctica to 60\u00b0 South latitude..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the flying fox.nThe flying fox has large, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight. Long, powerful wings help the flying fox travel long distances by air.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Arctic tern has long, powerful wings. It is adapted for flight.nThe European mole has short legs. It is not adapted for flight. The European mole uses its legs for crawling..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 39 millimeters.n39 centimeters, 39 meters, and 39 kilometers are all too long..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Granite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock is a hot, thick liquid. As melted rock cools, solid mineral grains begin to form. When the melted rock becomes solid, it forms igneous rock. The word igneous comes from the Latin word ignis, which means fire..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words gaze and maze rhyme. They both end with the aze sound.nThe word shade does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes for a pot of water to start boiling on a hot stove is 11 minutes.n11 hours is too slow..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nBoth poles of each magnet line up with both poles of the other magnet. The north pole of each magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the tiger-striped leaf frog.nThe tiger-striped leaf frog has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces. The tiger-striped leaf frog uses its toes to walk on the smooth surfaces of leaves without slipping.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Madagascar day gecko has wide, sticky toes. Its feet are adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces.nThe domestic cat has furry toes and sharp claws. Its feet are not adapted for sticking to smooth surfaces..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A tide pool is a type of ecosystem. It has daily flooding and draining of seawater, water that is rich in nutrients, and many different types of organisms.nChoice 1 is a tide pool ecosystem. Several times each day, it floods with seawater. Then the water drains back into the ocean.nChoice 2 is a deep sea ecosystem. It is at the bottom of the ocean. It is so far underwater that no sunlight can reach it..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Eva was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 19 millimeters.n19 centimeters and 19 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed. Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 45 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A horse is an animal.nA horse has four legs.nYou can ride a horse..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 29 inches.n29 feet, 29 yards, and 29 miles are all too long..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The wool sweater is scratchy.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. The wool sweater is not shiny..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nIsabelle wants broccoli. Florence wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The library is in row B..", - "Solution: This state is Maryland..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nZoe wants broccoli. Miguel wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A jungle cat's scientific name is Felis chaus. The first word of its scientific name is Felis.nFelis nigripes is in the genus Felis. The first word of its scientific name is Felis. So, Felis nigripes and Felis chaus are in the same genus.nNeofelis nebulosa is in the genus Neofelis. The first word of its scientific name is Neofelis. So, Neofelis nebulosa and Felis chaus are not in the same genus.nLynx pardinus is in the genus Lynx. The first word of its scientific name is Lynx. So, Lynx pardinus and Felis chaus are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of lukewarm water is 80\u00b0F.n80\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each salmon increased, which means that the thermal energy of each salmon increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each salmon..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether methane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for methane is CH4. This formula contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that methane is made of two chemical elements bonded together.", - "Solution: Montgomery is the capital of Alabama..", - "Solution: Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nCoral snakes spend most of their time underground or hiding under leaves.nA California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.nA humpback whale is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nWhales are mammals that live in the ocean. Humpback whales have small hairs that grow from bumps around their mouth.nA tiger salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nTiger salamanders often live in underground burrows..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nTony wants broccoli. Celine wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Rhyolite is an igneous rock. Like other igneous rocks, it forms when melted rock cools and hardens.nMelted rock is a hot, thick liquid. As melted rock cools, solid mineral grains begin to form. When the melted rock becomes solid, it forms igneous rock. The word igneous comes from the Latin word ignis, which means fire..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the painted stork.nLong legs help the painted stork keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe gray heron has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe satin bowerbird has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The satin bowerbird uses its legs to walk and perch..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 35 inches.n35 feet and 35 yards are both too long..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nWould have about two hemorrhages apiece is an exaggeration, since the speaker's parents will not literally hemorrhage just because he talks about them..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two glasses of milk are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter glass of milk has more thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Steve wanted broccoli in his lunch and Hector was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nSteve has tomatoes. Hector has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two bath towels are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bath towel with less thermal energy has a lower temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Nico has two alleles for a hairy body (B). So, Nico's genotype for the body hair gene is BB..", - "Solution: A bus is big and yellow.nA bus takes children to school.nYou may see a bus in the street..", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Asia..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Kansas is farthest south..", - "Solution: Look back at the passage. At the end of his presidency, Washington wrote that he wanted to warn people against the baneful, or harmful, effects of parties.nSo, after seeing disagreements among Americans increase while he was president, Washington felt that political parties were dangerous for the United States..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 75% of the volume of Uranus by multiplying its volume by 0.75.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 51,248 billion km3. So, the volume of Neptune is more than 75% of the volume of Uranus..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New York is farthest east..", - "Solution: In an environment, organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings. To help describe these interactions, ecologists use specific terms for different types of groups.nA single organism is an individual. Individuals of the same species that live in the same place are part of a population.nMultiple populations of different species that live in the same place are part of a community.nTogether, communities of living organisms and the nonliving parts of their environment make up an ecosystem..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.nRonald perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.nBefore returning to the stockroom, Ronald briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Will picked apples, he will give some away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Will picked apples and He will give some away..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion. It appeals to a desire to stand out and be noticed..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The spring is bouncy.nBlue is a color.nThis color is blue. The spring is not blue..", - "Solution: This country is Fiji..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.nA sticky object can attach or stick to other things. None of the objects are sticky.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nThe Gulf Coast of Florida is known for its white sand beaches. The area also experiences strong winds each year during the summer hurricane season.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns on the Gulf Coast. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nLake Bunyonyi is located in the African country of Uganda. The wind speed on the lake averages about five miles per hour year-round.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns on Lake Bunyonyi. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.nMany gases are invisible. So, you can\u2019t see them. Air is a gas. A rag doll is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nWhen you hold a rag doll in your hands, the rag doll still has a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nYorkshire Dales is a National Park in England. The prevailing winds tend to come from the west. As a result, some of the trees in the park grow at an angle.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual wind patterns in Yorkshire Dales. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The man quickly pushes the coin away from his thumb to flip it into the air. The direction of the push is away from the man's thumb..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statement describes the Eastern Siberian Taiga ecosystem: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The following statements do not describe the Eastern Siberian Taiga: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has soil that is frozen year-round. It has mostly small plants..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nJosie shot the arrow, but she missed the target..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Liz was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon..", - "Solution: Eve wanted broccoli in her lunch and Bonnie was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nEve has tomatoes. Bonnie has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cement is not between the guide words chain - corps, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.nBeating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. Jasper swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.nThe words Jasper and dolphin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Alan is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.nThe magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is \u00b0.nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80\u00b0F. Find the top of the red liquid.nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 50. So, the temperature is 50\u00b0F..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Wool does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, wool is not a mineral..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with researchers.nResearchers estimate that as many as fifteen million Americans have some type of food allergy..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass window is smoother. If you touch the glass pane in a window, it will not feel rough or bumpy..", - "Solution: Poets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,nOut of the Ninth-month midnightn\u2014From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.n\u2014From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:nHark! the honey bee is humming.n\u2014From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.nWhere the wild men watched and waitednWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.n\u2014From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.nI wandered lonely as a CloudnThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,nA host of golden Daffodils.n\u2014From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.nBecause the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nThe price went up, so Jane will have to save more money..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: People around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb. Suburban areas have more businesses. Businesses need customers. There are more people in suburban areas than in rural areas..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Johnny can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Johnny can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blue is between the guide words berry - button, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Lloyd is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA sticky object can stick to other things. Both objects are sticky.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. Neither of the objects are bouncy.nThe property that both objects have in common is sticky..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince screen is not between the guide words sincere - strode, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince diameter is between the guide words decree - drove, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince guilty is not between the guide words genuine - grow, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Breaking a stick in half is a physical change. The stick gets broken into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original stick..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of gabbro match the properties of a rock. So, gabbro is a rock..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Pierre is the capital of South Dakota..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.nThe correct title is The Wind in the Willows..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Devin slept poorly. Devin was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Laura is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The colony is New Jersey..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by fixing subject-verb agreement errors.nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined words with the correct verb forms: pollution and disease kill and the effect of pollution is.nPeople around the world have always encountered frogs and toads in various bodies of water. Unfortunately, pollution and disease is killing many of the world's frogs. For example, a fungus may be responsible for the extinction of several species in Australia and has been found in forty-four species there. Other fungi and viruses have eliminated frogs in the United States as well. The effect of pollutants are also severe. Substances like fertilizers and heavy metals are responsible for the deaths of many frogs in Europe and Canada..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50% of Jupiter's volume by multiplying Jupiter's volume by 0.5.nThen compare the result to the volume of Saturn. The volume of Saturn is 827,130 billion km3, which is more than 715,640 billion km3. So, Saturn's volume is more than 50% of Jupiter's volume..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 6 feet.n6 inches is too short and 6 yards is too long..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhile I pondered, weak and weary repeats the w sound..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Ginglymostoma cirratum is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Ginglymostoma cirratum is the scientific name..