Question: Which of the following could Ivan's test show?

Choices:
- how much athletes would sweat in the fabric
- how long it would take the sample fabric to dry after it absorbed one drop of water
- if the sample fabric would absorb one drop of water in less than one second

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.
The passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.

Ivan, a materials engineer, was developing a quick-drying fabric for athletic clothing. The fabric needed to absorb one drop of water in less than one second and dry completely in less than five minutes. Ivan thought a fabric made from cotton and polyester would both absorb water well and dry quickly. But he needed to decide what percentage of each material to use.
So, he made a sample fabric that was 50% cotton and 50% polyester. Then he put one drop of water on the sample. He timed how long it took the fabric to dry after the water was absorbed.
Figure: fabric that has not absorbed drops of water.

natural science

Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.
Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.
First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.
Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.
Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.


Question: Which bird's beak is also adapted to catch insects?

Choices:
- hanging parrot
- barn swallow

Common swifts eat insects and other small invertebrates. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to catch insects.
Figure: common swift.

natural science

Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the common swift.
A short, thin beak is light and easy to move. The common swift uses its beak to grab fast-moving insects while flying.
Now look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.
The barn swallow has a short, thin beak. Its beak is adapted to catch insects.
The hanging parrot has a small hooked beak. Its beak is not adapted to catch insects. The hanging parrot uses its beak to eat fruit and seeds.


Question: Select the organism in the same genus as the tawny owl.

Choices:
- Cyanocitta cristata
- Strix aluco
- Goura cristata

This organism is a tawny owl. Its scientific name is Strix aluco.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
A tawny owl's scientific name is Strix aluco. The first word of its scientific name is Strix.
Goura cristata is in the genus Goura. The first word of its scientific name is Goura. So, Goura cristata and Strix aluco are not in the same genus.
This organism and the tawny owl are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Strix aluco.
Cyanocitta cristata is in the genus Cyanocitta. The first word of its scientific name is Cyanocitta. So, Cyanocitta cristata and Strix aluco are not in the same genus.


Question: What is the capital of Tennessee?

Choices:
- Wilmington
- Nashville
- Columbia
- Cheyenne

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Nashville is the capital of Tennessee.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material, but some of them are different sizes.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by using magnets of different sizes. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when the magnets are smaller.

Solution:
The magnets in Pair 2 attract. The magnets in Pair 1 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.
Magnet sizes affect the magnitude of the magnetic force. Imagine magnets that are the same shape and made of the same material. The smaller the magnets, the smaller the magnitude of the magnetic force between them.
Magnet A is the same size in both pairs. But Magnet B is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.


Question: What is the capital of Oklahoma?

Choices:
- Jackson
- Oklahoma City
- Concord
- Birmingham

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma.


Question: Which property do these three objects have in common?

Choices:
- bouncy
- transparent
- slippery

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.
Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.

Solution:
Look at each object.
For each object, decide if it has that property.
You can see clearly through a transparent object. The wet bar of soap is not transparent.
A bouncy object will bounce back from the floor if you drop it. The wet bar of soap and the jello are not bouncy.
A slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. All three objects are slippery.
The property that all three objects have in common is slippery.


Question: Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the bear sedge?

Choices:
- collared lemming
- grizzly bear

Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.
A food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.

natural science

A food web is a model.
A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.
Arrows show how matter moves.
A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.
An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.
An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.

Solution:
Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the bear sedge.
Arrows point to the grizzly bear from the bilberry and the barren-ground caribou. The only arrow pointing to the barren-ground caribou starts from the lichen. No arrow points to the lichen or the bilberry. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the bear sedge to the grizzly bear.


Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

Choices:
- climate
- weather

Figure: Iguazu Falls.
Iguazu Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. It is located in South America. Low rainfall in 1978 caused the falls to run dry that year.
Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

natural science

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.
Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.
Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Solution:
Read the passage carefully.
Iguazu Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. It is located in South America. Low rainfall in 1978 caused the falls to run dry that year.
The underlined part of the passage tells you about the amount of precipitation that fell near Iguazu Falls in 1978. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.


Question: Which bird's beak is also adapted to crack hard seeds?

