Question: What is the expected ratio of offspring with vestigial wings to offspring with normal wings? Choose the most likely ratio.

Choices:
- 1:3
- 4:0
- 3:1
- 2:2
- 0:4

This passage describes the wing type trait in fruit flies:
Some scientists breed fruit flies to learn how traits are inherited. These scientists often use flies with vestigial wings, which are shorter and stubbier than normal wings. Fruit flies with vestigial wings cannot fly, so they are easier for scientists to handle and study.
In a group of fruit flies, some individuals have normal wings and others have vestigial wings. In this group, the gene for the wing type trait has two alleles. The allele for vestigial wings (n) is recessive to the allele for normal wings (N).
This Punnett square shows a cross between two fruit flies.

natural science

Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types

Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?
How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.
If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.
If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.
A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.
For example, consider the Punnett square below.
 | F | f
F | FF | Ff
f | Ff | ff
There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.

Solution:
To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with vestigial wings or normal wings, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the wing type trait. The question tells you that the n allele, which is for vestigial wings, is recessive to the N allele, which is for normal wings.
Vestigial wings is the recessive allele's version of the wing type trait. A fruit fly with the recessive version of the wing type trait must have only recessive alleles for the wing type gene. So, offspring with vestigial wings must have the genotype nn.
There are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype nn. These boxes are highlighted below.
Normal wings is the dominant allele's version of the wing type trait. A fruit fly with the dominant version of the wing type trait must have at least one dominant allele for the wing type gene. So, offspring with normal wings must have the genotype NN or Nn.
There are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype NN or Nn. These boxes are highlighted below.
So, the expected ratio of offspring with vestigial wings to offspring with normal wings is 2:2. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 2 offspring with vestigial wings for every 2 offspring with normal wings.


Question: What can Ethan and Irma trade to each get what they want?

Choices:
- Ethan can trade his tomatoes for Irma's sandwich.
- Irma can trade her almonds for Ethan's tomatoes.
- Ethan can trade his tomatoes for Irma's broccoli.
- Irma can trade her broccoli for Ethan's oranges.

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.
Ethan and Irma open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Ethan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Irma was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.

social science

Solution:
Ethan wanted broccoli in his lunch and Irma was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.
Ethan has tomatoes. Irma has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.

Solution:
Both magnet sizes and distance affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. The sizes of the magnets in Pair 1 are the same as in Pair 2. The distance between the magnets is also the same.
So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.


Question: What is the capital of Alaska?

Choices:
- Lexington
- Sacramento
- Salt Lake City
- Juneau

social science

Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska.


Question:
Complete the statement.
Calcium oxide is ().

Choices:
- an elementary substance
- a compound

The model below represents calcium oxide. Calcium oxide is used to make cement and steel.

natural science

Classify elementary substances and compounds using models

There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.
A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.
Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.
Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a space-filling model. The space-filling model below represents the compound rubidium bromide.
In a space-filling model, the balls represent atoms that are bonded together. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.

Solution:
Use the model to determine whether calcium oxide is an elementary substance or a compound.
Step 1: Interpret the model.
.
Use the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.
You can see from the model that calcium oxide is composed of oxygen atoms and calcium atoms bonded together.
Step 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.
You know from Step 1 that calcium oxide is composed of two chemical elements: oxygen and calcium. Since calcium oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, calcium oxide is a compound.


Question: What type of rock is phyllite?

Choices:
- igneous
- sedimentary
- metamorphic

This is a piece of phyllite. The word phyllite comes from the Greek word for leaf. The rock usually has a greenish color.
Phyllite can form when a metamorphic rock called slate is changed by high temperature and pressure. Phyllite is made of minerals such as quartz and mica.

natural science

Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic

Igneous rock is formed when melted rock cools and hardens into solid rock. This type of change can occur at Earth's surface or below it.
Sedimentary rock is formed when layers of sediment are pressed together, or compacted, to make rock. This type of change occurs below Earth's surface.
Metamorphic rock is formed when a rock is changed by very high temperature and pressure. This type of change often occurs deep below Earth's surface. Over time, the old rock becomes a new rock with different properties.

Solution:
Phyllite is a metamorphic rock. Like other metamorphic rocks, it forms when a rock is changed by high temperature and pressure.
Heat and pressure can change the type and arrangement of minerals in a rock. This change forms a new rock with different properties. Phyllite can form when other metamorphic rocks are changed by heat and pressure. Slate is a rock that can change into phyllite.


