Question: Is eclogite a mineral?

Choices:
- no
- yes

Eclogite has the following properties:
solid
naturally occurring
not made by organisms
not a pure substance
no fixed crystal structure

natural science

Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:
It is a solid.
It is formed in nature.
It is not made by organisms.
It is a pure substance.
It has a fixed crystal structure.
If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.
Look closely at the last three properties:
A mineral is not made by organisms.
Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.
Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.
A mineral is a pure substance.
A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.
A mineral has a fixed crystal structure.
The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.

Solution: Eclogite does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, eclogite is not a mineral.


Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

Choices:
- weather
- climate

Figure: London.
It was snowing in London on January 1, 1969.
Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

natural science

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.
Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.
Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Solution:
Read the passage carefully.
It was snowing in London on January 1, 1969.
This passage tells you about the snowfall in London on January 1, 1969. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.


Question: Which of the following is better evidence that the train's kinetic energy changed?

Choices:
- The train was stopped, and then it began to move forward and away from the station.
- Electricity started flowing to the motor when the ride operator flipped the switch.

There are many types of energy. One type is kinetic energy, which is the energy an object has when it is moving.
Read the passage about the start of a roller coaster ride and think about the kinetic energy of the roller coaster train.
At an amusement park, a group of riders boarded a roller coaster train and sat down.
Once everyone was safely in their seats, the ride operator flipped a switch, and electricity flowed to a motor below the track. The motor pulled the train forward and out of the station.

natural science

Explore energy transformations: roller coaster ride

Solution:
The kinetic energy of an object depends on the object's speed. So, a change in the train's speed is evidence of a change in the train's kinetic energy.
This statement shows that the speed of the train changed:
The train was stopped, and then it began to move forward and away from the station.
This statement does not show that the speed of the train changed:
Electricity started flowing to the motor when the ride operator flipped the switch.


Question: What can Rick and Felix trade to each get what they want?

Choices:
- Rick can trade his tomatoes for Felix's broccoli.
- Rick can trade his tomatoes for Felix's sandwich.
- Felix can trade his broccoli for Rick's oranges.
- Felix can trade his almonds for Rick's tomatoes.

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.
Rick and Felix open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Rick wanted broccoli in his lunch and Felix was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.

social science

Solution:
Rick wanted broccoli in his lunch and Felix was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.
Rick has tomatoes. Felix has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- West Virginia
- New Hampshire
- Massachusetts
- New Jersey

social science

Solution:
The colony is Massachusetts.
The Massachusetts Colony included land that would later become the state of Maine. Maine was never its own colony.


Question: Which animal's legs are also adapted for wading?

Choices:
- shoebill
- satin bowerbird

s live in the marshes of Europe and Asia. They eat insects, snails, and worms that live in shallow water. Spoonbills often hunt their prey by walking through water, or wading.
The spoonbill's legs are adapted for wading. They are lightweight and keep the bird's body above the water.
Figure: Eurasian spoonbill.

natural science

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the Eurasian spoonbill.
Long legs help the Eurasian spoonbill keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.
Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.
The shoebill has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.
The satin bowerbird has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The satin bowerbird uses its legs to walk and perch.


Question: Select the reptile below.

Choices:
- Hermann's tortoise
- gray wolf

Reptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land. A box turtle is an example of a reptile.

natural science

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.
Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

Solution:
A gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.
Wolves often live in family groups. A wolf mother, father, and their children travel together.
A Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.
A tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- the Dominican Republic
- Grenada
- Dominica
- Haiti

social science

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

Solution:
This country is the Dominican Republic.
Why does the Dominican Republic share its island with another country?
The Dominican Republic and Haiti share the island of Hispaniola. It is home to the earliest European settlements in the Americas. Christopher Columbus founded the first European settlement on the island in 1492 during his first voyage across the Atlantic.
Though many people lived on the island before Columbus's arrival, European countries quickly began to colonize the island. Eventually France and Spain both established colonies. The Spanish colony eventually became the country of the Dominican Republic, and the French colony eventually became the country of Haiti. Today, people in the two countries speak different languages and have many cultural differences.


Question: Which material is this door made of?

Choices:
- wool
- metal

natural science

A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.
Some objects are made of just one material.
Most nails are made of metal.
Other objects are made of more than one material.
This hammer is made of metal and wood.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the door.
This door is made of two different materials. The body of the door is made of wood. The door knob is made of metal.
Not all doors are made of wood. The body of a door can be made of metal or even glass.


Question: What is the capital of Missouri?

Choices:
- Kansas City
- Saint Louis
- Jefferson City
- Richmond

social science

Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.


Question: Identify the question that Haley and Elijah's experiment can best answer.

Choices:
- Does Haley's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a layer of wax or when it does not have a layer of wax?
- Does Haley's snowboard slide down a hill in less time when it has a thin layer of wax or a thick layer of wax?

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.

Haley applied a thin layer of wax to the underside of her snowboard and rode the board straight down a hill. Then, she removed the wax and rode the snowboard straight down the hill again. She repeated the rides four more times, alternating whether she rode with a thin layer of wax on the board or not. Her friend Elijah timed each ride. Haley and Elijah calculated the average time it took to slide straight down the hill on the snowboard with wax compared to the average time on the snowboard without wax.
Figure: snowboarding down a hill.

natural science

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.
Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.
First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.
Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.
Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.
Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include:
Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?
Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?
Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?