Choices:
- common swift
- Asian golden weaver

Hawfinches eat small, hard seeds. The shape of the 's beak is adapted to crack open small, hard seeds.
Figure: hawfinch.

natural science

Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
The shape of a bird's beak is one example of an adaptation. Birds' beaks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a sharp hooked beak might help a bird tear through meat easily. A short, thick beak might help a bird break through a seed's hard shell. Birds that eat similar food often have similar beaks.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the hawfinch.
The hawfinch has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds. The hawfinch uses its short, thick beak to press down on a seed and crack open its hard shell.
Now look at each bird. Figure out which bird has a similar adaptation.
The Asian golden weaver has a short, thick beak. Its beak is adapted to crack hard seeds.
The common swift has a short, thin beak. Its beak is not adapted to crack hard seeds. The common swift uses its beak to eat insects and other small invertebrates.


Question: What is the capital of Washington?

Choices:
- Spokane
- Seattle
- Olympia
- Phoenix

social science

Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington.


Question:
Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?
Half of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice.

Choices:
- false
- true

Use the data to answer the question below.

natural science

Analyze data to compare properties of planets

A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.
The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.

Solution: The table tells you that of the eight planets, two are made mainly of gas and two are made mainly of ice. So, four of the eight, or half, of the planets are made mainly of gas or ice.


Question: Which state is highlighted?

Choices:
- Missouri
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Michigan

social science

Solution: This state is Missouri.


Question: Which of these organisms contains matter that was once part of the lichen?

Choices:
- grizzly bear
- bear sedge

Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada.
A food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.

natural science

A food web is a model.
A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.
Arrows show how matter moves.
A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.
An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.
An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.

Solution:
Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows that starts from the lichen.
No arrow points to the bear sedge. So, in this food web, matter does not move from the lichen to the bear sedge.


Question: Which trait do African wild dogs have?

Choices:
- They live in packs with thousands of other African wild dogs.
- They have four legs.

This picture shows two African wild dogs.
African wild dogs live in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack.

natural science

Benefits of group behavior: African wild dogs

Solution:
Both the picture and the text tell you about the traits of African wild dogs. Start with the picture.
These African wild dogs have black, brown, and white fur. They also have four legs and two ears.
Next, read the text about African wild dogs.
African wild dogs live in groups called packs. Between 3 and 20 adult African wild dogs live together in a pack.
African wild dogs do live in groups. But the groups are not made up of thousands of dogs.


Question: Which material is this door made of?

Choices:
- wood
- cardboard

natural science

A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.
Some objects are made of just one material.
Most nails are made of metal.
Other objects are made of more than one material.
This hammer is made of metal and wood.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the door.
This door is made of two different materials. The body of the door is made of wood. The door knob is made of metal.
Not all doors are made of wood. The body of a door can be made of metal or even glass.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- The Bahamas
- Cuba
- Haiti

social science

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

Solution: This country is The Bahamas.


Question:
Complete the text to describe the diagram.
Solute particles moved in both directions across the permeable membrane. But more solute particles moved across the membrane (). When there was an equal concentration on both sides, the particles reached equilibrium.

Choices:
- to the left than to the right
- to the right than to the left

The diagram below shows a solution with one solute. Each solute particle is represented by a yellow ball. The solution fills a closed container that is divided in half by a membrane. The membrane, represented by a dotted line, is permeable to the solute particles.
The diagram shows how the solution can change over time during the process of diffusion.

natural science

In a solution, solute particles move and spread throughout the solvent. The diagram below shows how a solution can change over time. Solute particles move from the area where they are at a higher concentration to the area where they are at a lower concentration. This movement happens through the process of diffusion.
As a result of diffusion, the concentration of solute particles becomes equal throughout the solution. When this happens, the solute particles reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, the solute particles do not stop moving. But their concentration throughout the solution stays the same.
Membranes, or thin boundaries, can divide solutions into parts. A membrane is permeable to a solute when particles of the solute can pass through gaps in the membrane. In this case, solute particles can move freely across the membrane from one side to the other.
So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more particles will move across a permeable membrane from the side with a higher concentration of solute particles to the side with a lower concentration. At equilibrium, the concentration on both sides of the membrane is equal.

Solution:
Look at the diagram again. It shows you how the solution changed during the process of diffusion.
Before the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 4 solute particles on the left side of the membrane and 6 solute particles on the right side of the membrane.
When the solute particles reached equilibrium, there were 5 solute particles on each side of the membrane. There was 1 more solute particle on the left side of the membrane than before.
So, for the solute particles to reach equilibrium, more solute particles must have moved across the membrane to the left than to the right.