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The green apple and the lime are not salty.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. The green apple and the lime are not fuzzy.nA lemon has a sour taste. All three objects are sour.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sour..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nThe words age, rave, day, and rage share a vowel sound..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A hot desert is a type of ecosystem. Hot deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statements describe the Sahara Desert ecosystem: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has many different types of organisms. It has a small amount of rain. The following statement does not describe the Sahara Desert: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. It has warm, wet summers..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nGorillas live in groups called troops. The largest male in the troop is usually the leader.nA goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nGoldfish are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China..", - "Solution: Plant cells are filled with cytoplasm.nThis statement is true. All cells have cytoplasm. The cytoplasm fills and maintains the space inside the cell..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.nTammy knew the answer to the question, so she raised her hand..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each cake decreased, which means that the thermal energy of each cake decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred from each cake to the surroundings..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample A have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 9 liters.n9 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.nAs a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.nMembranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal. Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.nBefore the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 3 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 7 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.nWhen the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There were 2 more solute particles on the left side of the membrane than before.nSo, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 2 miles.n2 inches, 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short..", - "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..", - "Solution: Connotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding. Feeling overjoyed has a more positive connotation. If you feel overjoyed, you are really glad..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Benedict Arnold is U.S. history.nBenedict Arnold was an American officer who secretly aided the British during the American Revolution.nThe allusion Benedict Arnold means a traitor..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind. The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Kenny that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Kenny..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is \"What Are You Waiting For?\".", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest north..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the white-tailed eagle.nThe white-tailed eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the white-tailed eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe New Zealand falcon has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe pronghorn has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The pronghorn uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a table, each cell gives information related to its row and column. This table shows the inventors of some popular toys.nLook in the Toy column and find Super Soaker. Then, follow that row to the left to see who the Inventor was. The left column tells you that Lonnie Johnson invented the Super Soaker..", - "Solution: The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:nAt a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.nAt a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.nAt a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.ndivergent plate boundarynWhen plates at a divergent boundary move apart, cracks form in the crust along the boundary. Melted rock rises from below the crust to fill these cracks. As the melted rock cools and hardens, it becomes new oceanic crust.nNewer oceanic crust weighs less than older oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises up higher than the older crust that is farther from the boundary. This difference in elevation creates a mid-ocean ridge, or underwater mountain chain. Between the two plates, there may be a deep rift valley. To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the rift valley along the Knipovich Ridge, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.nThe Knipovich Ridge and its rift valley mark the northernmost mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean. This mid-ocean ridge and rift valley are the result of the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate moving away from each other.nThere are several volcanoes in the rift valley, as well as cracks in the crust called hydrothermal vents. At these vents, cold ocean water sinks into the crust, is heated by hot magma, and rises back to the surface. The heated ocean water can reach temperatures up to 700 degrees Fahrenheit!nThe underlined part of the passage explains that the rift valley along the Knipovich Ridge formed as the two plates moved away from each other, or diverged. So, the rift valley along the Knipovich Ridge formed at a divergent boundary..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of an ice skate is 26 centimeters.n26 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: During peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read? The writer could best improve his or her organization by removing text unrelated to the main idea.nFor example, the writer could remove the underlined sentence, which isn't clearly related to the main idea\u2014the benefits of year-round school.nMany students, parents, and teachers cringe at the idea of sending kids to school year-round, but it would improve academic performance. Lengthy summer vacations were not established to accommodate farming schedules, as most people assume; they were started so that wealthy families could leave the city in the hot summer months and vacation in the country. Studies have shown that as a result of \"summer slide,\" many students returning to school in the fall have forgotten what they learned the previous year. Year-round school would provide consistency and help students learn more..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three cookies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 13\u00b0C cookie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. Look at the picture of the coins.nThe coins are made of metal.nDifferent coins are made of different types of metal. One of the metals used to make nickels is actually called nickel!.", - "Solution: When writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.nBooks:nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.nMagazine and newspaper articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.nJournal articles:nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.nWeb pages:nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com.", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words cream and dream rhyme. They both end with the eam sound.nThe word tram does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ling wants or needs:nLing will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that picking up the baby when he cries will lead to him controlling the household. However, this isn't necessarily true. This argument offers only one extreme and unlikely outcome. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the black-headed heron.nThe black-headed heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the black-headed heron to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe painted stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe mallard has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The tomato plant's observable version of the fruit color trait is red fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait is red fruit..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.nI have an older brother and a younger sister.nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.nHow tall are you?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nRead the first chapter by next week.nLook out for that car!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nSome whales are over ninety feet long!nI can't wait until tomorrow! The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: Look at the table.nThe abbreviation \"ca.\" stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means \"about.\" It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.nThe Babylonian (ba-bih-LOH-nee-in) Empire came after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon (BA-bih-lahn)..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 12 gallons.n12 fluid ounces and 12 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a school bus is 14 yards.n14 inches and 14 feet are too short. 14 miles is too long..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 300 gallons.n300 fluid ounces and 300 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: Offspring genotypes: homozygous or heterozygous?nHow do you determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for a gene? Look at the alleles in the organism's genotype for that gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene.nIf both alleles are dominant, the organism is homozygous dominant for the gene.nIf both alleles are recessive, the organism is homozygous recessive for the gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene.nIn a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. nBecause there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.nAn event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:nprobability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomesnYou can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnConsider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:nnumber of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes =", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. The better estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 5 kilograms.n5 grams is too light..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Olivia is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blanket is between the guide words bass - bottle, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a watering can is 6 liters.n6 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a duck is 2 feet.n2 inches is too short and 2 yards is too long..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Marcy doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Marcy doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy..", - "Solution: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.nCompare the following sentences.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. The second letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship..", - "Solution: The colony is Georgia..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.nAn engine using gasoline to power a car is a chemical change. High temperatures in the engine break the chemical bonds in the molecules of gasoline and release energy. The atoms then link together to form new molecules, such as water, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nBoth changes are caused by heating.nBoth are caused by", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ernest wants or needs:nErnest will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. He would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! Graphite has all the properties of a mineral. So, graphite is a mineral..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A cell phone is not a living thing.nA cell phone does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.nA beach ball is not a living thing.nBeach balls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA sea otter is a living thing.nSea otters grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Sea otters are made up of many cells.nA house is not a living thing.nHouses do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince healthy is between the guide words habit - hinge, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: The colony is Delaware..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nRoger wants broccoli. Sebastian wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.nHe showed the officers a hotel receipt and an airplane ticket as proof of his time in Buenos Aires..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Washington is farthest west..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince plea is between the guide words pelt - push, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a limousine is 8 yards.n8 inches and 8 feet are too short. 8 miles is too long..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne gray whale moved 25 miles in 5 hours.nThe other gray whale moved 20 miles in 5 hours.nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The summer squash plant has one allele for fuzzy leaves (L) and one allele for smooth leaves (l). So, the plant's genotype for the leaf texture gene is Ll..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Hunter is overweight..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a watering can is 20 cups.n20 fluid ounces is too little and 20 gallons is too much..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Reggie's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 505 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the highest speed..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.nSo, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 12 miles.n12 feet is too short..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nBoth magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.nSo, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 12 meters.n12 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of the Panama Canal is 80 kilometers.n80 millimeters, 80 centimeters, and 80 meters are all too short..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (kinda).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Midas is Greek mythology.nIn Greek mythology, King Midas is granted his wish that everything he touches turn to gold.nThe allusion Midas means fortunate..", - "Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nArmstrong contrasts a literal small step for man with a figurative giant leap for mankind..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the book or the class.nRight after Joy bought the book for her literature class, she dropped it.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nRight after she bought it, Joy dropped the book for her literature class..", - "Solution: Charleston is the capital of West Virginia..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lollipop's observable version of the ear type trait is dumbo ears. So, Lollipop's phenotype for the ear type trait is dumbo ears..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two glasses of orange juice are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the glass of orange juice with more thermal energy has a higher temperature..", - "Solution: Poetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.nLittle Betty Blue,nLost her holiday shoe.n\u2014From Mother GoosenInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.n\u2014From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.nHe watches from his mountain walls,nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.n\u2014From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.nHe bends his backnFor us to go over.n\u2014From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.nThe dainty flying squirrelnIn vest of shining white,nIn coat of silver gray,nAnd vest of shining white.n\u2014Adapte", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. Sauce burning on a stove is a chemical change. High temperatures case the sauce to react with oxygen in the air. The sauce turns black and no longer tastes good..", - "Solution: Concord is the capital of New Hampshire..