Question: Which of the following could Joy's test show?

Choices:
- if the blade guards would break in a crash
- how much the drone weighed with the blade guards
- if adding the blade guards made the drone fly poorly

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.
The passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.

Joy was designing small aircraft called drones to pick up items from warehouse shelves. She knew that the drones' propeller blades would get damaged if they bumped into anything while flying through the warehouse. So, Joy wanted to add blade guards to protect the propeller blades. The guards had to be sturdy so they would not break in a crash. But she thought that if the guards weighed too much, the drones would not fly well.
So, Joy put guards made of lightweight metal on one drone. Then she observed how well the drone flew with the guards.
Figure: a drone without blade guards.

natural science

Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.
Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.
First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.
Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.
Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.


Question: Which material is this hat made of?

Choices:
- wool
- wood

natural science

A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the hat.
The hat is made of wool.
Wool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes.


Question: Which month has the lowest average precipitation in London?

Choices:
- November
- July
- February

Use the graph to answer the question below.

natural science

Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.
A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.

Solution:
To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.
Choice "Feb" is incorrect.
Choice "Jul" is incorrect.
Choice "Nov" is incorrect.
July has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation.


Question: Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

Choices:
- sample B
- neither; the samples have the same temperature
- sample A

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

natural science

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.
The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

Solution:
Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, but the particles in sample B have a higher average speed than the particles in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.
Because the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- Pennsylvania
- New Jersey
- New York
- Maryland

social science

Solution: The colony is Pennsylvania.


Question:
Complete the sentence.
The word "antebellum" means ().

Choices:
- after the long peace
- before the war
- after the election
- before the feast

The time period in United States history between 1820 and 1861 is often called the antebellum period. During the antebellum period, the North and South became more divided. In the following questions, you learn more about the changes that happened during the antebellum period.
The following table shows other words that use the Latin root words ante and bellum. Look at the table. Then complete the text below.

social science

Causes of the Civil War: Missouri Compromise to Bleeding Kansas

Solution:
Look at the underlined parts of the table.
All the words that use the root "ante" mean to come before something else. So, the root ante means "before."
All the words that use the root "bellum" mean to fight or cause war.So, the root bellum means "war."
So, the word "antebellum" means "before the war." The antebellum period is named for the war that followed it: the Civil War.


Question: Select the organism in the same genus as the great egret.

Choices:
- Tyto alba
- Caprimulgus europaeus
- Ardea alba

This organism is a great egret. Its scientific name is Ardea alba.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.
This organism and the great egret are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea alba.
Caprimulgus europaeus is in the genus Caprimulgus. The first word of its scientific name is Caprimulgus. So, Caprimulgus europaeus and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.
Tyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.
These organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.


Question:
Complete the sentence.
The Thingvellir Rift Valley formed at a () boundary.

Choices:
- divergent
- convergent
- transform

Read the passage and look at the picture.
In Iceland, parts of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are above sea level. The Thingvellir Rift Valley is one example. This rift valley began to form as the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate moved away from each other. In this picture, you can see the gap that formed during a major plate movement along the rift. Gaps such as this form when the two plates move apart, creating a large crack in the crust. The last time this happened in the Thingvellir Rift Valley was in the spring of 1789. Since then, a walking path was built along the rift valley to allow park visitors to walk along the rift.

natural science

Describe tectonic plate boundaries around the world

The outer layer of Earth is broken up into many pieces called tectonic plates, or simply plates. The breaks between plates are called plate boundaries. Plate boundaries are classified by the way the plates are moving relative to each other:
At a transform boundary, two plates are sliding past each other.
At a convergent boundary, two plates are moving toward each other.
At a divergent boundary, two plates are moving away from each other.
divergent plate boundary
When plates at a divergent boundary move apart, cracks form in the crust along the boundary. Melted rock rises from below the crust to fill these cracks. As the melted rock cools and hardens, it becomes new oceanic crust.
Newer oceanic crust weighs less than older oceanic crust. So, the crust on either side of the boundary rises up higher than the older crust that is farther from the boundary. This difference in elevation creates a mid-ocean ridge, or underwater mountain chain. Between the two plates, there may be a deep rift valley.

Solution:
To figure out what type of plate boundary formed the Thingvellir Rift Valley, you need to know how the tectonic plates interacted. To find this out, read the passage carefully.
In Iceland, parts of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are above sea level. The Thingvellir Rift Valley is one example. This rift valley began to form as the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate moved away from each other. In this picture, you can see the gap that formed during a major plate movement along the rift. Gaps such as this form when the two plates move apart, creating a large crack in the crust. The last time this happened in the Thingvellir Rift Valley was in the spring of 1789. Since then, a walking path was built along the rift valley to allow park visitors to walk along the rift.
The underlined part of the passage explains that the Thingvellir Rift Valley formed as the two plates moved away from each other, or diverged. So, the Thingvellir Rift Valley formed at a divergent boundary.


Question: Based on the continuum scale, about how much heavier are emu eggs than hummingbird eggs?