Question: Select the organism in the same genus as the agile wallaby.

Choices:
- Macropus agilis
- Hyla cinerea
- Lacerta agilis

This organism is an agile wallaby. Its scientific name is Macropus agilis.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
An agile wallaby's scientific name is Macropus agilis. The first word of its scientific name is Macropus.
Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla. So, Hyla cinerea and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.
Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis are not in the same genus.
These organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Lacerta agilis and Macropus agilis have the same species name within their genus, agilis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Lacerta agilis is in the genus Lacerta, and Macropus agilis is in the genus Macropus.
This organism and the agile wallaby are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Macropus agilis.


Question: Which solution has a higher concentration of green particles?

Choices:
- Solution B
- neither; their concentrations are the same
- Solution A

The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each green ball represents one particle of solute.

natural science

A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution. In this case, the salt is the solute. The water is the solvent.
The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of the ratio of solute to solvent. Concentration can be described in terms of particles of solute per volume of solvent.
concentration = particles of solute / volume of solvent

Solution:
In Solution A and Solution B, the green particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of green particles, look at both the number of green particles and the volume of the solvent in each container.
Use the concentration formula to find the number of green particles per milliliter.
Solution B has more green particles per milliliter. So, Solution B has a higher concentration of green particles.


Question: What is the capital of Washington?

Choices:
- Spokane
- Seattle
- Jefferson City
- Olympia

social science

Solution: Olympia is the capital of Washington.


Question: Which month has the lowest average precipitation in London?

Choices:
- November
- July
- May

Use the graph to answer the question below.

natural science

Scientists record climate data from places around the world. Precipitation, or rain and snow, is one type of climate data.
A bar graph can be used to show the average amount of precipitation each month. Months with taller bars have more precipitation on average.

Solution:
To describe the average precipitation trends in London, look at the graph.
Choice "May" is incorrect.
Choice "Jul" is incorrect.
Choice "Nov" is incorrect.
July has an average monthly precipitation of about 45 millimeters. This is lower than in any other month. So, July has the lowest average precipitation.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- The Bahamas
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Cuba
- Grenada

social science

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

Solution: This country is Trinidad and Tobago.


Question: Select the organism in the same genus as the green tree frog.

Choices:
- Ardea cinerea
- Strix aluco
- Hyla cinerea

This organism is a green tree frog. Its scientific name is Hyla cinerea.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
A green tree frog's scientific name is Hyla cinerea. The first word of its scientific name is Hyla.
This organism and the green tree frog are in the same genus and the same species! Both organisms have the same scientific name, Hyla cinerea.
Ardea cinerea and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.
These organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ardea cinerea and Hyla cinerea have the same species name within their genus, cinerea. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ardea cinerea is in the genus Ardea, and Hyla cinerea is in the genus Hyla.
Strix aluco is in the genus Strix. The first word of its scientific name is Strix. So, Strix aluco and Hyla cinerea are not in the same genus.


Question: Which state is highlighted?

Choices:
- Utah
- Montana
- California
- Idaho

social science

Solution: This state is Utah.


Question: Select the bird below.

Choices:
- great white shark
- white stork

Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A toco toucan is an example of a bird.

natural science

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.
Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

Solution:
A white stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.
Storks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.
A great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.
Great white sharks can live for up to 70 years.


Question: Which of these states is farthest east?

Choices:
- North Dakota
- Maine
- Iowa
- Kansas

social science

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.
A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.
The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

Solution: To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the east arrow is pointing. Maine is farthest east.


Question: In this experiment, which were part of an experimental group?

Choices:
- the plants that were soaked in water and sprayed
- the plants that were only soaked in water

The passage below describes an experiment.

Martina had six air plants on her desk that were not growing. Once a week, she soaked the air plants in water. But she suspected that they needed more water. She wondered if spraying the air plants with water every day in addition to soaking them would help them grow.
Martina measured the initial weight of all six air plants. Then, for the next month, she continued to soak all of the air plants once a week. She also sprayed three of the plants every day. At the end of the month, Martina measured the weights of the plants again.
Figure: an air plant displayed on a rock.

natural science

Identify control and experimental groups

Experiments have variables, or parts that change. You can design an experiment to investigate whether changing a variable between different groups has a specific outcome.
For example, imagine you want to find out whether adding fertilizer to soil affects the height of pea plants. You could investigate this question with the following experiment:
You grow one group of pea plants in soil with fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. This group shows you what happens when fertilizer is added to soil. Since fertilizer is the variable whose effect you are investigating, this group is an experimental group.
You grow another group of pea plants in soil without fertilizer and measure the height of the plants. Since this group shows you what happens when fertilizer is not added to the soil, it is a control group.
By comparing the results from the experimental group to the results from the control group, you can conclude whether adding fertilizer to the soil affects pea plant height.