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.nBoth are caused by heating.nCooking is caused by heating. But an antacid tablet reacting with water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Desmond, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Desmond down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Desmond up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Desmond..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: Like other birds, ostriches have two legs, two wings, feathers, and a beak.nBut unlike other birds, they cannot fly. Ostriches are the largest birds in the world. They are too heavy to fly. A fully grown ostrich can weigh over 300 pounds!.", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.nAt the grocery store, Estelle hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.nEstelle made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Look at the timeline. The Constitutional Convention was in the year 1787. The Civil War started in the year 1861. Use subtraction to find the answer.nThe Civil War began 74 years after the Constitutional Convention..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.nA rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. The temperature of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nA rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town. The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Connor's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Connor's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Francesca, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Francesca down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Francesca up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Francesca..", - "Solution: The colony is Maryland..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Decomposers help break down dead organisms into simpler matter, such as nutrients. These nutrients can then help plants and other organisms grow. In a food web, there is an arrow pointing from another organism to a decomposer. There are no arrows pointing from a decomposer to another organism.nThe parasitic jaeger has an arrow pointing from it. So, the parasitic jaeger is not a decomposer.nThe earthworm does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the earthworm is a decomposer.nThe mushroom does not have arrows pointing from it to other organisms. So, the mushroom is a decomposer.nThe snowy owl has an arrow pointing from it. So, the snowy owl is not a decomposer..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the thorny devil.nThe thorny devil has a yellow-and-brown body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe horned viper has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe polar bear has white fur covering its body. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with dumbo ears or normal ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the e allele, which is for dumbo ears, is recessive to the E allele, which is for normal ears.nDumbo ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. A rat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with dumbo ears must have the genotype ee.nThere is 1 box in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.", - "Solution: This country is Papua New Guinea.nWhy does Papua New Guinea share its island with another country?nPapua New Guinea takes up the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. The western half is part of Indonesia, an Asian country.nBeginning in the 17 th century, several countries took control of different parts of the island of New Guinea. By 1922, Australia controlled the entire eastern half of the island, and the Netherlands controlled the western half. In 1963, control over the western half was transferred to Indonesia, which had just gained independence from the Netherlands. Many people in western New Guinea did not want to become part of Indonesia, though, and some people in this area are still fighting to leave Indonesia today. The eastern part gained independence from Australia in 1975 and became Papua New Guinea..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. The table tells you that there are two ice planets and four rocky planets. So, there are half as many ice planets as rocky planets..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks. Look at the picture of the broad-tailed hummingbird.nThe broad-tailed hummingbird has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The broad-tailed hummingbird's long, thin beak can reach deep into the flowers.nNow look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.nThe violet sabrewing has a long, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to get nectar out of long flowers.nThe bufflehead has a wide, flat beak. Its beak is not adapted to get nectar out of long flowers. The bufflehead uses its beak to eat plants and invertebrates that live in mud..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of pink particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Indian Ocean..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, help. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nSugar has a sweet taste. All three objects are sweet.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The pineapple is scratchy, but the cake batter and the jello are not.nPotato chips have a salty taste. None of the objects are salty.nThe property that all three objects have in common is sweet..", - "Solution: Look at the map.nThe arrows on the map show that goods moved to and from these locations:nChina was not involved in the triangular trade..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (knock your socks off).nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Penny's observable version of the body size trait is a dwarf body. So, Penny's phenotype for the body size trait is a dwarf body..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince weak is between the guide words warn - whip, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A tundra is a type of ecosystem. Tundras have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cold summers, soil that is frozen year-round, and mostly small plants. So, the Tibetan Plateau has long, cold winters. It also has mostly small plants..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 110\u00b0F cup of black tea is colder than the 195\u00b0F cup of black tea, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. On some summer days, the attic heats up like an oven.nThe words attic and oven are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. All three bananas have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 92\u00b0F banana is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard. The better estimate for the length of a kitchen table is 10 feet.n10 yards is too long..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dustin wants or needs:nDustin will give up the chance to eat the oatmeal cookies. Dustin thinks oatmeal cookies would have tasted better than grapes will..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the purple particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of purple particles, look at both the number of purple particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of purple particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more purple particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of purple particles..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 10 gallons.n10 fluid ounces and 10 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees. Look at the picture of the great blue heron.nThe great blue heron has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still. This allows the great blue heron to grab the prey without scaring it away.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe saddle-billed stork has a long neck. Its neck is adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still.nThe blue-footed booby has a short neck. Its neck is not adapted for hunting prey while keeping the rest of its body still..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the phrase screamed for. It describes the painting as if it were a person who demands attention..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with red eyes or brown eyes, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. The question tells you that the e allele, which is for red eyes, is recessive to the E allele, which is for brown eyes.nRed eyes is the recessive allele's version of the eye color trait. A guinea pig with the recessive version of the eye color trait must have only recessive alleles for the eye color gene. So, offspring with red eyes must have the genotype ee.nAll 4 boxes in the Punnett square have the genotype ee.nBrow", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great blue heron's scientific name is Ardea herodias. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.nArdea alba is in the genus Ardea. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea. So, Ardea alba and Ardea herodias are in the same genus.nPhoebastria nigripes is in the genus Phoebastria. The first word of its scientific name is Phoebastria. So, Phoebastria nigripes and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus.nIctinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia. The first word of its scientific name is Ictinia. So, Ictinia mississippiensis and Ardea herodias are not in the same genus..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A and Solution B have the same number of green particles per milliliter. So, their concentrations are the same..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Emmy investigated whether spraying roses with garlic juice affects how many crown gall tumors form. So, the roses sprayed with garlic juice were part of an experimental group.nThe roses that were not sprayed did not get garlic juice. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words wink and stink rhyme. They both end with the ink sound.nThe word thank does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 350 milliliters.n350 liters is too much..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a skateboard is 4 pounds.n4 ounces is too light and 4 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nIce melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not made.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nIce melting is caused by heating. But bending a paper clip is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA hard object keeps its shape when you squeeze it. The feather is not hard.nA soft object changes shape when you squeeze it. The feather is soft..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 0\u00b0F brick is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nEndless list is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that their list of chores actually goes on forever..", - "Solution: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. You can tell whether hydrogen sulfide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.nThe chemical formula for hydrogen sulfide is H2 S. This formula contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and S for sulfur. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen sulfide", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince tale is not between the guide words tilt - treasure, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities..", - "Solution: Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean. This is the Arctic Ocean..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest east..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the snow leopard.nThe snow leopard has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The snow leopard uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe polar bear has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe naked mole rat has thin skin covering its body. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.nAiden shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.nAiden shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Maria wants or needs:nMaria will spend some time and money to get the costume..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.nCracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nNeither change is caused by heating.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The baby pulls open the cabinet door. The direction of the pull is toward his hand..", - "Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince limp is between the guide words leaves - look, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nBen took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.nAlthough she left her house early, Nora barely made it to the train station in time..", - "Solution: The city is New York City, New York. New Orleans, Boston, and St. Louis are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 365 feet.n365 inches is too short. 365 yards and 365 miles are too long..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the persimmon tree.There are four paths matter can take from the persimmon tree to the parasol fungus: persimmon tree->black bear->parasol fungus. persimmon tree->pine vole->parasol fungus. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->black bear->parasol fungus. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->pine vole->parasol fungus. There are three paths matter can take from the persimmon tree to the gray fox: persimmon tree->pine vole->gray fox. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->gray fox. persimmon tree->swallowtail caterpillar->pine vole->gray fox. silver maple. The silver maple does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the persimmon tree to the silver maple.. beaver. The only arrow pointing to the beaver", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, finds. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Topeka is the capital of Kansas..", - "Solution: A pony may live on a farm.nChildren may ride a pony.nA pony is a small horse..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri.nCyanocitta stelleri has the same scientific name as a Steller's jay. So, these organisms are in the same species.nSturnus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a Steller's jay. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Sturnus vulgaris are not in the same species.nGoura victoria does not have the same scientific name as a Steller's jay. So, Cyanocitta stelleri and Goura victoria are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:nType | Examplesnslang | cool, awesomenidioms | knock your socks offnconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeahnabbreviated language | ASAP, FYInoverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the storencontractions | can't, won'tnContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.n The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (piece of cake).nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Peeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is not covering the rest of the fruit anymore. But both the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.nThe Rockport Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Rockport's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.nA reporter for the Rockport Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Rockport's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nGood luck ironically suggests that Cody was upset about staying home. Cody was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of green particles..", - "Solution: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Zane wants or needs:nZane will give up the chance to watch the movie that he is more excited about..