Choices:
- around 60 grams
- around 600 grams

language science

A graphic organizer is a chart or picture that shows how ideas, facts, or topics are related to one another.
When you read, look for graphic organizers included in the text. You can use these images to find key information. You can also create your own graphic organizers with information that you've read. Doing this can help you think about the ideas in the text and easily review them.
When you write, you can use graphic organizers to organize your thoughts and plan your writing.

Solution:
A continuum scale compares things by ordering them along a line. This continuum scale compares the average weights of the eggs of several birds.
Hummingbird is shown close to the left end of the scale, labeled 0 g. This tells you that hummingbird eggs weigh close to 0 grams. Emu is shown close to the right end of the scale, labeled 600 g. This tells you that emu eggs weigh close to 600 grams. So, emu eggs are around 600 grams heavier than hummingbird eggs.


Question: Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in the snow?

Choices:
- camel
- short-tailed weasel

es live in the cold Arctic tundra. The  is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.
Figure: Arctic fox.

natural science

Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal stay warm. Skin with sharp spines might help an animal defend itself against predators.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the Arctic fox.
During the winter, the Arctic fox has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow. The word camouflage means to blend in.
Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.
During the winter, the short-tailed weasel has white fur covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.
The camel has sand-colored fur covering its skin. It is not adapted to be camouflaged in the snow.


Question: Which of the following could Duncan's test show?

Choices:
- whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour
- if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour
- how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.
The passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.

Duncan was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.
So, to help decide how big the vent should be, Duncan put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.
Figure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.

natural science

Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.
Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.
First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.
Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.
Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.


Question: Which property do these three objects have in common?

Choices:
- flexible
- hard
- scratchy

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.
Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.

Solution:
Look at each object.
For each object, decide if it has that property.
A scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.
A flexible object can be folded or bent without breaking easily. The potato sack is flexible, but the log is not.
A hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. The log is hard, but the potato sack is not.
The property that all three objects have in common is scratchy.


Question: Is Rhizophora mangle made up of many cells?

Choices:
- yes
- no

This organism is Rhizophora mangle. It is a member of the plant kingdom.
Rhizophora mangle is commonly called a red mangrove. Red mangrove trees grow in or near water. They have strong roots that help prop, or hold, them up. These roots are also aerial, which means that they can grow above the ground. So, the red mangrove roots are called aerial prop roots.

natural science

Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms

In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.
Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.
 | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants
How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many
Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes
Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes

Solution: Rhizophora mangle is a plant. Plants are made up of many cells.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.

Solution:
Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.
Magnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.


Question: Which months have average temperatures of 30°C or higher in Dubai?

Choices:
- January through May
- May through September
- July through November

Use the graph to answer the question below.

natural science

Solution:
To describe the average temperature trends in Dubai, look at the graph.
Choice "May" is incorrect.
Choice "Jul" is incorrect.
Choice "Sep" is incorrect.
Choice "Nov" is incorrect.
Choice "Jan" is incorrect.
The average temperatures in May, June, July, August, and September are all 30°C or higher. So, May through September have average temperatures of 30°C or higher.


Question: Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?

Choices:
- Solution B
- neither; their concentrations are the same
- Solution A

The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.

natural science

A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.
The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.
concentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent

Solution:
In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.
Use the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.
Solution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles.


Question: What is the capital of Tennessee?

Choices:
- Knoxville
- Richmond
- Charlotte
- Nashville

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee.


Question: Which ocean is highlighted?

Choices:
- the Atlantic Ocean
- the Pacific Ocean
- the Arctic Ocean
- the Southern Ocean

social science

Oceans are huge bodies of salt water. The world has five oceans. All of the oceans are connected, making one world ocean.

Solution: This is the Atlantic Ocean.


Question: What is the capital of Washington?

Choices:
- Helena
- Olympia
- Spokane
- Seattle

social science

Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington.


Question: Which of the following fossils is older? Select the more likely answer.

Choices:
- fern
- insect

This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.

natural science

Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence

A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.
Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.
The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.

Solution:
Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.
Compare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is older:
The insect fossil is in a deeper layer in the rock sequence than the fern fossil. So, the insect fossil is most likely older than the fern fossil.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- West Virginia
- South Carolina
- Virginia
- North Carolina

social science

Solution:
The colony is Virginia.
The Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony.


Question: Which animal's limbs are also adapted for climbing trees?

Choices:
- California sea lion
- lar gibbon

Chimpanzees live in the forests of Central Africa. Their limbs are adapted for climbing trees.
Figure: chimpanzee.

natural science

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the chimpanzee.
The chimpanzee uses its long limbs to reach branches while climbing. It uses its fingers and toes to grab the branches.
Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.
The lar gibbon has long limbs with fingers and toes. Its limbs are adapted for climbing trees.
The California sea lion has flippers. Its limbs are not adapted for climbing trees. The California sea lion uses its flippers to swim underwater.


Question: Select the organism in the same species as the reticulated python.

Choices:
- Python reticulatus
- Nerodia cyclopion
- Morelia viridis

This organism is a reticulated python. Its scientific name is Python reticulatus.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
A reticulated python's scientific name is Python reticulatus.
Python reticulatus has the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, these organisms are in the same species.
Nerodia cyclopion does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Nerodia cyclopion are not in the same species.
Morelia viridis does not have the same scientific name as a reticulated python. So, Python reticulatus and Morelia viridis are not in the same species.