Solution:
In this experiment, Martina investigated whether spraying air plants affects their growth. So, the plants that were soaked in water and sprayed were part of an experimental group.
The plants that were only soaked in water were not sprayed. So, they were not part of an experimental group.


Question: Which of the following could Lamar's test show?

Choices:
- whether the filter was clogged
- the amount of bacteria in the water before it was filtered
- whether an inexpensive filter would become clogged more often

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.
The passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.

Lamar was . At the plant, an expensive filter was used to remove disease-causing bacteria from the water. But over time, the filter would become clogged with bacteria. If the filter became clogged, the water would not move through quickly enough. Lamar had to decide when the filter was too clogged and needed to be replaced. So, during his inspection, Lamar checked the filter by measuring how quickly water moved through it.
Figure: an engineer at a water treatment plant.

natural science

Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.
Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.
First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.
Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.
Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- South America
- North America
- Asia
- Europe

social science

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

Solution: This continent is North America.


Question: What is the probability that a horse produced by this cross will have a reddish-brown coat?

Choices:
- 3/4
- 4/4
- 0/4
- 2/4
- 1/4

In a group of horses, some individuals have a black coat and others have a reddish-brown coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a black coat (L) is dominant over the allele for a reddish-brown coat (l).
This Punnett square shows a cross between two horses.

natural science

Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types

Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?
How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.
If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.
If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.
In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.
An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:
probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes
You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.
 | F | f
F | FF | Ff
f | Ff | ff
Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:
number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4.


Question: What is the probability that a rabbit produced by this cross will have brown fur?

Choices:
- 0/4
- 4/4
- 2/4
- 3/4
- 1/4

In a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F).
This Punnett square shows a cross between two rabbits.

natural science

Use Punnett squares to calculate probabilities of offspring types

Offspring phenotypes: dominant or recessive?
How do you determine an organism's phenotype for a trait? Look at the combination of alleles in the organism's genotype for the gene that affects that trait. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of the trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.
If an organism's genotype has at least one dominant allele for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the dominant allele's version of the gene's trait.
If an organism's genotype has only recessive alleles for a gene, the organism's phenotype will be the recessive allele's version of the gene's trait.
In a Punnett square, each box represents a different outcome, or result. Each of the four outcomes is equally likely to happen. Each box represents one way the parents' alleles can combine to form an offspring's genotype. Because there are four boxes in the Punnett square, there are four possible outcomes.
An event is a set of one or more outcomes. The probability of an event is a measure of how likely the event is to happen. This probability is a number between 0 and 1, and it can be written as a fraction:
probability of an event = number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes
You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that a cross will produce certain offspring. For example, the Punnett square below has two boxes with the genotype Ff. It has one box with the genotype FF and one box with the genotype ff. This means there are two ways the parents' alleles can combine to form Ff. There is one way they can combine to form FF and one way they can combine to form ff.
 | F | f
F | FF | Ff
f | Ff | ff
Consider an event in which this cross produces an offspring with the genotype ff. The probability of this event is given by the following fraction:
number of ways the event can happen / number of equally likely outcomes = number of boxes with the genotype ff / total number of boxes = 1 / 4.


Question: Which of the following could Kathleen and Susan's test show?

Choices:
- if a new batch of concrete was firm enough to use
- if the concrete from each batch took the same amount of time to dry

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.
The passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.

Kathleen and Susan were making batches of concrete for a construction project. To make the concrete, they mixed together dry cement powder, gravel, and water. Then, they checked if each batch was firm enough using a test called a slump test.
They poured some of the fresh concrete into an upside-down metal cone. They left the concrete in the metal cone for 30 seconds. Then, they lifted the cone to see if the concrete stayed in a cone shape or if it collapsed. If the concrete in a batch collapsed, they would know the batch should not be used.
Figure: preparing a concrete slump test.

natural science

Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.
Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.
First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.
Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.
Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.