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths. Look at the picture of the goat.nThe goat has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter. The long jaws can help the goat reach leaves and grass. The flat teeth can help it cut and grind up the food into soft pieces it can swallow.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe giraffe has long jaws and flat teeth. Its mouth is adapted to eat plant matter.nThe giant anteater has a long tube-shaped mouth and no teeth. Its mouth is not adapted to eat plant matter. The giant anteater uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. An ice cube is not a living thing.nAn ice cube can change. It will melt in warm weather! But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not need food.nA helicopter is not a living thing.nA helicopter does not have all the traits of a living thing. It needs energy to fly, but it does not eat food. Helicopters get energy from gasoline or other fuel. They do not grow.nA hockey puck is not a living thing.nHockey pucks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nBacteria are living things.nBacteria grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water.nBacteria are made up of just one cell. Bacteria live nearly everywhere on Earth. They can live in the ocean, deep underground, and even inside other organisms!.", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nModels can make things in nature easier to understand. Models can be simpler than the things they represent. A food web is a model that shows where living things in an ecosystem get their food. If a food web showed every living thing in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some living things in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one living thing to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one living thing eats another living thing. An arrow starts from the living thing that is eaten. The arrow points to the living thing that is doing the eating.nA living thing in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the living thing is eaten by more than one other living thing in the food web.nA living thing in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the living thing eats more than one other living thing in the food web. Consumers eat other living things. So, there are arrows in a food web that point from other living things to consumers.nThe kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is a producer, not a consumer.nThe kelp bass has arrows pointing to it from the kelp, the zooplankton, and the plainfin midshipman. So, the kelp bass is a consumer..", - "Solution: Lines of latitude and lines of longitude are imaginary lines drawn on some globes and maps. They can help you find places on globes and maps.nLines of latitude show how far north or south a place is. We use units called degrees to describe how far a place is from the equator. The equator is the line located at 0\u00b0 latitude. We start counting degrees from there.nLines north of the equator are labeled N for north. Lines south of the equator are labeled S for south. Lines of latitude are also called parallels because each line is parallel to the equator.nLines of longitude are also called meridians. They show how far east or west a place is. We use degrees to help describe how far a place is from the prime meridian. The prime meridian is the line located at 0\u00b0 longitude. Lines west of the prime meridian are labeled W. Lines east of the prime meridian are labeled E. Meridians meet at the north and south poles.nThe equator goes all the way around the earth, but the prime meridian is different. It only goes from the North Pole to the South Pole on one side of the earth. On the opposite side of the globe is another special meridian. It is labeled both 180\u00b0E and 180\u00b0W.nTogether, lines of latitude and lines of longitude form a grid. You can use this grid to find the exact location of a place. The prime meridian is the line at 0\u00b0 longitude. It intersects Africa. It does not intersect South America or Asia..", - "Solution: Many plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant. Pollen helps the flower make seeds. After pollination, sperm cells from the pollen can combine with the eggs. These fertilized eggs can grow into seeds.nPollen does not help a plant make flowers or grow roots..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. The source of the allusion bedlam is history.nFounded in 1247, Bedlam Hospital, England's first asylum for the mentally ill, was infamous for its seeming chaos.nThe allusion bedlam means pandemonium..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kitchen sink is 24 liters.n24 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bluebell's observable version of the horns trait is not having horns. So, Bluebell's phenotype for the horns trait is not having horns..", - "Solution: Look at the passage. It tells you how submarines are different from other boats.nA submarine is a special kind of boat. It can float on the water, but it can go underwater, too. The name submarine means \"under the sea.\" People use submarines to go deep into the ocean..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Georgia is farthest east..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode! The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Lester was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving..", - "Solution: A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:nAn increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.nA decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings. The temperature of each vial increased, which means that the thermal energy of each vial increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each vial..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved. The second sentence states a fact.nEdgar Allan Poe sold his short story \"The Fall of the House of Usher\" to Burton's Gentleman's Magazine for ten dollars in 1839.nIt can be proved by reading a biography of Edgar Allan Poe.nThe first sentence states an opinion.n\"The Black Cat\" and \"The Tell-Tale Heart\" are Edgar Allan Poe's scariest short stories.nScariest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which of Poe's short stories are the scariest..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A time line shows the order of events by placing them along a line. This time line shows ancient sports that are still popular today. It gives each sport's likely place and date of origin.nLook at how the events are ordered on the time line. Sports that were invented earlier are shown to the left. Sports that were invented later are shown to the right. Surfing is shown farther right than bowling. So, surfing was invented later..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A jaguar is a mammal. Like other mammals, a jaguar is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nA weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.nLast year the state received more than thirty inches of snow..", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state. Tearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Shrek the Third**..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Africa..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words heat and meat rhyme. They both end with the eat sound.nThe word flat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.nMy sister runs like a cheetah.nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. The girl blushed at the compliment, and her round cheeks were like red apples.nThe words cheeks and apples are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile..", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.nIn a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a soccer ball is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a soccer ball something you can touch? Yes.nIs a soccer ball a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a soccer ball is a good..", - "Solution: Genes affect traits.nGenes contain information about inherited traits.nAll organisms have genes.nAll organisms have genes that contain information about their inherited traits.nEye color is an example of a gene.nAn organism's eye color is affected by its genes. But eye color is not a gene. Eye color is a trait, which is an observable characteristic of an organism.nGenes are passed down from parents to offspring.nWhen an organism reproduces, it passes copies of its genes to its offspring. This is how information about inherited traits is passed down..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a basketball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the basketball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.nA microscope is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A microscope keeps its shape when you move its parts.nA stop sign is a solid. A driver might accidentally hit a stop sign and bend it. But the stop sign would still have a size and shape of its own.nVinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nA tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, invited. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.nThe agency monitoring air quality at various locations across the country.nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:nThe agency has been monitoring air quality at various locations across the country..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.nAbby had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nJayden wants broccoli. Dave wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The bar magnet pushes the horseshoe magnet. The direction of the push is away from the bar magnet..", - "Solution: When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.nSometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.nMany of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name. This organism's scientific name refers to Nelson Mandela.nThe word mandelai refers to Nelson Mandela. So, this squat lobster's scientific name is Munidopsis mandelai..", - "Solution: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. A mosquito is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nA Surinam horned frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a Surinam horned frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.nLike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.nLike other jellyfishes, a barrel jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Layla has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..", - "Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The second sentence states a fact.nA baby kangaroo is called a joey.nIt can be proved by looking up the word joey.nThe first sentence states an opinion.nBaby kangaroos are cuter than kittens.nCuter shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which animal is cuter..", - "Solution: Look at the diagram.nThe creator of the diagram wanted to show that enslaved people were crowded together on slave ships. The diagram shows hundreds of people packed side-by-side with barely enough room to lie down.nWhat was the journey like?nThe ship was designed to hold 454 enslaved people, but it was often overloaded, carrying as many as 740 people. To fit that many people, captains and sailors made enslaved people lie on their sides instead of their backs. Enslaved people were chained in place for most of the journey. They were brought up to the main deck for meals, but they spent most of their days lying in darkness..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Deion has one allele for not having sickle-cell disease (A) and one allele for having sickle-cell disease (a). So, Deion's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is Aa..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Fred is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:nProperty | Mineral | RocknIt is a solid. | Yes | YesnIt is formed in nature. | Yes | YesnIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | YesnIt is a pure substance. | Yes | NonIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | NonYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.nLook closely at the last three properties:nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! The properties of calcarenite match the properties of a rock. So, calcarenite is a rock..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the glass flask is harder. If you gently press on glass, it will not change shape..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A desert is a type of ecosystem. Deserts have the following features: a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms. So, the Great Victoria Desert has dry, thin soil. It also has many different types of organisms..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. Iodine is a liquid you can use to clean a cut. If you pour iodine into a different container, it will take the shape of that container. But the iodine will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nO inconceivable being! is a direct address to an imaginary person..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Wyoming is farthest south..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A maroon clownfish's scientific name is Premnas biaculeatus.nPremnas biaculeatus has the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, these organisms are in the same species.nDiodon hystrix does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Diodon hystrix are not in the same species.nHalichoeres hortulanus does not have the same scientific name as a maroon clownfish. So, Premnas biaculeatus and Halichoeres hortulanus are not in the same species..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the weakfish is a tertiary consumer because it eats a secondary consumer. The secondary consumer in this food chain is the butterfish..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the giant pangolin.nThe giant pangolin has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth. The scales make it difficult for predators to hurt or kill the giant pangolin.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe armadillo lizard has hard scales on its skin. Its skin is adapted for protection against a predator with sharp teeth.nThe European robin has soft feathers covering its skin. Its skin is not adapted for protection against predators with sharp teeth..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of an ice skate is 29 centimeters.n29 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Patty was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring that do or do not have myotonia congenita, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. The question tells you that the m allele, which is for not having myotonia congenita, is recessive to the M allele, which is for having myotonia congenita.nHaving myotonia congenita is the dominant allele's version of the myotonia congenita trait. A goat with the dominant version of the myotonia congenita trait must have at least one dominant allele for the myotonia congenita", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nShannon couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Shannon so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. An American bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nA red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. All three objects are fuzzy.nA hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The socks and the stuffed dice are not hard.nPotato chips have a salty taste. The kiwi is not salty.nThe property that all three objects have in common is fuzzy..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Russo was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, feed. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether teaching art is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs teaching art something you can touch? No.nIs teaching art a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.nSo, teaching art is a service..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.nTyler went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus..", - "Solution: A plant cell does not have a cell wall.nThis statement is false. Not every cell has a cell wall, but a plant cell has one. The cell wall gives a plant cell its fixed shape..