Question: Is the air inside a soccer ball a solid, a liquid, or a gas?

Choices:
- a solid
- a gas
- a liquid

natural science

Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.
When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.
Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.
When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.
Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.
When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.
Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas.

Solution:
The air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.
The air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.


Question: Which property do these three objects have in common?

Choices:
- fuzzy
- smooth
- transparent

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.
Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.

Solution:
Look at each object.
For each object, decide if it has that property.
You can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.
A smooth object is not scratchy or rough. All three objects are smooth.
A fuzzy object is covered in soft hair. None of the objects are fuzzy.
The property that all three objects have in common is smooth.


Question: Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

Choices:
- sample A
- neither; the samples have the same temperature
- sample B

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

natural science

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.
The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

Solution:
Each particle in the two samples has the same mass, and the particles in both samples have the same average speed. So, the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy.
Because the particles in both samples have the same average kinetic energy, the samples must have the same temperature.


Question: Which bird's beak is also adapted to tear through meat?

Choices:
- bateleur
- roseate spoonbill

Turkey vultures are scavengers. They find and eat the bodies of dead animals. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to tear through meat.
Figure: turkey vulture.

natural science

Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the turkey vulture.
The turkey vulture has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat. The sharp hook can help the turkey vulture cut the meat into pieces it can swallow.
Now look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.
The bateleur has a sharp hooked beak. Its beak is adapted to tear through meat.
The roseate spoonbill has a long spoon-shaped beak. Its beak is not adapted to tear through meat. The roseate spoonbill uses its beak to filter through mud for invertebrates and small fish.


Question: Select the mammal below.

Choices:
- eastern newt
- black howler

Mammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk. A giraffe is an example of a mammal.

natural science

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.
Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

Solution:
An eastern newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.
Some newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.
A black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.
Howler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away!


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- Europe
- South America
- Asia
- Australia

social science

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

Solution: This continent is Europe.


Question: Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the kelp?

Choices:
- plainfin midshipman
- sea cucumber
- zooplankton

Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.
A food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.

natural science

A food web is a model.
A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.
Arrows show how matter moves.
A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.
An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.
An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.

Solution: Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the kelp.There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea otter: kelp    sea urchin    sea otter. There is one path matter can take from the kelp to the sea cucumber: kelp    sea urchin    sea otter    orca    sea cucumber. zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the zooplankton.. plainfin midshipman. There are two arrows pointing to the plainfin midshipman. These start from the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The only arrow pointing to the zooplankton starts from the phytoplankton. No arrow points to the phytoplankton. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the kelp to the plainfin midshipman..


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Tuvalu
- Tonga
- Fiji
- Australia

social science

Identify and select countries of Oceania

Solution: This country is Tonga.


Question: What is the capital of Alaska?

Choices:
- Fairbanks
- Salt Lake City
- Juneau
- Anchorage

social science

Solution: Juneau is the capital of Alaska.


Question:
Complete the statement.
Oxygen is ().

Choices:
- an elementary substance
- a compound

The model below represents a molecule of oxygen. Billions of pounds of oxygen are produced in factories each year. ver half of this oxygen is used to help produce steel.

natural science

Classify elementary substances and compounds using models

There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.
A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.
Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.
Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.
In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.

Solution:
Use the model to determine whether oxygen is an elementary substance or a compound.
Step 1: Interpret the model.
In the ball-and-stick model shown above, both of the balls are the same color:
. The legend shows that red represents the chemical element with the atomic symbol O. So, the model shows you that a molecule of oxygen is composed of one chemical element.
Step 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.
You know from Step 1 that oxygen is composed of only one chemical element. So, oxygen is an elementary substance.


Question: What is the capital of Oklahoma?

Choices:
- New York City
- Louisville
- Tulsa
- Oklahoma City

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma.


Question: Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

Choices:
- sample A
- sample B
- neither; the samples have the same temperature

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

natural science

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.
The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

Solution:
The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample B has more mass than each particle in sample A. So, the particles in sample B have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample A.
Because the particles in sample B have the higher average kinetic energy, sample B must have the higher temperature.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- South Carolina
- Massachusetts
- New Jersey
- Georgia

social science

Solution: The colony is New Jersey.


Question: Which of the following fossils is younger? Select the more likely answer.

Choices:
- palm leaf
- feather

This diagram shows fossils in an undisturbed sedimentary rock sequence.

natural science

Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence

A fossil is the preserved evidence of an ancient organism. Some fossils are formed from body parts such as bones or shells. Other fossils, such as footprints or burrows, are formed from traces of an organism's activities.
Fossils are typically found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form in layers. Over time, new layers are added on top of old layers in a series called a rock sequence. The layers in an undisturbed rock sequence are in the same order as when they formed. So, the deeper layers are older than the shallower layers.
The relative ages of fossils can be determined from their positions in an undisturbed rock sequence. Older fossils are usually in deeper layers, and younger fossils are usually in shallower layers.

Solution:
Look again at the fossils in the rock sequence diagram.
Compare the positions of these fossils to determine which one is younger:
The palm leaf fossil is in a shallower layer in the rock sequence than the feather fossil. So, the palm leaf fossil is most likely younger than the feather fossil.