Question: What evidence of a flood does this picture show?

Choices:
- The benches on the riverbank are partly underwater.
- There are two benches beside the river.

This picture was taken during a flood. A flood can happen when an area gets a lot of rain in a short time.

natural science

Find evidence of changes to Earth's surface

Evidence is information that tells you something happened.
How do you look for evidence of a change to Earth's surface?
There are many ways to find evidence of a change to Earth's surface. One way is to look at a picture that was taken after the change.
Here are some examples of what the evidence for different changes might be:
Cause of the change | Evidence of the change
earthquake | cracks in the ground; houses with broken walls and roofs
volcanic eruption | melted rock on Earth's surface; smoke coming out of a hole in the ground
erosion | a canyon with a river flowing through it; a river carrying sand and mud
Be careful when you are looking for evidence!
A picture of Earth's surface can contain a lot of information. Some of that information might be evidence of a change to the surface, but some of it is not!
For example, a picture taken after an earthquake might show a blue sky. But the color of the sky is not evidence of an earthquake. So, that information is not evidence that an earthquake happened.


Question: Select the organism in the same species as the black-tailed jackrabbit.

Choices:
- Lepus californicus
- Erinaceus europaeus
- Sciurus vulgaris

This organism is a black-tailed jackrabbit. Its scientific name is Lepus californicus.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
A black-tailed jackrabbit's scientific name is Lepus californicus.
Lepus californicus has the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, these organisms are in the same species.
Erinaceus europaeus does not have the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, Lepus californicus and Erinaceus europaeus are not in the same species.
Sciurus vulgaris does not have the same scientific name as a black-tailed jackrabbit. So, Lepus californicus and Sciurus vulgaris are not in the same species.


Question: What is the capital of North Carolina?

Choices:
- Raleigh
- Sacramento
- Frankfort
- Charlotte

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Raleigh is the capital of North Carolina.


Question:
Is the following statement about our solar system true or false?
Of the four largest planets, three are made mainly of gas.

Choices:
- true
- false

Use the data to answer the question below.

natural science

Analyze data to compare properties of planets

A planet's volume tells you the size of the planet.
The primary composition of a planet is what the planet is made mainly of. In our solar system, planets are made mainly of rock, gas, or ice.

Solution: The table tells you that the four largest planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Jupiter and Saturn are made mainly of gas. Uranus and Neptune are made mainly of ice. So, of the four largest planets, two are made mainly of gas.


Question: Which material is this coat made of?

Choices:
- concrete
- plastic

natural science

A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.
Some objects are made of just one material.
Most nails are made of metal.
Other objects are made of more than one material.
This hammer is made of metal and wood.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the coat.
The coat is made of two materials. The buttons are made of plastic. The rest of the coat is made of wool.
Wool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes.


Question: Which material is this coat made of?

Choices:
- glass
- wool

natural science

A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.
Some objects are made of just one material.
Most nails are made of metal.
Other objects are made of more than one material.
This hammer is made of metal and wood.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the coat.
The coat is made of two materials. The buckle is made of metal. The rest of the coat is made of wool.
Wool comes from the fluffy coats of sheep! First, a farmer cuts the sheep's coats. Then, the wool is spun into yarn. The yarn can be dyed and used to make clothes.


Question: Select the bird below.

Choices:
- flamingo
- gray tree frog

Birds have feathers, two wings, and a beak. A peregrine falcon is an example of a bird.

natural science

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. The animals in each group have traits in common.
Scientists sort animals into groups based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.

Solution:
A flamingo is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.
Flamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks.
A gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.
There are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.


Question: Which property do these three objects have in common?

Choices:
- smooth
- scratchy
- slippery

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.
Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups. Grouping objects by their properties is called classification.

Solution:
Look at each object.
For each object, decide if it has that property.
A smooth object is not scratchy or rough. None of the objects are smooth.
A slippery object is hard to hold onto or stand on. None of the objects are slippery.
A scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. All three objects are scratchy.
The property that all three objects have in common is scratchy.


Question: What can Naomi and Emilia trade to each get what they want?

Choices:
- Emilia can trade her almonds for Naomi's tomatoes.
- Naomi can trade her tomatoes for Emilia's carrots.
- Naomi can trade her tomatoes for Emilia's broccoli.
- Emilia can trade her broccoli for Naomi's oranges.

