---
language: en
tags:
- text-classification
- onnx
- bge-small-en
- emotions
- multi-class-classification
- multi-label-classification
datasets:
- go_emotions
models:
- BAAI/bge-small-en
license: mit
inference: false
widget:
- text: ONNX is so much faster, its very handy!
---

### Overview

This is a multi-label, multi-class linear classifer for emotions that works with [BGE-small-en embeddings](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en), having been trained on the [go_emotions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/go_emotions) dataset.

### Labels

The 28 labels from the [go_emotions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/go_emotions) dataset are:
```
['admiration', 'amusement', 'anger', 'annoyance', 'approval', 'caring', 'confusion', 'curiosity', 'desire', 'disappointment', 'disapproval', 'disgust', 'embarrassment', 'excitement', 'fear', 'gratitude', 'grief', 'joy', 'love', 'nervousness', 'optimism', 'pride', 'realization', 'relief', 'remorse', 'sadness', 'surprise', 'neutral']
```

### Metrics (exact match of labels per item)

This is a multi-label, multi-class dataset, so each label is effectively a separate binary classification. Evaluating across all labels per item in the go_emotions test split the metrics are shown below.

Optimising the threshold per label to optimise the F1 metric, the metrics (evaluated on the go_emotions test split) are:

- Precision: 0.429
- Recall: 0.483
- F1: 0.439

Weighted by the relative support of each label in the dataset, this is:

- Precision: 0.457
- Recall: 0.585
- F1: 0.502

Using a fixed threshold of 0.5 to convert the scores to binary predictions for each label, the metrics (evaluated on the go_emotions test split, and unweighted by support) are:

- Precision: 0.650
- Recall: 0.189
- F1: 0.249

### Metrics (per-label)

This is a multi-label, multi-class dataset, so each label is effectively a separate binary classification and metrics are better measured per label.

Optimising the threshold per label to optimise the F1 metric, the metrics (evaluated on the go_emotions test split) are:
|                |    f1 | precision | recall | support | threshold |
| -------------- | ----- | --------- | ------ | ------- | --------- |
| admiration     | 0.561 |     0.517 |  0.613 |     504 |      0.25 |
| amusement      | 0.647 |     0.663 |  0.633 |     264 |      0.20 |
| anger          | 0.324 |     0.238 |  0.510 |     198 |      0.10 |
| annoyance      | 0.292 |     0.200 |  0.541 |     320 |      0.10 |
| approval       | 0.335 |     0.297 |  0.385 |     351 |      0.15 |
| caring         | 0.306 |     0.221 |  0.496 |     135 |      0.10 |
| confusion      | 0.360 |     0.400 |  0.327 |     153 |      0.20 |
| curiosity      | 0.461 |     0.392 |  0.560 |     284 |      0.15 |
| desire         | 0.411 |     0.476 |  0.361 |      83 |      0.25 |
| disappointment | 0.204 |     0.150 |  0.318 |     151 |      0.10 |
| disapproval    | 0.357 |     0.291 |  0.461 |     267 |      0.15 |
| disgust        | 0.403 |     0.417 |  0.390 |     123 |      0.20 |
| embarrassment  | 0.424 |     0.483 |  0.378 |      37 |      0.30 |
| excitement     | 0.298 |     0.255 |  0.359 |     103 |      0.15 |
| fear           | 0.609 |     0.590 |  0.628 |      78 |      0.25 |
| gratitude      | 0.801 |     0.819 |  0.784 |     352 |      0.30 |
| grief          | 0.500 |     0.500 |  0.500 |       6 |      0.75 |
| joy            | 0.437 |     0.453 |  0.422 |     161 |      0.20 |
| love           | 0.641 |     0.693 |  0.597 |     238 |      0.30 |
| nervousness    | 0.356 |     0.364 |  0.348 |      23 |      0.45 |
| optimism       | 0.416 |     0.538 |  0.339 |     186 |      0.25 |
| pride          | 0.500 |     0.750 |  0.375 |      16 |      0.65 |
| realization    | 0.247 |     0.228 |  0.269 |     145 |      0.10 |
| relief         | 0.364 |     0.273 |  0.545 |      11 |      0.30 |
| remorse        | 0.581 |     0.529 |  0.643 |      56 |      0.25 |
| sadness        | 0.525 |     0.519 |  0.532 |     156 |      0.20 |
| surprise       | 0.301 |     0.235 |  0.418 |     141 |      0.10 |
| neutral        | 0.626 |     0.519 |  0.786 |    1787 |      0.30 |

The thesholds are stored in `thresholds.json`.

### Use with ONNXRuntime

The input to the model is called `logits`, and there is one output per label. Each output produces a 2d array, with 1 row per input row, and each row having 2 columns - the first being a proba output for the negative case, and the second being a proba output for the positive case.

```python
# Assuming you have embeddings from BAAI/bge-small-en for the input sentences
# E.g. produced from sentence-transformers E.g. huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-small-en
#      or from an ONNX version E.g. huggingface.co/Xenova/bge-small-en

print(embeddings.shape)  # E.g. a batch of 1 sentence
> (1, 384)

import onnxruntime as ort

sess = ort.InferenceSession("path_to_model_dot_onnx", providers=['CPUExecutionProvider'])

outputs = [o.name for o in sess.get_outputs()]  # list of labels, in the order of the outputs
preds_onnx = sess.run(_outputs, {'logits': embeddings})
# preds_onnx is a list with 28 entries, one per label,
# each with a numpy array of shape (1, 2) given the input was a batch of 1

print(outputs[0])
> surprise
print(preds_onnx[0])
> array([[0.97136074, 0.02863926]], dtype=float32)

# load thresholds.json and use that (per label) to convert the positive case score to a binary prediction
```

### Commentary on the dataset

Some labels (E.g. gratitude) when considered independently perform very strongly, whilst others (E.g. relief) perform very poorly.

This is a challenging dataset. Labels such as relief do have much fewer examples in the training data (less than 100 out of the 40k+, and only 11 in the test split).

But there is also some ambiguity and/or labelling errors visible in the training data of go_emotions that is suspected to constrain the performance. Data cleaning on the dataset to reduce some of the mistakes, ambiguity, conflicts and duplication in the labelling would produce a higher performing model.