Question: What is the capital of Indiana?

Choices:
- Indianapolis
- Jefferson City
- Newport
- Frankfort

social science

Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana.


Question: What is the capital of Oklahoma?

Choices:
- Oklahoma City
- Tulsa
- Raleigh
- Columbia

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast


Question: Which state is highlighted?

Choices:
- California
- Washington
- Colorado
- Hawaii

social science

Solution: This state is Washington.


Question: Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Choices:
- attract
- repel

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.
Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).
Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.
Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.
If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.
If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

Solution:
To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.
The north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.


Question: Select the organism in the same genus as the great egret.

Choices:
- Ardea alba
- Diodon nicthemerus
- Tyto alba

This organism is a great egret. Its scientific name is Ardea alba.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
A great egret's scientific name is Ardea alba. The first word of its scientific name is Ardea.
Tyto alba and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.
These organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Tyto alba and Ardea alba have the same species name within their genus, alba. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Tyto alba is in the genus Tyto, and Ardea alba is in the genus Ardea.
This organism and the great egret are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Ardea alba.
Diodon nicthemerus is in the genus Diodon. The first word of its scientific name is Diodon. So, Diodon nicthemerus and Ardea alba are not in the same genus.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- West Virginia
- Maryland
- Washington, D.C.
- Massachusetts

social science

Solution: The colony is Maryland.


Question: What is the capital of Oregon?

Choices:
- Salem
- Portland
- Phoenix
- Salt Lake City

social science

Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon.


Question: What can Joey and Darell trade to each get what they want?

Choices:
- Joey can trade his tomatoes for Darell's sandwich.
- Darell can trade his broccoli for Joey's oranges.
- Darell can trade his almonds for Joey's tomatoes.
- Joey can trade his tomatoes for Darell's broccoli.

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.
Joey and Darell open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Joey wanted broccoli in his lunch and Darell was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.

social science

Solution:
Joey wanted broccoli in his lunch and Darell was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.
Joey has tomatoes. Darell has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.


Question: Which of these states is farthest south?

Choices:
- Texas
- New Hampshire
- New York
- Wisconsin

social science

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.
A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.
The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

Solution: To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the south arrow is pointing. Texas is farthest south.


Question: Sperm cells are found inside pollen. What kind of cells are sperm?

Choices:
- female cells
- male cells

This diagram shows the life cycle of an apple tree.

natural science

Flowering plants, called angiosperms, use their flowers for sexual reproduction.
Flowers can have male parts, female parts, or both! The male part is called the stamen, and the female part is called the pistil.
Both the male and female parts are needed for sexual reproduction. The female part produces eggs, and the male part produces pollen. Pollen contains cells that become sperm.
Pollination happens when pollen lands on top of the pistil. Self-pollination happens when a plant with both male and female parts pollinates itself. Cross-pollination happens when pollen from one plant lands on the pistil of a flower on a different plant. Animals, including birds and insects, can be pollinators. Many pollinators come to flowers to get food. As a pollinator feeds, it moves pollen from one flower to another.
After pollination, sperm from the pollen fuse with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs then grow into seeds. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate and grow into a new plant.
The new plant can grow flowers and begin the angiosperm plant life cycle again.

Solution:
Sperm are male cells. Cells that become sperm are found inside the pollen.
Eggs are female cells. The eggs are produced and stored in the ovary.


Question: Which property matches this object?

Choices:
- translucent
- colorful

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.

Solution:
Look at the object.
Think about each property.
A colorful object has one or more bright colors. The pinwheel is colorful.
A translucent object lets light through. But you cannot see clearly through a translucent object. The pinwheel is not translucent.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.
- The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.
- The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.
These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.

Solution:
Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.
The magnets in Pair 2 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 1. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.


Question: What is the probability that a Syrian hamster produced by this cross will have wavy fur?

Choices:
- 3/4
- 2/4
- 4/4
- 0/4
- 1/4

In a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele for straight fur (F) is dominant over the allele for wavy fur (f).
This Punnett square shows a cross between two Syrian hamsters.

natural science

Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types

Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?
How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.
If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.
If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.
In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.
An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:
probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes
You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.
 | F | f
F | FF | Ff
f | Ff | ff
Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:
number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4.


Question: Which property do these four objects have in common?

Choices:
- hard
- rough
- fragile

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.
Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.

Solution:
Look at each object.
For each object, decide if it has that property.
A rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The bracelet, the apple seeds, and the sunglasses are not rough.
A fragile object will break into pieces if you drop it. The clay flower pot is fragile, but the apple seeds are not.
A hard object does not change shape when pressed or squeezed. All four objects are hard.
The property that all four objects have in common is hard.


Question: Which animal's legs are also adapted for wading?