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.
Naomi and Emilia open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Naomi nor Emilia got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:

Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.
Naomi's lunch Emilia's lunch

social science

Solution:
Look at the table and images.
Naomi wants broccoli. Emilia wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.


Question: Which property matches this object?

Choices:
- scratchy
- yellow

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.

Solution:
Look at the object.
Think about each property.
A scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. The corn on the cob is not scratchy.
Yellow is a color.
This color is yellow. The corn on the cob is yellow.


Question: Are the bubbles in soda a solid, a liquid, or a gas?

Choices:
- a gas
- a solid
- a liquid

natural science

Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.
When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.
Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.
When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.
Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.
When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.
Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.

Solution:
The bubbles in soda are filled with carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas spreads out to fill a space.
Carbon dioxide fills all the space inside the bubbles. If the bubbles pop at the surface of the soda, the carbon dioxide will expand to fill a much larger space.


Question: Which of these states is farthest west?

Choices:
- Ohio
- Nevada
- Maine
- Delaware

social science

Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west.
A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction.
The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north is at the top of the map.

Solution: To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the west arrow is pointing. Nevada is farthest west.


Question: Which animal is also adapted to use its neck to appear large and scary to a predator?

Choices:
- lace monitor
- spectacled cobra

Bearded dragons are lizards. Their predators include owls, eagles, and snakes. The  uses its neck to appear large and scary to a predator.
Figure: bearded dragon.

natural science

Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
The shape of an animal's neck is one example of an adaptation. Animals' necks can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large frilled neck might help an animal appear dangerous to its predators. A long neck might help an animal get food from tall trees.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the bearded dragon.
When frightened, the bearded dragon can spread out its hood to appear larger and more dangerous. If a predator is nearby, the hood can help scare it away.
Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.
The spectacled cobra has a hood around its neck. It uses its neck to appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.
The lace monitor has a narrow neck. Its neck is not adapted to help it appear larger and more dangerous to a predator.


Question: What is the capital of Idaho?

Choices:
- Olympia
- Boise
- Santa Fe
- Pierre

social science

Solution: Boise is the capital of Idaho.


Question: What is the capital of Wyoming?

Choices:
- Laramie
- Cheyenne
- Salem
- Grand Rapids

social science

Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.


Question: What is the capital of Vermont?

Choices:
- Montpelier
- Harrisburg
- Burlington
- Boston

social science

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Solution: Montpelier is the capital of Vermont.


Question: Select the chemical formula for this molecule.

Choices:
- He2O2
- HO3
- H2O2
- CH2O2

natural science

Match chemical formulas to ball-and-stick models

Every substance around you is made up of atoms. Atoms can link together to form molecules. The links between atoms in a molecule are called chemical bonds. Different molecules are made up of different chemical elements, or types of atoms, bonded together.
Scientists use both ball-and-stick models and chemical formulas to represent molecules.
A ball-and-stick model of a molecule is shown below.
The balls represent atoms. The sticks represent the chemical bonds between the atoms.
Notice how each ball is labeled with a symbol made of one or more letters. The symbol is an abbreviation for a chemical element. The ball represents one atom of that element.
Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, that symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, it is one capital letter followed by one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element boron is B and the symbol for the element chlorine is Cl.
The molecule shown above has one boron atom and three chlorine atoms. A chemical bond links each chlorine atom to the boron atom.
The chemical formula for a molecule contains the symbol for each chemical element in the molecule. Many chemical formulas use subscripts. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text.
In chemical formulas, the subscripts are numbers. The subscript is always written after the symbol for an element. The subscript tells you how many atoms that symbol represents. If the symbol represents just one atom, then no subscript is included.
The symbols in the chemical formula for a molecule match the symbols in the ball-and-stick model for that molecule. The ball-and-stick model shown before and the chemical formula shown above represent the same substance.

Solution:
H is the symbol for hydrogen. O is the symbol for oxygen. This ball-and-stick model shows a molecule with two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms.
The chemical formula will contain the symbols H and O. There are two hydrogen atoms, so H will have a subscript of 2. There are two oxygen atoms, so O will have a subscript of 2.
The correct formula is H2 O2.
The diagram below shows how each part of the chemical formula matches with each part of the model above.


Question: Which of the following could Ernest's test show?