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Caprimulgus europaeus is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not. So, it is the scientific name.nCaprimulgus europaeus is the organism's scientific name. So, you know that European nightjar is the common name..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the ptarmigan.nDuring the winter, the ptarmigan has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe snowy owl has white feathers covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.nThe camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nBirds have the following traits:nThey have feathers.nThey have wings.nThey have a beak.nThey make eggs with shells.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA brown pelican has the following traits:nIt has feathers.nIt has wings.nIt has a beak.nIt makes eggs with shells.nA brown pelican has the traits of a bird. A brown pelican is a bird.nA salmon has the following traits:nIt has fins, not limbs.nIt makes eggs with no shells.nA salmon does not have all of the traits of a bird. A salmon is a fish..", - "Solution: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.nPresent | Past | Futurenwalk, walks | walked | will walkngo, goes | went | will go The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, lives. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.nDanielle made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Danielle may have been looking for an unusual name, but if she found it on a baby name website, it is not actually one of a kind.nDanielle wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: The colony is North Carolina..", - "Solution: Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince begin is between the guide words balance - blew, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee..", - "Solution: Providence is the capital of Rhode Island..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.nThe Arctic fox has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The Arctic fox uses its fur to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nDuring the winter, the caribou has thick fur covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe fire salamander has thin, moist skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: Albany is the capital of New York..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets. Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.nThere is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Duran is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: The city is Boston, Massachusetts. Washington, D.C., New York City, and Pittsburgh are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the perfume would smell the most. Perfume has a strong smell..", - "Solution: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz.nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.nStep 2: Look", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Chrysotile has all the properties of a mineral. So, chrysotile is a mineral..", - "Solution: Every organism needs food to stay alive. Organisms get their food in different ways. A food chain shows how organisms in an ecosystem get their food.nThe food chain begins with the producer. A producer can change matter that is not food into food. Many producers use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar. Carbon dioxide and water are not food, but sugar is food for the producer.nConsumers eat other organisms. There can be several kinds of consumers in a food chain:nA primary consumer eats producers. The word primary tells you that this is the first consumer in a food chain.nA secondary consumer eats primary consumers. The word secondary tells you that this is the second consumer in a food chain.nA tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers. The word tertiary tells you that this is the third consumer in a food chain.nA top consumer is the animal at the top of a food chain. Food chains can have different numbers of organisms. For example, when there are four organisms in the chain, the top consumer is the tertiary consumer. But if there are five organisms in the chain, the top consumer eats the tertiary consumer! In this food chain, the red fox is a tertiary consumer because it eats a secondary consumer. The secondary consumer in this food chain is the deer mouse..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A rock is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own.nRocks come in many different sizes..", - "Solution: A house has doors and windows.nPeople live inside a house.nA house may have a yard..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Edna, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Edna down with a force of 600 N.nThe seat of the cart is pushing Edna up with a force of 1,200 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Edna..", - "Solution: This state is North Carolina..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. New Hampshire is farthest north..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Vermont is farthest north..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba.nLynx lynx does not have the same scientific name as a great egret. So, Ardea alba and Lynx lynx are not in the same species.nTyto alba does have the same species within its genus as a great egret, but they are not in the same genus! They do not have the same scientific name as each other. So, these organisms are not in the same species.nArdea alba has the same scientific name as a great egret. So, these organisms are in the same species..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character, by emphasizing the long history of the credit union and implying its reliability..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with straight ears or curled ears, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. The question tells you that the E allele, which is for curled ears, is dominant over the e allele, which is for straight ears.nStraight ears is the recessive allele's version of the ear type trait. An American curl cat with the recessive version of the ear type trait must have only recessive alleles for the ear type gene. So, offspring with straight ears must have the genotype ee.nThere are 0 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype ee.", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. California is farthest west..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Maya's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nMeg wants broccoli. Florence wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Boston is the capital of Massachusetts..", - "Solution: This country is the Marshall Islands.nDoes the Marshall Islands have any territorial disputes?nThe Marshall Islands claims to own Wake Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.nThe United States claimed Wake Island in 1899 and has controlled it since then. But the Marshall Islands considers the island part of its territory. It says that its people have traveled to the island to gather food and resources for many years. Today, the island is mainly used by the U.S. Air Force..", - "Solution: Riley wanted broccoli in her lunch and Ken was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nRiley has tomatoes. Ken has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the soap bar would smell the most. A bar of soap has a strong smell..", - "Solution: Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.nSedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.nMetamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by heating and squeezing. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties. Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Like other sedimentary rocks, it forms from layers of sediment.nOcean sediment is made up of mud and the shells of marine organisms. The sediment usually builds up in layers. Over time, the top layers press down on the bottom layers. Sedimentary rock can form when the bottom layers are pressed together to form rock..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Oregon is farthest west..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Tessa's friends are constantly getting detention, so Tessa must have started the food fight. However, Tessa's friends don't necessarily determine her actions. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe south pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are the same repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The second greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Josie is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the African jacana.nThe African jacana uses its toes to spread its weight out over a large area. This can help it walk on leaves without sinking into the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe purple gallinule has long, thin toes on its feet. Its feet are adapted for walking on floating leaves.nThe ostrich has large, heavy feet with thick toes. Its feet are not adapted for walking on floating leaves. The ostrich uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Olivia or Mia.nOlivia often talked with Mia about her community garden project. It was proceeding well but required a great deal of work.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nOlivia's community garden project was proceeding well but required a great deal of work. She often talked with Mia about it..", - "Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Arianna has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations..", - "Solution: Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?nHow do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nIf an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.nIf an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.nA Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.nFor example, consider the Punnett square below.n | F | fnF | FF | Ffnf | Ff | ffnThere is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.n To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with a black coat or a spotted coat, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. The question tells you that the A allele, which is for a spotted coat, is dominant over the a allele, which is for a black coat.nA black coat is the recessive allele's version of the coat pattern trait. A leopard with the recessive version of the coat pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the coat pattern gene. So, offspring with a black coat must have the genotype aa.nThere is 1 box in the Punnett square with the genotype aa", - "Solution: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.nScientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound rubidium bromide.nIn a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance. Use the model to determine whether ferrous oxide is an elementary substance or a compound.nStep 1: Interpret the model.n.nUse the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.nYou can see from the model that ferrous oxide is composed of oxygen atoms and iron atoms bonded together.nStep 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.nYou know from Step 1 that ferrous oxide is composed of two chemical elements: oxygen and iron. Since ferrous oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ferrous oxide is a compound..", - "Solution: The colony is Connecticut..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.nElise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.nElise adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect..", - "Solution: All living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense. A brick wall is not a living thing.nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nA rainboot is not a living thing.nRainboots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.nThe Statue of Liberty is not a living thing.nThe Statue of Liberty is shaped like a person. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.nA bison is a living thing.nBison grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Bison are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. In a table, each cell gives information related to its row and column. This table shows different trickster figures from folktales and myths around the world.nLook in the Trickster figure column and find Anansi. Then, follow the row to the right to see which tradition Anansi is from. The right column tells you that Anansi is from West African traditions..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,145 liters.n1,145 milliliters is too little..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: An object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, ornremaining motionless.nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:nspeeding up,nslowing down, ornchanging direction. The helicopter is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. So, the helicopter has a constant velocity..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70\u00b0F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy. The two soap bubbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder soap bubble has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nYou can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.nA colorful object has one or more bright colors. None of the objects are colorful.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. All three objects are rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is rough..", - "Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75\u00b0F glass of grape juice is colder than the 85\u00b0F glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy..", - "Solution: Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.nFor example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:nYou grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.nYou grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.nBy comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height. In this experiment, Justine and Tanner investigated whether adding wax to snowboards affects their speed. So, the snowboards with wax added were part of an experimental group.nThere was no wax on the snowboards with wax removed. So, they were not part of an experimental group..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the registrar's office.nJosh sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nClare wants fortune cookies, but Alvin would rather have pie..", - "Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince blubber is not between the guide words barn - beetle, it would not be found on that page..", - "Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince cellar is between the guide words carpet - chick, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The police department is in column 2..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer. The better estimate for the length of a road from one end of a city to the other is 9 kilometers.n9 centimeters is too short..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nI want to help, not to hurt.nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.nTry to light the fire.nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected.nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.nWilde contrasts two parallel phrases, often forgives the criminal and never forgives the dreamer..", - "Solution: Springfield is the capital of Illinois..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nPalm Desert, California, usually has more days with high air pressure than low air pressure each year.nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy.nThis passage tells you about the usual air pressure in Palm Desert. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A grid is made up of lines of squares. They are organized in rows and columns. A grid can help you use a map.nA row is a line of squares that goes from side to side. Rows are marked with letters.nA column is a line of squares that goes up and down. Columns are marked with numbers. The police department is in column 1..