Choices:
- demoiselle crane
- African penguin

Gray herons live near marshes, rivers, and lakes. They eat frogs and fish that live in shallow water. Gray herons hunt their prey by walking through water, or wading.
The 's legs are adapted for wading. They are lightweight and keep the bird's body above the water.
Figure: gray heron.

natural science

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
Arms, legs, flippers, and wings are different types of limbs. The type of limbs an animal has is an example of an adaptation. Animals' limbs can be adapted in different ways. For example, long legs might help an animal run fast. Flippers might help an animal swim. Wings might help an animal fly.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the gray heron.
Long legs help the gray heron keep its body above the surface of the water while wading. Thin legs are easier to move through the water.
Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.
The demoiselle crane has long, thin legs. Its legs are adapted for wading.
The African penguin has short legs. Its legs are not adapted for wading. The African penguin uses its legs to walk and swim.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- New Jersey
- Virginia
- North Carolina
- South Carolina

social science

Solution:
The colony is Virginia.
The Virginia Colony included land that would later become part of the state of West Virginia. West Virginia was never its own colony.


Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

Choices:
- climate
- weather

Figure: San Francisco.
San Francisco is located on the coast of California. On December 30, 1856, the temperature fell to 36°F.
Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

natural science

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.
Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.
Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Solution:
Read the passage carefully.
San Francisco is located on the coast of California. On December 30, 1856, the temperature fell to 36°F.
The underlined part of the passage tells you about the temperature in San Francisco on a certain day in 1856. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.


Question: Select the fish below.

Choices:
- bison
- salmon

Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs. A manta ray is an example of a fish.

natural science

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.
Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

Solution:
A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.
A bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.


Question: What is the capital of Maine?

Choices:
- Augusta
- Boston
- Topeka
- Green Bay

social science

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Solution: Augusta is the capital of Maine.


Question: What is the probability that a koi fish produced by this cross will have Bekko patterning?

Choices:
- 4/4
- 3/4
- 2/4
- 0/4
- 1/4

This passage describes the Bekko patterning trait in koi fish:
The Bekko pattern is a pattern of colors found on the bodies of some koi fish. A koi fish with Bekko patterning has black patches all over its body. A koi fish without Bekko patterning does not have these patches.
In a group of koi fish, some individuals have Bekko patterning and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Bekko patterning trait has two alleles. The allele for having Bekko patterning (B) is dominant over the allele for not having Bekko patterning (b).
This Punnett square shows a cross between two koi fish.

natural science

Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types

Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?
How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.
If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.
If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.
In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.
An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:
probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes
You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.
 | F | f
F | FF | Ff
f | Ff | ff
Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:
number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4.


Question: What is the direction of this push?

Choices:
- toward the stick
- away from the stick

A girl uses a stick to hit a piñata. She pushes the piñata with the stick. So, the piñata swings.

natural science

One object can make another object move with a push or a pull.
The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing.
The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.

Solution: The girl pushes the piñata away from the stick, and the piñata swings. The direction of the push is away from the stick.


Question: Select the organism in the same genus as the Steller's jay.

Choices:
- Larus livens
- Larus michahellis
- Cyanocitta cristata

This organism is a Steller's jay. Its scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
A Steller's jay's scientific name is Cyanocitta stelleri. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta.
Cyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Cyanocitta stelleri are in the same genus.
Larus michahellis is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus michahellis and Cyanocitta stelleri are not in the same genus.
Larus livens is in the genus Larus. The first word of its scientific name is Larus. So, Larus livens and Cyanocitta stelleri are not in the same genus.


Question: What can Ling and Maria trade to each get what they want?

Choices:
- Maria can trade her almonds for Ling's tomatoes.
- Ling can trade her tomatoes for Maria's broccoli.
- Ling can trade her tomatoes for Maria's carrots.
- Maria can trade her broccoli for Ling's oranges.

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.
Ling and Maria open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Ling nor Maria got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:

Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.
Ling's lunch Maria's lunch

social science

Solution:
Look at the table and images.
Ling wants broccoli. Maria wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 1.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different shapes.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is greater when there is a smaller distance between the magnets.

Solution:
The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.
Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a smaller distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is greater.
There is a smaller distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is greater in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.


Question: Does Myrmarachne maxillosa have cells that have a nucleus?

Choices:
- yes
- no

This organism is Myrmarachne maxillosa. It is a member of the animal kingdom.
Myrmarachne maxillosa is a spider. But its body shape mimics, or copies, the shape of an ant. Mimicking an ant helps M. maxillosa avoid predators that eat spiders. You can tell that M. maxillosa is a spider by counting its legs. Spiders have eight legs, and ants have just six.

natural science

Describe, classify, and compare kingdoms

In the past, scientists classified living organisms into two groups: plants and animals. Over the past 300 years, scientists have discovered many more types of organisms. Today, many scientists classify organisms into six broad groups, called kingdoms.
Organisms in each kingdom have specific traits. The table below shows some traits used to describe each kingdom.
 | Bacteria | Archaea | Protists | Fungi | Animals | Plants
How many cells do they have? | one | one | one or many | one or many | many | many
Do their cells have a nucleus? | no | no | yes | yes | yes | yes
Can their cells make food? | some species can | some species can | some species can | no | no | yes

Solution: Myrmarachne maxillosa is an animal. Animal cells have a nucleus.


Question: Is paper a mineral?