Question: What is the capital of Montana?

Choices:
- Nampa
- Missoula
- Honolulu
- Helena

social science

Solution: Helena is the capital of Montana.


Question: Which bird's beak is also adapted to catch fish?

Choices:
- common kingfisher
- European robin

Common loons live near lakes, rivers, and oceans. They can dive 60 meters below the surface to catch fish.
Figure: common loon.

natural science

Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the common loon.
The common loon has a long, straight beak with a sharp tip. Its beak is adapted to catch fish. The common loon can use its beak to grab the slippery body of a fish underwater. It can also catch a fish by stabbing it with its beak.
Now look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.
The common kingfisher has a long, straight beak with a sharp tip. Its beak is adapted to catch fish.
The European robin has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch fish. The European robin uses its beak to eat insects and other small invertebrates.


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- Africa
- Australia
- Antarctica
- Asia

social science

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

Solution: This continent is Antarctica.


Question: What is the Steller's jay's scientific name?

Choices:
- Cyanocitta stelleri
- Cyanocitta cristata

The Steller's jay lives throughout North America. Georg Wilhelm Steller collected plant and animal specimens in Alaska. He identified the Steller's jay in 1741. The bird's scientific name refers to Georg Wilhelm Steller.

natural science

When a scientist identifies a new organism, he or she chooses its scientific name.
Sometimes, an organism is named after the place where it was first found. Other times, an organism is named after the scientist who first identified it. Or, the scientific name might describe the organism's physical traits.
Many of the words that make up scientific names are based on words from old languages, like Latin and classical Greek. Sometimes, English words are changed to make them sound more like Latin or Greek. The new words are then used in an organism's scientific name.

Solution:
This organism's scientific name refers to Georg Wilhelm Steller.
The word stelleri refers to Georg Wilhelm Steller. So, the Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri.


Question: Which property matches this object?

Choices:
- scratchy
- fragile

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.

Solution:
Look at the object.
Think about each property.
A scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The ceramic plate is not scratchy.
A fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The ceramic plate is fragile.


Question: Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

Choices:
- neither; the samples have the same temperature
- sample B
- sample A

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

natural science

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.
The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

Solution:
The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.
Because the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.


Question: Which material is these shoes made of?

Choices:
- ceramic
- rubber

natural science

A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.
Some objects are made of just one material.
Most nails are made of metal.
Other objects are made of more than one material.
This hammer is made of metal and wood.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the shoes.
The shoes are made of two different materials. The tops are made of leather, and the soles are made of rubber.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Haiti
- Cuba
- the Dominican Republic
- The Bahamas

social science

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

Solution:
This country is Haiti.
Does Haiti have any territorial disputes?
Haiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.
Navassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve.


Question: Identify the question that Camilla's experiment can best answer.

Choices:
- Do the temperatures inside boxes depend on the sizes of the boxes?
- Do the insides of white boxes get hotter than the insides of black boxes when the boxes are left in the sun?

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.

Camilla glued lids onto 16 cardboard shoe boxes of equal size. She painted eight of the boxes black and eight of the boxes white. Camilla made a small hole in the side of each box and then stuck a thermometer partially into each hole so she could measure the temperatures inside the boxes. She placed the boxes in direct sunlight in her backyard. Two hours later, she measured the temperature inside each box. Camilla compared the average temperature inside the black boxes to the average temperature inside the white boxes.
Figure: a shoebox painted black.

natural science

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.
Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.
First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.
Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.
Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.
Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include:
Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?
Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?
Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?


Question: What is the capital of California?

Choices:
- Los Angeles
- Sacramento
- Olympia
- Trenton

social science

Solution: Sacramento is the capital of California.


Question: Which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles?

Choices:
- Solution B
- neither; their concentrations are the same
- Solution A

The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each blue ball represents one particle of solute.

natural science

A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.
The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.
concentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent

Solution:
In Solution A and Solution B, the blue particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of blue particles, look at both the number of blue particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.
Use the concentration formula to find the number of blue particles per milliliter.
Solution B has more blue particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of blue particles.


Question: Which month is the wettest on average in Cairo?

Choices:
- July
- January
- September

Use the graph to answer the question below.

natural science

Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data. Scientists collect data over many years. They can use this data to calculate the average precipitation for each month. The average precipitation can be used to describe the climate of a location.
A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.

