---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- fr
library_name: transformers
tags:
- NMT
- orféo
- pytorch
- pictograms
- translation
metrics:
- bleu
inference: false
---

# t2p-nmt-orfeo

*t2p-nmt-orfeo* is a text-to-pictograms translation model built by training from scratch the [NMT](https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq/blob/main/examples/translation/README.md) model on a dataset of pairs of transcriptions / pictogram token sequence (each token is linked to a pictogram image from [ARASAAC](https://arasaac.org/)).
The model is used only for **inference**. 

## Training details

The model was trained with [Fairseq](https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq/blob/main/examples/translation/README.md).

### Datasets

The [Propicto-orféo dataset](https://www.ortolang.fr/market/corpora/propicto) is used, which was created from the CEFC-Orféo corpus. 
This dataset was presented in the research paper titled ["A Multimodal French Corpus of Aligned Speech, Text, and Pictogram Sequences for Speech-to-Pictogram Machine Translation](https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.76/)" at LREC-Coling 2024. 
The dataset was split into training, validation, and test sets.
| **Split** | **Number of utterances** |
|:-----------:|:-----------------------:|
| train | 231,374 |
| valid | 28,796 |
| test | 29,009 |

### Parameters

This is the arguments in the training pipeline :

```bash
fairseq-train \
    data-bin/orfeo.tokenized.fr-frp \
    --arch transformer_iwslt_de_en --share-decoder-input-output-embed \
    --optimizer adam --adam-betas '(0.9, 0.98)' --clip-norm 0.0 \
    --lr 5e-4 --lr-scheduler inverse_sqrt --warmup-updates 4000 \
    --dropout 0.3 --weight-decay 0.0001 \
    --save-dir exp_orfeo/checkpoints/nmt_fr_frp_orfeo \
    --criterion label_smoothed_cross_entropy --label-smoothing 0.1 \
    --max-tokens 4096 \
    --eval-bleu \
    --eval-bleu-args '{"beam": 5, "max_len_a": 1.2, "max_len_b": 10}' \
    --eval-bleu-detok moses \
    --eval-bleu-remove-bpe \
    --eval-bleu-print-samples \
    --best-checkpoint-metric bleu --maximize-best-checkpoint-metric \
    --max-epoch 40 \
    --keep-best-checkpoints 5 \
    --keep-last-epochs 5
```

### Evaluation

The model was evaluated with BLEU, where we compared the reference pictogram translation with the model hypothesis.

```bash
fairseq-generate exp_orfeo/data-bin/orfeo.tokenized.fr-frp \
    --path exp_orfeo/checkpoints/nmt_fr_frp_orfeo/checkpoint.best_bleu_87.2803.pt \
    --batch-size 128 --beam 5 --remove-bpe > gen_orfeo.out
```
The output file prints the following information :
```txt
S-16709	peut-être vous pouvez vous exprimer
T-16709	vous pouvoir exprimer
H-16709	-0.0769597738981247	vous pouvoir exprimer
D-16709	-0.0769597738981247	vous pouvoir exprimer
P-16709	-0.0936 -0.0924 -0.0065 -0.1154
Generate test with beam=5: BLEU4 = 87.43, 95.2/89.8/85.0/80.4 (BP=1.000, ratio=1.006, syslen=250949, reflen=249520)
```

### Results

Comparison to other translation models :
| **Model** | **validation** | **test** |
|:-----------:|:-----------------------:|:-----------------------:|
| t2p-t5-large-orféo | 85.2 | 85.8 |
| **t2p-nmt-orféo** | **87.2** | **87.4** | 
| t2p-mbart-large-cc25-orfeo | 75.2 | 75.6 |
| t2p-nllb-200-distilled-600M-orfeo | 86.3 | 86.9 |

### Environmental Impact

Training was performed using a single Nvidia V100 GPU with 32 GB of memory which took around 2 hours in total.

## Using t2p-nmt-orfeo model

The scripts to use the *t2p-nmt-orfeo* model are located in the [speech-to-pictograms GitHub repository](https://github.com/macairececile/speech-to-pictograms).

## Information

- **Language(s):** French
- **License:** Apache-2.0
- **Developed by:** Cécile Macaire
- **Funded by**
  - GENCI-IDRIS (Grant 2023-AD011013625R1)
  - PROPICTO ANR-20-CE93-0005
- **Authors**
  - Cécile Macaire
  - Chloé Dion
  - Emmanuelle Esperança-Rodier
  - Benjamin Lecouteux
  - Didier Schwab


## Citation

If you use this model for your own research work, please cite as follows:

```bibtex
@inproceedings{macaire_jeptaln2024,
  title = {{Approches cascade et de bout-en-bout pour la traduction automatique de la parole en pictogrammes}},
  author = {Macaire, C{\'e}cile and Dion, Chlo{\'e} and Schwab, Didier and Lecouteux, Benjamin and Esperan{\c c}a-Rodier, Emmanuelle},
  url = {https://inria.hal.science/hal-04623007},
  booktitle = {{35{\`e}mes Journ{\'e}es d'{\'E}tudes sur la Parole (JEP 2024) 31{\`e}me Conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN 2024) 26{\`e}me Rencontre des {\'E}tudiants Chercheurs en Informatique pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues (RECITAL 2024)}},
  address = {Toulouse, France},
  publisher = {{ATALA \& AFPC}},
  volume = {1 : articles longs et prises de position},
  pages = {22-35},
  year = {2024}
}
```