Choices:
- yes
- no

Paper has the following properties:
made in a paper mill
not a pure substance
no fixed crystal structure
solid

natural science

Properties are used to identify different substances. Minerals have the following properties:
It is a solid.
It is formed in nature.
It is not made by organisms.
It is a pure substance.
It has a fixed crystal structure.
If a substance has all five of these properties, then it is a mineral.
Look closely at the last three properties:
A mineral is not made by organisms.
Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals.
Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories cannot be minerals.
A mineral is a pure substance.
A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. All minerals are pure substances.
A mineral has a fixed crystal structure.
The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.

Solution: Paper does not have all the properties of a mineral. So, paper is not a mineral.


Question: During this time, thermal energy was transferred from () to ().

Choices:
- each greenhouse . . . the surroundings
- the surroundings . . . each greenhouse

Two identical greenhouses were next to each other. There were solar panels on the roof of one greenhouse but not on the roof of the other greenhouse. This table shows how the temperature of each greenhouse changed over 2hours.

natural science

A change in an object's temperature indicates a change in the object's thermal energy:
An increase in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy increased. So, thermal energy was transferred into the object from its surroundings.
A decrease in temperature shows that the object's thermal energy decreased. So, thermal energy was transferred out of the object to its surroundings.

Solution: The temperature of each greenhouse increased, which means that the thermal energy of each greenhouse increased. So, thermal energy was transferred from the surroundings to each greenhouse.


Question: Which of these states is farthest east?

Choices:
- Oregon
- Wyoming
- New Mexico
- North Dakota

social science

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.
A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.
The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

Solution: To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. North Dakota is farthest east.


Question: Which animal's feet are also adapted for digging?

Choices:
- groundhog
- bottlenose dolphin

s are found in parts of North America. They live in burrows and eat other animals that also live in burrows. The feet of the  are adapted for digging.
Figure: American badger.

natural science

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
The shape of an animal's feet is one example of an adaptation. Animals' feet can be adapted in different ways. For example, webbed feet might help an animal swim. Feet with thick fur might help an animal walk on cold, snowy ground.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the American badger.
The American badger has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging. The American badger uses its claws to break up soil and move it out of the way.
Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.
The groundhog has long, straight claws. Its feet are adapted for digging.
The bottlenose dolphin has flippers for feet. Its feet are not adapted for digging. The bottlenose dolphin uses its flippers to swim.


Question: What is the capital of New Mexico?

Choices:
- Louisville
- Harrisburg
- Santa Fe
- Albuquerque

social science

Solution: Santa Fe is the capital of New Mexico.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Solomon Islands
- Australia
- Nauru
- Papua New Guinea

social science

Identify and select countries of Oceania

Solution:
This country is Australia.
Is Australia a country or a continent?
Both! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead.


Question: Which of these states is farthest west?

Choices:
- Ohio
- New Hampshire
- Maryland
- Connecticut

social science

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.
A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.
The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

Solution: To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Ohio is farthest west.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- the Marshall Islands
- Vanuatu
- Nauru
- New Zealand

social science

Identify and select countries of Oceania

Solution: This country is Nauru.


Question: Which of the following could Caden's test show?

Choices:
- how well the weather station would work when it was windy
- if the weather station would work when the temperature was 50°C

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.
The passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.

Caden was a mechanical engineer who was designing  to record temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. The weather station would be used in a town where the highest recorded temperature was 40°C. Caden wanted to make sure the weather station would work even in unusually warm weather.
So, he set an indoor test chamber to 50°C with low moisture and no wind. He left the weather station in the chamber overnight. The next day, he checked to see if the weather station displayed accurate measurements after 24 hours at 50°C.
Figure: a weather station.

natural science

Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.
Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.
First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.
Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.
Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.


Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

Choices:
- weather
- climate

Figure: Baja California.
Baja California is a state in Mexico. It was not raining anywhere in the state during the first week of February.
Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

natural science

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.
Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.
Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Solution:
Read the passage carefully.
Baja California is a state in Mexico. It was not raining anywhere in the state during the first week of February.
The underlined part of the passage tells you about the amount of rain that fell in Baja California during the first week of February. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.


Question: Which state is highlighted?

Choices:
- Vermont
- Connecticut
- Maine
- New Hampshire

social science

Solution: This state is New Hampshire.


Question: What is the capital of New York?

Choices:
- New York City
- Albany
- Buffalo
- Honolulu

social science

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Solution: Albany is the capital of New York.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Vanuatu
- Kiribati
- Papua New Guinea
- Nauru

social science

Identify and select countries of Oceania

Solution: This country is Nauru.


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- Australia
- Europe
- South America
- Antarctica

social science

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

Solution: This continent is South America.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.

Solution:
Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.
Magnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.


Question: What is the capital of North Carolina?

Choices:
- Concord
- Raleigh
- Jefferson City
- Charlotte

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina.


Question: Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Choices:
- repel
- attract

Two magnets are placed as shown.

Hint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.
Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.
Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.
If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.
If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

Solution:
Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.
The south pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Solomon Islands
- Kiribati
- the Federated States of Micronesia
- the Marshall Islands

social science

Identify and select countries of Oceania

Solution: This country is the Federated States of Micronesia.


Question: Select the organism in the same genus as the Burmese python.