Choices:
- whether a parachute with a 1 m vent would swing too much at 400 km per hour
- how steady a parachute with a 1 m vent was at 200 km per hour
- if the spacecraft was damaged when using a parachute with a 1 m vent going 200 km per hour

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design.
The passage below describes how the engineering-design process was used to test a solution to a problem. Read the passage. Then answer the question below.

Ernest was an aerospace engineer who was developing a parachute for a spacecraft that would land on Mars. He needed to add a vent at the center of the parachute so the spacecraft would land smoothly. However, the spacecraft would have to travel at a high speed before landing. If the vent was too big or too small, the parachute might swing wildly at this speed. The movement could damage the spacecraft.
So, to help decide how big the vent should be, Ernest put a parachute with a 1 m vent in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel made it seem like the parachute was moving at 200 km per hour. He observed the parachute to see how much it swung.
Figure: a spacecraft's parachute in a wind tunnel.

natural science

Evaluate tests of engineering-design solutions

People can use the engineering-design process to develop solutions to problems. One step in the process is testing if a potential solution meets the requirements of the design. How can you determine what a test can show? You need to figure out what was tested and what was measured.
Imagine an engineer needs to design a bridge for a windy location. She wants to make sure the bridge will not move too much in high wind. So, she builds a smaller prototype, or model, of a bridge. Then, she exposes the prototype to high winds and measures how much the bridge moves.
First, identify what was tested. A test can examine one design, or it may compare multiple prototypes to each other. In the test described above, the engineer tested a prototype of a bridge in high wind.
Then, identify what the test measured. One of the criteria for the bridge was that it not move too much in high winds. The test measured how much the prototype bridge moved.
Tests can show how well one or more designs meet the criteria. The test described above can show whether the bridge would move too much in high winds.


Question: What is the capital of Indiana?

Choices:
- Fort Wayne
- Indianapolis
- Pierre
- Austin

social science

Solution: Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana.


Question: The tops of the mountains are at () the valley below.

Choices:
- the same elevation as
- a lower elevation than
- a higher elevation than

Read the text. Then answer the question.
Many different features cover Earth's surface. In some places, hills and mountains rise high above the surrounding land. In other places, valleys and canyons drop far below.
Elevation is the height of a location compared to sea level. Elevation is usually measured in feet or meters.
Use the image to complete the sentence.

natural science

Solution: Elevation is the height of a location compared to sea level. The mountains in the picture rise above the valley. So, the tops of the mountains are at a higher elevation than the valley below.


Question: What can Sarah and Dave trade to each get what they want?

Choices:
- Sarah can trade her tomatoes for Dave's broccoli.
- Dave can trade his almonds for Sarah's tomatoes.
- Sarah can trade her tomatoes for Dave's sandwich.
- Dave can trade his broccoli for Sarah's oranges.

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.
Sarah and Dave open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Both of them could be happier with their lunches. Sarah wanted broccoli in her lunch and Dave was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.

social science

Solution:
Sarah wanted broccoli in her lunch and Dave was hoping for tomatoes. Look at the labeled part of the images.
Sarah has tomatoes. Dave has broccoli. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both be happier. Trading other things would not help either person get more items they want.


Question: Which better describes the Masoala National Park ecosystem?

Choices:
- It has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms.
- It has cold winters. It also has many different types of organisms.

Figure: Masoala National Park.
Masoala National Park is a tropical rain forest ecosystem in northeastern Madagascar.

natural science

An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.
There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:
the pattern of weather, or climate
the type of soil
the organisms that live there

Solution: A tropical rain forest is a type of ecosystem. Tropical rain forests have the following features: year-round rain and warm temperatures, soil that is poor in nutrients, and many different types of organisms. So, Masoala National Park has year-round rain. It also has many different types of organisms.


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- Australia
- Asia
- Antarctica

social science

A continent is one of the seven largest areas of land on earth.

Solution: This continent is Australia.


Question: What is the capital of Wyoming?

Choices:
- Salt Lake City
- Saint Louis
- Olympia
- Cheyenne

social science

Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.


Question: What is the capital of Maryland?

Choices:
- Baltimore
- Trenton
- Annapolis
- Olympia

social science

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Solution: Annapolis is the capital of Maryland.


Question: What is the capital of Oregon?