Solution:
To describe the average precipitation trends in Cairo, look at the graph.
Choice "Jan" is incorrect.
Choice "Jul" is incorrect.
Choice "Sep" is incorrect.
January has an average monthly precipitation of about 15 millimeters. This is higher than in any other month. So, January is the wettest month on average.


Question: Which ocean is highlighted?

Choices:
- the Pacific Ocean
- the Southern Ocean
- the Atlantic Ocean
- the Indian Ocean

social science

Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.

Solution: This is the Atlantic Ocean.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.


Question: What is the capital of Delaware?

Choices:
- Baton Rouge
- Salem
- Wilmington
- Dover

social science

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Solution: Dover is the capital of Delaware.


Question: Identify the question that Sasha's experiment can best answer.

Choices:
- Do slugs weigh more after eating tomato leaves or broccoli leaves?
- Do slugs eat more from tomato leaves or broccoli leaves?

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.

Sasha cut tomato and broccoli plant leaves into one-inch squares. In each of 12 containers, she placed six leaf squares: three tomato-leaf squares and three broccoli-leaf squares. She put one slug from her garden into each container. After two days, Sasha measured the amount of each leaf square that had been eaten by the slugs. She compared the amount that had been eaten from the tomato-leaf squares to the amount that had been eaten from the broccoli-leaf squares.
Figure: a slug on a leaf.

natural science

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.
Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.
First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.
Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.
Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.
Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include:
Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?
Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?
Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?


Question: Which term matches the picture?

Choices:
- filtration
- centrifugation

Read the text.
Filtration and centrifugation are two techniques used to separate different materials from a mixture. Filtration involves straining unwanted materials, sometimes with the help of gravity. For example, you can pour a liquid mixture through a funnel lined with filter paper that collects unwanted solids.
Centrifugation, on the other hand, uses centrifugal force to separate materials. For example, vials of mixtures can be placed at an angle in special machines that spin at high speed. The spinning causes denser substances to move and collect at the bottom of the vial.

language science

Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures

Solution: Filtration uses gravity to separate solid substances from a liquid as it passes through a funnel.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- Virginia
- Delaware
- Georgia
- West Virginia

social science

Solution:
The colony is Virginia.
The Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony.


Question: What is the capital of Louisiana?

Choices:
- Atlanta
- Frankfort
- New Orleans
- Baton Rouge

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Baton Rouge is the capital of Louisiana.


Question: Which of the following was a dependent variable in this experiment?

Choices:
- the number of bacteria in a drop of tea
- the amount of time that the tea sat on the desk

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and think about the variables that are described.

Every day at work, Valentina poured a large cup of tea that she drank throughout the morning. She wondered how much bacteria might be growing in her cup of tea as the morning went on.
To find out, Valentina filled three identical cups with tea and placed them on her desk for three hours. After the first hour, she placed a drop of the tea from each cup on a separate microscope slide and counted the number of bacteria in the drop. Valentina repeated this with each cup of tea after the second hour, and again after the third hour.
Hint: An independent variable is a variable whose effect you are investigating. A dependent variable is a variable that you measure.
Figure: using a microscope to count bacteria on a slide.

natural science

Identify independent and dependent variables

Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to find out how one variable affects another variable. For example, imagine that you want to find out if fertilizer affects the number of tomatoes a tomato plant grows. To answer this question, you decide to set up two equal groups of tomato plants. Then, you add fertilizer to the soil of the plants in one group but not in the other group. Later, you measure the effect of the fertilizer by counting the number of tomatoes on each plant.
In this experiment, the amount of fertilizer added to the soil and the number of tomatoes were both variables.
The amount of fertilizer added to the soil was an independent variable because it was the variable whose effect you were investigating. This type of variable is called independent because its value does not depend on what happens after the experiment begins. Instead, you decided to give fertilizer to some plants and not to others.
The number of tomatoes was a dependent variable because it was the variable you were measuring. This type of variable is called dependent because its value can depend on what happens in the experiment.


Question:
Complete the sentence.
The mutation in the () affected the structure and function of the ().

Choices:
- KRT13 gene . . . keratin protein
- keratin protein . . . KRT13 gene

The following passage describes the effects of a gene mutation, which is a permanent change in a gene. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.