Choices:
- Melanoplus bivittatus
- Lithobates palustris
- Python bivittatus

This organism is a Burmese python. Its scientific name is Python bivittatus.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
A Burmese python's scientific name is Python bivittatus. The first word of its scientific name is Python.
This organism and the Burmese python are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Python bivittatus.
Lithobates palustris is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates palustris and Python bivittatus are not in the same genus.
Melanoplus bivittatus and Python bivittatus are not in the same genus.
These organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Melanoplus bivittatus and Python bivittatus have the same species name within their genus, bivittatus. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Melanoplus bivittatus is in the genus Melanoplus, and Python bivittatus is in the genus Python.


Question:
Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?
Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.

Choices:
- true
- false

Use the data to answer the question below.

natural science

Analyze data to compare properties of planets

A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.
The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.

Solution:
To determine if this statement is true, calculate the value of 50 times the volume of Earth.
Then compare the result to the volume of Neptune. The volume of Neptune is 62,530 billion km^3, which is more than 54,500 billion km^3. So, Neptune's volume is more than 50 times as great as that of Earth.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.
- The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.
- The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.
These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.

Solution:
Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. But the distance between the magnets in Pair 1 and in Pair 2 is the same.
So, the strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- Wisconsin
- South Carolina
- Alabama
- Vermont

social science

Solution: The colony is South Carolina.


Question: Which specific humidity level was measured within the outlined area shown?

Choices:
- 12 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air
- 14 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air
- 21 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air

The map below shows humidity in the lower atmosphere on August 1, 2016. The map shows specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air. The outlined area shows an air mass that influenced weather in South America on that day.
Look at the map. Then, answer the question below.
Data source: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division

natural science

To study air masses, scientists can use maps that show conditions within Earth's atmosphere. For example, the map below uses color to show specific humidity, a measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air.
The map's legend tells you the specific humidity level that each color represents. Colors on the left in the legend represent lower specific humidity levels than colors on the right. For example, areas on the map that are the darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from zero grams per kilogram (g/kg) up to two g/kg. Areas that are the next darkest shade of purple have a specific humidity from two g/kg up to four g/kg.

Solution:
Look at the colors shown within the outlined area. Then, use the legend to determine which specific humidity levels those colors represent.
The legend tells you that this air mass contained air with specific humidity levels between 18 and 24 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air.
21 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air is within this range.
12 and 14 grams of water vapor per kilogram of air are outside of this range.


Question: What is the expected ratio of offspring with climbing growth to offspring with bush growth? Choose the most likely ratio.

Choices:
- 2:2
- 0:4
- 1:3
- 3:1
- 4:0

This passage describes the growth pattern trait in rose plants:
Climbing growth and bush growth are different growth patterns in rose plants. Rose plants with climbing growth have long, bendable stems that act like vines. These plants may grow upward to cover fences or walls. Rose plants with bush growth stay near the ground. These plants form low bushes or shrubs.
In a group of rose plants, some individuals have climbing growth and others have bush growth. In this group, the gene for the growth pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for bush growth (g) is recessive to the allele for climbing growth (G).
This Punnett square shows a cross between two rose plants.

natural science

Use Punnett squares to calculate ratios of offspring types

Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?
How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.
If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.
If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.
A Punnett square shows what types of offspring a cross can produce. The expected ratio of offspring types compares how often the cross produces each type of offspring, on average. To write this ratio, count the number of boxes in the Punnett square representing each type.
For example, consider the Punnett square below.
 | F | f
F | FF | Ff
f | Ff | ff
There is 1 box with the genotype FF and 2 boxes with the genotype Ff. So, the expected ratio of offspring with the genotype FF to those with Ff is 1:2.

Solution:
To determine how many boxes in the Punnett square represent offspring with climbing growth or bush growth, consider whether each phenotype is the dominant or recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. The question tells you that the g allele, which is for bush growth, is recessive to the G allele, which is for climbing growth.
Climbing growth is the dominant allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the dominant version of the growth pattern trait must have at least one dominant allele for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with climbing growth must have the genotype GG or Gg.
There are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype GG or Gg. These boxes are highlighted below.
Bush growth is the recessive allele's version of the growth pattern trait. A rose plant with the recessive version of the growth pattern trait must have only recessive alleles for the growth pattern gene. So, offspring with bush growth must have the genotype gg.
There are 2 boxes in the Punnett square with the genotype gg. These boxes are highlighted below.
So, the expected ratio of offspring with climbing growth to offspring with bush growth is 2:2. This means that, on average, this cross will produce 2 offspring with climbing growth for every 2 offspring with bush growth.


Question: What is the capital of Missouri?

Choices:
- Saint Louis
- Jefferson City
- Columbus
- Kansas City

social science

Solution: Jefferson City is the capital of Missouri.


Question: Which statement describes the Kaeng Krachan National Park ecosystem?

Choices:
- It has soil that is poor in nutrients.
- It has mostly small plants.

Figure: Kaeng Krachan National Park.
Kaeng Krachan National Park is a tropical rain forest ecosystem in western Thailand. It is Thailand's largest national park and has many animals, including elephants.

natural science

An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.
There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:
the pattern of weather, or climate
the type of soil
the organisms that live there

Solution: A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, the following statements describe the Kaeng Krachan National Park ecosystem: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has soil that is poor in nutrients. It has many different types of organisms. The following statement does not describe Kaeng Krachan National Park: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. It has mostly small plants.