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the sea cucumber.nThe only arrow pointing from the kelp bass leads to the bat star. No arrows point from the bat star to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp bass to the sea cucumber.There is one path matter can take from the orca to the sea cucumber: orca->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the sea otter to the sea cucumber: sea otter->orca->sea cucumber. There is one path matter can take from the zooplankton to the sea cucumber: zooplankton->plainfin midshipman->sea cucumber..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nMinor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means small or insignificant, and a crisis is a large problem..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution B has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince boy is between the guide words been - brownie, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. The stuffed rabbit and the yarn pom pom are not slippery.nA shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. The stuffed rabbit is not shiny.nA soft object changes shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are soft.nThe property that all four objects have in common is soft..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a warm swimming pool is 26\u00b0C.n26\u00b0F is too cold..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. A knife is a solid. You can bend a knife. But it will still have a size and shape of its own..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.nAudrey's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.nAudrey's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.nI ate so much that I think I might explode!nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nAlways expect the unexpected. The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.nNever say never at first appears to be contradictory: by saying the phrase itself, you have already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often change their minds as they age and so should not rule anything out by saying never..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth. This continent is Antarctica..", - "Solution: Look at the text in bold below. It tells you why okapis are sometimes referred to as forest giraffes.nWhen you first see an okapi, you might think it's related to a horse or a zebra. Its body and neck are horse-like, and its legs have black-and-white stripes like a zebra does. But the okapi is not related to a horse or a zebra; its closest relative is actually the giraffe. In fact, okapis are sometimes called forest giraffes, since they live mainly in the rain forests of central Africa..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Victoria amazonica is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake. The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Carson needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince finger is between the guide words feet - fork, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down..", - "Solution: A polar bear is a heterotroph because instead of producing its own energy, it survives by eating other organisms, like seals..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A savanna grassland is a type of ecosystem. Savanna grasslands have the following features: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the following statements describe the Gran Sabana ecosystem: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has a rainy season and a dry season. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. The following statement does not describe the Gran Sabana: warm summers and warm winters, a rainy season and a dry season, and soil that is poor in nutrients. It has cool summers and long, cold winters..", - "Solution: Columbus is the capital of Ohio..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A western crowned pigeon's scientific name is Goura cristata. The first word of its scientific name is Goura.nThis organism and the western crowned pigeon are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Goura cristata.nAgalychnis callidryas is in the genus Agalychnis. The first word of its scientific name is Agalychnis. So, Agalychnis callidryas and Goura cristata are not in the same genus.nHystrix cristata and Goura cristata are not in the same genus.nThese organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Hystrix cristata and Goura cristata have the same species name within their genus, cristata. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Hystrix cristata is in the genus Hystrix, and Goura cristata is in the genus Goura..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 23 ounces.n23 pounds and 23 tons are both too heavy..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince beard is between the guide words battery - bracelet, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Look at the object.nThink about each property.nA smooth object is not scratchy or rough. The metal paper clip is smooth.nA sticky object can stick to other things. The metal paper clip is not sticky..", - "Solution: A chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products. Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to ozone in this chemical reaction.nOzone is a gas found high up in Earth's atmosphere. In places with severe air pollution, ozone can also be found in the air closer to the ground. This ground-level ozone forms when oxygen in the air combines with carbon monoxide and other chemicals in polluted air. Ground-level ozone can harm humans by damaging their lungs.nThe underlined text tells you that ozone forms when oxygen combines with carbon monoxide. Because ozone is produced by this chemical reaction, ozone is a product..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.nWhat a lucky little lady you are!nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.nThe assignment was a piece of cake.nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.nThe trees danced in the wind.nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British..", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Australia..", - "Solution: Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Josh or Scott.nAfter Josh beat Scott in tennis, he asked for a rematch.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.nScott asked for a rematch after Josh beat him in tennis..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.nBefore the town of Kennecott, Alaska, was deserted in the 1930 s, it was home to a thriving copper mine and mill, a hospital, a school, and a skating rink..", - "Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California..", - "Solution: Look at the map. The smallest colored area is labeled the Eastern Theater. The Eastern Theater covered the smallest amount of territory..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.nThe rotifer has an arrow pointing to it from the green algae. The green algae is a producer, so the rotifer is a primary consumer.nThe water flea has an arrow pointing to it from the green algae. The green algae is a producer, so the water flea is a primary consumer.nThe black crappie has arrows pointing to it from the water flea, the rotifer, and the shiner. None of these organisms is a produce, so the black crappie is not a primary consumer.nThe water mold has an arrow pointing to it from the black crappie. The black crappie is not a producer, so the water mold is not a primary consumer..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.nMagnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).nHere are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel. To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.nArachnids have the following traits:nThey have eight legs.nThey have an exoskeleton.nThey have no antennae.nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.nA Laos giant forest scorpion has the following traits:nIt has eight legs.nIt has an exoskeleton.nIt has no antennae.nA Laos giant forest scorpion has the traits of an arachnid. A Laos giant forest scorpion is an arachnid.nAn earthworm has the following traits:nIt has a soft, cylindrical body.nIt has no limbs.nIt is made up of segments.nAn earthworm does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. An earthworm is a segmented worm..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Elizabeth must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Elizabeth's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Elizabeth is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object. To determine if there is a net force on Emmet, look at the forces:nEarth's gravity is pulling Emmet down with a force of 400 N.nThe diving board is pushing Emmet up with a force of 400 N.nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Emmet..", - "Solution: Solid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid. Grape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nWashington, D.C., is located on the East Coast of the United States. December, January, and February are often cold and snowy each year.nThe underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Washington, D.C. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: A fact is something that can be proved to be true.nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.nJuly is a better month than June for camping.nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping. The first sentence states a fact.nBottlenose dolphins can stay underwater for up to fifteen minutes.nIt can be proved by observing bottlenose dolphins.nThe second sentence states an opinion.nBottlenose dolphins are the cutest animals in the ocean.nCutest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what the cutest animals are..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A mountain zebra's scientific name is Equus zebra. The first word of its scientific name is Equus.nMacropus rufus is in the genus Macropus. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus. So, Macropus rufus and Equus zebra are not in the same genus.nCervus canadensis is in the genus Cervus. The first word of its scientific name is Cervus. So, Cervus canadensis and Equus zebra are not in the same genus.nEquus quagga is in the genus Equus. The first word of its scientific name is Equus. So, Equus quagga and Equus zebra are in the same genus..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.nMy friends walk along the path.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.nKnows the answer.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.nThe bright red car.nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.nI knocked on the door it opened.nIt started raining, we ran inside.nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.nI knocked on the door. It opened.nIt started raining. We ran inside.nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nI knocked on the door, and it opened.nIt started raining, so we ran inside. Puts the towel back in the bathroom is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first closing is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re\u00adacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. Step 1: Think about each change.nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.nBoth are only physical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.nBoth are chemical changes.nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.nBoth are caused by heating.nGlass melting is caused by heating. But sewing an apron is not.nBoth are caused by cooling.nNeither change is caused by cooling..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itselfnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observationsnslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequencesnstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Sean isn't qualified to run the Environmental Club because his sister drives a fuel inefficient car. However, the behavior of Sean's sister does not necessarily reflect Sean's own behavior. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A book should be in italics.nThe correct title is **As Days Go By**..", - "Solution: To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.nThe map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg. Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.nThe legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 0 and 6 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.n2 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.n11 and 13 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: Danny wanted broccoli in his lunch and Peter was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.nDanny has tomatoes. Peter has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want..", - "Solution: In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.nOrganisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.n | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | PlantsnHow many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | manynDo their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yesnCan their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes Hevea brasiliensis is a plant. Plant cells can make their own food. Plant cells make food using photosynthesis..", - "Solution: Animals increase their reproductive success when they have offspring that survive to reproduce.nAnimals can increase their chances of having offspring by behaving in ways that help them get partners to mate and reproduce with. These partners are called mates. For example, animals may make special sounds, perform specific dances, or show off bright colors to attract mates. Animals may also compete with each other for mates.nAnimals can increase the chances that their offspring will survive to reproduce by caring for and protecting them. For example, animals may feed their offspring or guard them from predators. These behaviors increase the chances that the offspring will survive to adulthood, when they can reproduce.nMany behaviors can increase the chances that animals will have offspring that survive to reproduce. But the behaviors cannot guarantee that the animals will have greater reproductive success. Animals that attract or compete for mates won't always successfully mate and reproduce, and offspring that are fed and protected won't always survive to adulthood. Look for the part of the passage that describes the effect of fanning eggs. Use this information to determine why this behavior can increase the reproductive success of the male fifteen-spined stickleback.nChoice \"Fifteen-spined sticklebacks are small fish that live in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Male sticklebacks build nests for their eggs. Then, the males mate with multiple females. After a male mates with a female, she lays eggs in the male's nest and then leaves. The male guards his nest until the eggs hatch. As he guards the nest, he waves his fins near the eggs for short periods of time. This behavior is called fanning.\" is correct.nChoice \"By fanning his nest, a male stickleback can help bring fresh water and nutrients to the eggs. The more frequently a male fans his eggs, the more eggs hatch.\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Choice \"Fanning eggs increases the chances that the male will build a nest for females to lay eggs in.\" is incorrect.\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Fanning eggs does not affect whether a male builds a nest. Instead, the male builds a nest before he fans", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 25 meters.n25 millimeters and 25 centimeters are too short. 25 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: This country is Nauru..", - "Solution: Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nSugar has a sweet taste. The honey is sweet, but the ocean water and the wet ice cube are not.nA translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. All three objects are translucent.nA rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. None of the objects are rough.nThe property that all three objects have in common is translucent..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Michigan is farthest west..