Keratins are strong proteins that provide structure and protection for many tissues in the human body. For example, the tissue on the inside of the mouth, called epithelium (ep-i-THEEL-i-um), is protected by a tough layer made of many types of keratin proteins connected together. One type of keratin protein is encoded by the KRT13 gene.
A certain person had a mutation in the KRT13 gene. Compared to the KRT13 gene without a mutation, the mutated KRT13 gene encoded a form of the keratin protein with a different structure.
This different form of the keratin protein could not connect to other keratin proteins.The person with the mutation had mouth epithelium that was easily damaged by simple activities like eating and brushing teeth.
Figure: strands of connected keratin proteins, seen through a high-powered microscope.

natural science

Describe the effects of gene mutations on organisms

An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.
A permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.
The function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.
An organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits.

Solution:
A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.
So, the mutation in the KRT13 gene affected the structure and function of the keratin protein.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- the Dominican Republic
- Saint Lucia
- Grenada
- Dominica

social science

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

Solution: This country is Dominica.


Question: What is the capital of Nevada?

Choices:
- Carson City
- Reno
- Las Vegas
- Cheyenne

social science

Solution: Carson City is the capital of Nevada.


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- Europe
- Africa
- Asia
- North America

social science

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

Solution: This continent is Africa.


Question: Select the fish below.

Choices:
- goldfish
- European green toad

Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A manta ray is an example of a fish.

natural science

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.
Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

Solution:
A European green toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.
Toads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.
A goldfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.
Goldfish are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China.


Question: Which of these states is farthest east?

Choices:
- Ohio
- New Jersey
- Kansas
- South Carolina

social science

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.
A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.
The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

Solution: To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. New Jersey is farthest east.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Barbados
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Jamaica
- Antigua and Barbuda

social science

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

Solution: This country is Antigua and Barbuda.


Question: What is the capital of Washington?

Choices:
- Orlando
- Spokane
- Seattle
- Olympia

social science

Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington.


Question: Is the helium in balloons a solid, a liquid, or a gas?

Choices:
- a gas
- a liquid
- a solid

natural science

Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.
When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.
Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.
When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.
Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.
When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.
Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.

Solution:
The helium in balloons is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.
The helium in balloons expands to fill all the space inside the balloons. If a balloon pops, the helium will expand to fill a much larger space.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when the magnets are larger.

Solution:
The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.
Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The larger the magnets, the greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.
Magnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is larger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.


Question: What is the capital of Texas?

Choices:
- Dallas
- Austin
- Houston
- Jefferson City

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Austin is the capital of Texas.


Question: Select the mammal below.

Choices:
- rabbit
- red-eyed tree frog

Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A kangaroo is an example of a mammal.

natural science

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.
Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

Solution:
A red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.
A rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.


Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

Choices:
- weather
- climate

Figure: Croatia.
It was clear and sunny yesterday on the Croatian coast.
Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

natural science

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.
Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.
Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Solution:
Read the passage carefully.
It was clear and sunny yesterday on the Croatian coast.
This passage tells you about yesterday's cloud cover on the coast of Croatia. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.


Question: Which state is highlighted?

Choices:
- Ohio
- Indiana
- Michigan
- Iowa

social science

Solution: This state is Ohio.


Question: Is chocolate syrup a solid, a liquid, or a gas?

Choices:
- a gas
- a liquid
- a solid

natural science

Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.
When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.
Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.
When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.
Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.
When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.
Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.

Solution:
Chocolate syrup is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in.
If you pour chocolate syrup into a container, the chocolate syrup will take the shape of that container. But the chocolate syrup will still take up the same amount of space.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Grenada
- Saint Lucia

social science

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

Solution: This country is Saint Kitts and Nevis.


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- North America
- South America
- Antarctica
- Australia

social science

A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.

Solution: This continent is North America.


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- Africa
- South America
- North America
- Asia

social science

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

Solution: This continent is South America.


Question: Which of these states is farthest west?

Choices:
- Alabama
- Illinois
- South Carolina
- Connecticut

social science

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.
A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.
The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

Solution: To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Illinois is farthest west.


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- Asia
- Europe
- Australia
- North America

social science

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

Solution: This continent is Europe.


Question: What is the direction of this push?

Choices:
- away from the bulldozer
- toward the bulldozer

A bulldozer clears a path for a new road. A force from the bulldozer pushes loose dirt out of the way.

natural science

A force is a push or a pull that one object applies to another. Every force has a direction.
The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.
The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.

Solution: The bulldozer pushes the loose dirt. The direction of the push is away from the bulldozer.