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.nDear Aunt Sue,nI'm glad you could come to my party, andnthank you for the birthday gift. I could not havenasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I thinknof you.nWith love,nRory The first greeting is correct:nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Lee is capitalized because it is a proper noun..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.nThe first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.nA genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.nTogether, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.nBoth bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.n A peregrine falcon's scientific name is Falco peregrinus. The first word of its scientific name is Falco.nPelecanus crispus is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus crispus and Falco peregrinus are not in the same genus.nPelecanus rufescens is in the genus Pelecanus. The first word of its scientific name is Pelecanus. So, Pelecanus rufescens and Falco peregrinus are not in the same genus.nFalco novaeseelandiae is in the genus Falco. The first word of its scientific name is Falco. So, Falco novaeseelandiae and Falco peregrinus are in the same genus..", - "Solution: An ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soil or waternthe organisms that live there A wetland is a type of ecosystem. Wetlands have the following features: land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby. So, the Pantanal has land that is covered with water during most of the year. It also has other water ecosystems nearby..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a hummingbird's beak is 1 inch.n1 foot, 1 yard, and 1 mile are all too long..", - "Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest west..", - "Solution: Jackson is the capital of Mississippi..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets. The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nDistance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.nThere is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. The air inside a tire is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air in a tire expands to fill all the space inside the tire. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the tire.nVinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.nOxygen is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Oxygen can be stored in metal tanks. If oxygen leaks out of the tank, the oxygen will expand into the space around the tank.nA stuffed tiger is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you hold a stuffed tiger in your hands, the stuffed tiger still has", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Mississippi is farthest east..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas. Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.nIf you pour caramel sauce into a container, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the yellow particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of yellow particles, look at both the number of yellow particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of yellow particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more yellow particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of yellow particles..", - "Solution: A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The boat pulls the water skier. The direction of the pull is toward the boat..", - "Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. The best estimate for the length of a diving board is 9 feet.n9 inches is too short. 9 yards and 9 miles are too long..", - "Solution: Some animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body. A penguin is a bird. Like other birds, a penguin has a backbone.nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover..", - "Solution: Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.nA bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average. To describe the average precipitation trends in Boston, look at the graph.nChoice \"Jan\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Feb\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Mar\" is incorrect.nChoice \"May\" is incorrect.nChoice \"Oct\" is incorrect.nChoice \"March is drier than January, February, and October.\" is incorrect.nDrier months have a lower average precipitation than wetter months. October has a lower average precipitation than March. So, March is not drier than October.nChoice \"March is the month with the highest average precipitation.\" is incorrect.nJanuary, not March, has the highest average monthly precipitation.nChoice \"About the same amount of precipitation falls each month between May and October.\" is incorrect.nThe average precipitation each month between May and October is about 3 inches. So, about the same amount of precipitation falls during each of these months..", - "Solution: Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. An American alligator is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.nAlligators live in and around water. They can live near ponds, rivers, marshes, and lakes.nAn anchovy is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.nAn anchovy is a small fish that lives in the ocean. Like some other types of fish, anchovies swim in large groups called schools.nA bald eagle is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.nBald eagles live in trees near water. They build nests that can be up to 13 feet wide!nA yak is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.nYaks live in cold places. Their long hair helps keep them warm..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nWhere Eve lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills.nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Eve lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.nIf different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other..", - "Solution: An organism's common name is the name that people normally call the organism. Common names often contain words you know.nAn organism's scientific name is the name scientists use to identify the organism. Scientific names often contain words that are not used in everyday English.nScientific names are written in italics, but common names are usually not. The first word of the scientific name is capitalized, and the second word is not. For example, the common name of the animal below is giant panda. Its scientific name is Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Aldabrachelys gigantea is written in italics. The first word is capitalized, and the second word is not.nSo, Aldabrachelys gigantea is the scientific name..", - "Solution: A simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter. The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.nPam found her coat, but her gloves are still missing..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nThese pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart. Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.nThe magnets in Pair 2 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2 than in Pair 1..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals.nAppeals to ethos, or character, show the writer or speaker as trustworthy, authoritative, or sharing important values with the audience. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsninclude an endorsement from a respected organization, such as the American Dental Associationnfeature a testimonial from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnuse an admired celebrity or athlete as a spokespersonnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and verifiable evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationncite results of clinical trials or independently conducted studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenemphasize that the product is a financially wise choicenanticipate and refute potential counterclaimsnAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to pathos, or emotion, by evoking a fear of illness..", - "Solution: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have", - "Solution: Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.nScientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification. A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice. To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.nThen compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km3, which is more than 54,500 billion km3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth..", - "Solution: Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction.nFlowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil.nBoth the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm.nPollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another.nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.nThe new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again. A pollinator picks up pollen when it brushes against a flower's anthers. Pollen then falls off the pollinator onto the pistil of that flower, or another flower.nA pollinator might drop pollen anywhere, but pollination happens only when pollen lands on the top of the pistil..", - "Solution: The purpose of an advertisement is to persuade people to do something. To accomplish this purpose, advertisements use three types of persuasive strategies, or appeals:nAppeals to ethos, or character, show that the writer or speaker is trustworthy or is an authority on a subject. An ad that appeals to ethos might do one of the following:nsay that a brand has been trusted for many yearsnnote that a brand is recommended by a respected organization or celebrityninclude a quote from a \"real person\" who shares the audience's valuesnAppeals to logos, or reason, use logic and specific evidence. An ad that appeals to logos might do one of the following:nuse graphs or charts to display informationnmention the results of scientific studiesnexplain the science behind a product or servicenAppeals to pathos, or emotion, use feelings rather than facts to persuade the audience. An ad that appeals to pathos might do one of the following:ntrigger a fear, such as the fear of embarrassmentnappeal to a desire, such as the desire to appear attractivenlink the product to a positive feeling, such as adventure, love, or luxury The ad appeals to ethos, or character. It focuses on the brand's values (real cheese) and its long history (since 1941)..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince gown is between the guide words gnaw - group, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the text carefully.nLas Vegas, Nevada, has more than 200 sunny days per year.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds in Las Vegas. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.nImagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.nFirst, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.nThen, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.nExperiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.nExamples of questions that this experiment can answer include:nDoes soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?nDo daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?nAre daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?.", - "Solution: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Bradley was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time..", - "Solution: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant PeachnThese words are not important in titles:nArticles, a, an, thenShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, upnCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.nThe correct title is \"What Dreams Are Made Of.\".", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 31 millimeters.n31 centimeters and 31 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 15 seconds.n15 minutes is too slow..", - "Solution: A pure substance is made of only one type of matter.nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together..", - "Solution: A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.nWhen you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.nWhen you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing. A bubble map uses lines or arrows to connect things that are related. This bubble map shows some sports and the Olympic seasons they have been part of.nTable tennis is not directly connected to Winter Olympics. This tells you that no, table tennis has never been part of the Winter Olympics..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A koala is an animal. It eats leaves.nKoalas spend most of their time in trees. They sleep for up to 20 hours a day!nA coconut tree is a plant. It has large, thin leaves.nCoconut trees grow in warm, rainy places..", - "Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania..", - "Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia..", - "Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon..", - "Solution: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. All three glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 6\u00b0C glass of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy..", - "Solution: Humans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines.nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.nSunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution..", - "Solution: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.nOf the choices, the wax crayons are the hardest. If you squeeze wax crayons, they will not change shape..", - "Solution: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. Read the passage carefully.nNorthwest Pennsylvania normally receives between two and five inches of precipitation each month of the year.nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in Smethport. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate..", - "Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland..", - "Solution: Antebellum means \"before the war.\" Ante and bellum are Latin root words. The root ante means \"before.\" The root bellum means \"war.\"nThe antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Hachiko has two alleles for brown fur (f). So, Hachiko's genotype for the fur color gene is ff..", - "Solution: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.nKelsey can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.nThe first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.nIf Kelsey prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the bald eagle.nThe bald eagle has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey. The sharp claws can help the bald eagle attack and kill its prey. The long toes can help it hold on to its prey.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe swamp harrier has long toes with sharp claws. Its feet are adapted for grabbing prey.nThe sable has hoofed feet. Its feet are not adapted for grabbing prey. The sable uses its feet to walk and run on hard ground..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.nBecause the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Virginia is farthest north..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The rose plant has two alleles for single flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower form gene is ff..", - "Solution: This country is Solomon Islands..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nArms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly. Look at the picture of the shoebill.nLong legs help the shoebill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe hammerkop has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.nThe white tern has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The white tern uses its legs to walk, perch, and swim..", - "Solution: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.n2. Rewrite the sentence:nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.nMaria took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer..", - "Solution: Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:nIt is a solid.nIt is formed in nature.nIt is not made by organisms.nIt is a pure substance.nIt has a fixed crystal structure.nIf a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.nLook closely at the last three properties:nA mineral is not made by organisms.nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.nA mineral is a pure substance.nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure.nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.n Many bricks are made from clay. Clay is found in nature, but bricks are not! To make a brick, a piece of clay is first shaped into a block. Then, the block is heated in a special oven called a brick kiln..", - "Solution: A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.nThe primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.nThe volume of a planet is a very large quantity. Large quantities such as this are often written in scientific notation.nFor example, the volume of Jupiter is 1,430,000,000,000,000 km3. In scientific notation, Jupiter's volume is written as 1.43 x 1015 km3.nTo compare two numbers written in scientific notation, compare their exponents. The bigger the exponent is, the bigger the number is. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.43 x 1012nIf their exponents are equal, compare the first numbers. For example:n1.43 x 1015 is larger than 1.25 x 1015n To decide which planet is the largest, look at the volumes shown in the table and compare the exponents. Jupiter's volume has an exponent of 15, which is the largest out of all the planets.nJupiter is made mainly of gas. So, the largest planet is made mainly of gas..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nDean wants broccoli. Estelle wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.nthe oranges on our tree are ripenThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.nafter we pick up Kevin from worknThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.nKenny took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.nThe strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.nYou can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger. The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.nMagnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.nMagnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2..", - "Solution: Honolulu is the capital of Hawaii..", - "Solution: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.nThe trees danced in the wind.nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. Complete the sentence with the word groaned. It describes the branch as if it were a person calling out..", - "Solution: There were two main sides in World War I. One side was called the Allied powers and the other was called the Central powers. Sometimes the Allied powers are also called the Allies or the Triple Entente.nSome countries fought against the Central powers but were not a part of the official Allied powers. They were called the Associated powers..", - "Solution: People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.nImagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.nFirst, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.nThen, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.nTests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground. Look at the picture of the Suriname toad.nThe Suriname toad has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming. As it swims, the Suriname toad uses its webbed feet to push itself through water.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe blue-footed booby has webbed feet. Its feet are adapted for swimming.nThe short-beaked echidna has long claws. Its feet are not adapted for swimming. The short-beaked echidna uses its feet to dig burrows..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.nDifferent objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA bumpy object is covered in lumps and bumps. All three objects are bumpy.nA bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The popcorn and the caramel corn are not bouncy.nA stretchy object gets longer when you pull on it. The popcorn and the log are not stretchy.nThe property that all three objects have in common is bumpy..", - "Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:nthe pattern of weather, or climatenthe type of soilnthe organisms that live there A taiga is a type of ecosystem. Taigas have the following features: long, cold winters and short, cool summers, many evergreen trees, and soil that is poor in nutrients. So, the Eastern Siberian Taiga has cold winters. It also has many evergreen trees..", - "Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. The best estimate for the mass of a guitar is 6 pounds.n6 ounces is too light and 6 tons is too heavy..", - "Solution: This country is New Zealand..", - "Solution: On the graph, the year is shown on the x-axis. The volume of fresh water withdrawn in a year is shown by the height of each bar.nTo determine which statement is supported by the data, evaluate how the volume of fresh water withdrawn changed over time.nThe volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadily until 1980.nFrom 1950 to 1980, each bar is taller than the one before it. This means that the volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased steadily until 1980. So, this statement is supported by the data.nThe volume of fresh water withdrawn per year increased every five years between 1950 and 2005.nFrom 1950 to 1980, each bar is taller than the one before it. But after 1980, the bars do not continue to get taller. This means that the volume withdrawn did not always increase between 1950 and 2005. So, this statement is not supported by the data..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 22 centimeters.n22 meters and 22 kilometers are both too long..", - "Solution: Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.nA compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.nThe north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map. To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Indiana is farthest north..", - "Solution: Phoenix is the capital of Arizona..", - "Solution:.", - "Solution: An egg is round.nYou can eat an egg.nAn egg comes from a bird..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. The better estimate for the volume of a small measuring spoon is 3 milliliters.n3 liters is too much..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Brett's hair color is an inherited trait..", - "Solution: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.nThe band I'm in.nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.nMonkeys and chimpanzees frequently raid the crops of Rwandan farmers. As a result, the farmers lose ten to twenty percent of their income..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the musk ox.nThe musk ox has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The musk ox uses its fur and fat to keep warm in cold weather.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe snowy owl has a thick coat of feathers covering its skin. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places.nThe Amazon milk frog has thin, moist skin. Its skin is not adapted for survival in cold places..", - "Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Valeria must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Valeria's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Valeria does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne bat moved 165 kilometers in 10 hours.nThe other bat moved 130 kilometers in 10 hours.nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 165 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.nThe concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.nconcentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.nUse the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter.nSolution A has more pink particles per milliliter. So, Solution A has a higher concentration of pink particles..", - "Solution: The War of 1812 began on June 18, 1812, when the United States declared war on Great Britain. President James Madison of the United States signed Congress's declaration of war against Great Britain..", - "Solution: Look at the table and images.nSasha wants broccoli. Franco wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want..", - "Solution: Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.nWhether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south.nHere are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is labeled N, and the south pole is labeled S.nIf opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.nIf the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.n To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.nThe north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other..", - "Solution: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. Put the words in alphabetical order.nSince virus is between the guide words veil - vote, it would be found on that page..", - "Solution: The city is Atlanta, Georgia. Washington, D.C., San Antonio, and New Orleans are marked with gray circles on the map below..", - "Solution: Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food. A sea otter is an animal. It eats animals that live in the ocean.nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.nA marsh marigold is a plant. It can grow yellow flowers.nMarsh marigolds grow best in cool shady places..", - "Solution: An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.nDifferent objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Look at each object.nFor each object, decide if it has that property.nA scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. Neither of the objects are scratchy.nSugar has a sweet taste. Both objects are sweet.nThe property that both objects have in common is sweet..", - "Solution: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene\u2014one allele inherited from each parent.nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.nA dominant all", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed. Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne goose moved 640 miles in 10 hours.nThe other goose moved 290 miles in 10 hours.nNotice that each goose spent the same amount of time moving. The goose that moved 640 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at a higher speed..", - "Solution: One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.nThe direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.nThe direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling. The hockey player's shot is a type of push. He shoots the puck away from his stick and sends it down the ice. The direction of the push is away from the hockey stick..", - "Solution: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.nSome liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.nMany gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas. An egg white is a liquid. A liquid can change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space.nIf you crack open an egg and pour it into a pan, the egg white will change shape..", - "Solution: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service.nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. To decide whether a book is a good or a service, ask these questions:nIs a book something you can touch? Yes.nIs a book a job you might pay someone else to do? No.nSo, a book is a good..", - "Solution: The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.nThe kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy. The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.nBecause the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (\u00b0F) or Celsius (\u00b0C). Use the list below to compare the two units.n212\u00b0F | Water boils | 100\u00b0Cn98.6\u00b0F | Body temperature | 37\u00b0Cn68\u00b0F | Room temperature | 20\u00b0Cn32\u00b0F | Water freezes | 0\u00b0Cn The better estimate for the temperature of a cool glass of milk is 50\u00b0F.n50\u00b0C is too hot..", - "Solution: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:nFallacy | Descriptionnad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponentnappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choicenbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choicencircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itselfnguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or somethingnred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claimnA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:nFallacy | Descriptionnfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the othernfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options existnhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidencenstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue againstn The text argues that Nellie must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Nellie's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Nellie does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association..", - "Solution: A food web is a model.nA food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.nArrows show how matter moves.nA food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.nAn organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.nAn organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web. Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the mushroom.nThe only arrow pointing from the parasitic jaeger leads to the rough-legged hawk. The only arrow pointing from the rough-legged hawk leads to the earthworm. No arrows point from the earthworm to any other organisms. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the parasitic jaeger to the mushroom.There are two paths matter can take from the barren-ground caribou to the mushroom: barren-ground caribou->mushroom. barren-ground caribou->grizzly bear->mushroom. There is one path matter can take from the bilberry to the mushroom: bilberry->grizzly bear->mushroom. There is one path matter can take from the grizzly bear to the mushroom: grizzly bear->mushroom. There are two paths matter can take from the lichen to the mushroom: lichen->barren-ground caribou->mushroom. lichen->barren-ground caribou->grizzly bear->mushroom..", - "Solution: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.nA Midsummer Night's DreamnThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.n\"You Are My Sunshine\" A movie should be in italics.nThe correct title is **Raiders of the Lost Ark**..", - "Solution: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound.nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. The words win and tin rhyme. They both end with the in sound.nThe word fan does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 13 gallons.n13 fluid ounces and 13 cups are both too little..", - "Solution: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.nThe allusion draconian means harsh..", - "Solution: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 6 meters.n6 millimeters and 6 centimeters are too short. 6 kilometers is too long..", - "Solution: An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.nThe color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators. Look at the picture of the flat-tail horned lizard.nThe flat-tail horned lizard has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in.nNow look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.nThe Namaqua chameleon has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert.nThe strawberry poison frog has brightly colored skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment..", - "Solution: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. Look at the distance each fish moved and the time it took to move that distance.nOne fish moved 20 kilometers in 5 hours.nThe other fish moved 25 kilometers in 5 hours.nNotice that each fish spent the same amount of time moving. The fish that moved 20 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that fish must have moved at a lower speed..", - "Solution: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!.", - "Solution: A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents. This continent is Europe..", - "Solution: There are four kinds of sentences.nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period..", - "Solution: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring.." - ] -} \ No newline at end of file +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:c791851ab5f590d8ee151e22d81f4cc4df392044d7744a4f70d9331ace4d321a +size 7127899