Choices:
- Portland
- Salem
- Louisville
- Santa Fe

social science

Solution: Salem is the capital of Oregon.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- Connecticut
- Vermont
- New York
- Pennsylvania

social science

Solution:
The colony is New York.
During the colonial era, New Hampshire and New York both claimed the territory that would later become the state of Vermont. Vermont was never its own colony.


Question: What can Tara and Jeremiah trade to each get what they want?

Choices:
- Jeremiah can trade his almonds for Tara's tomatoes.
- Jeremiah can trade his broccoli for Tara's oranges.
- Tara can trade her tomatoes for Jeremiah's carrots.
- Tara can trade her tomatoes for Jeremiah's broccoli.

Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another.
Tara and Jeremiah open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Tara nor Jeremiah got everything that they wanted. The table below shows which items they each wanted:

Look at the images of their lunches. Then answer the question below.
Tara's lunch Jeremiah's lunch

social science

Solution:
Look at the table and images.
Tara wants broccoli. Jeremiah wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.


Question: What is the capital of Florida?

Choices:
- Tallahassee
- Charleston
- Helena
- Nashville

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Tallahassee is the capital of Florida.


Question: Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

Choices:
- sample B
- neither; the samples have the same temperature
- sample A

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

natural science

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.
The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

Solution:
The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.
Because the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.


Question:
Complete the statement.
Ethane is ().

Choices:
- an elementary substance
- a compound

The model below represents a molecule of ethane. Ethane is used to make plastic bags.

natural science

Classify elementary substances and compounds using models

There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.
A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.
Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.
Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.
In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.

Solution:
Use the model to determine whether ethane is an elementary substance or a compound.
Step 1: Interpret the model.
.
Use the legend to determine the chemical element represented by each color. The colors and atomic symbols from the legend are shown in the table below. The table also includes the names of the chemical elements represented in the model.
You can see from the model that a molecule of ethane is composed of six hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms bonded together.
Step 2: Determine whether the substance is an elementary substance or a compound.
You know from Step 1 that ethane is composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and carbon. Since ethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ethane is a compound.


Question: Why did young Mae look at the stars?

Choices:
- She wanted to watch the weather.
- She wanted to travel to outer space.

Read the passage about Mae Jemison.
Mae Jemison always wanted to go to space. As a child, she looked at the stars and dreamed of flying there. She also liked to read books about stars, planets, and space.
Mae grew up and became a doctor. But she never forgot her dreams of space. So, a few years later, she became an astronaut, too. That's someone who is trained to travel in space. Mae made history in 1992 when she blasted off in the space shuttle Endeavour. She was the first African American woman to travel in space!

language science

Read and understand informational passages

Solution:
Look at the passage. It tells you why young Mae looked at the stars.
Mae Jemison always wanted to go to space. As a child, she looked at the stars and dreamed of flying there. She also liked to read books about stars, planets, and space.


Question: Identify the question that Pamela's experiment can best answer.

Choices:
- Does fabric turn darker when soaked in a mixture of black dye and water for 15 minutes compared to 30 minutes?
- Does linen fabric turn darker than cotton fabric when soaked in a mixture of black dye and water?

The passage below describes an experiment. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.

Pamela prepared ten buckets, each with one gallon of boiling water and three tablespoons of black fabric dye. Pamela soaked white linen fabric squares in five of the buckets, and white cotton fabric squares in the other five buckets. All of the fabric squares were soaked for 15 minutes. After the fabric dried, Pamela scored the darkness of the squares on a scale from light to dark. She compared the darkness of the linen fabric to the darkness of the cotton fabric.
Figure: fabric that has been dyed black.

natural science

Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. How can you identify the questions that a certain experiment can answer? In order to do this, you need to figure out what was tested and what was measured during the experiment.
Imagine an experiment with two groups of daffodil plants. One group of plants was grown in sandy soil, and the other was grown in clay soil. Then, the height of each plant was measured.
First, identify the part of the experiment that was tested. The part of an experiment that is tested usually involves the part of the experimental setup that is different or changed. In the experiment described above, each group of plants was grown in a different type of soil. So, the effect of growing plants in different soil types was tested.
Then, identify the part of the experiment that was measured. The part of the experiment that is measured may include measurements and calculations. In the experiment described above, the heights of the plants in each group were measured.
Experiments can answer questions about how the part of the experiment that is tested affects the part that is measured. So, the experiment described above can answer questions about how soil type affects plant height.
Examples of questions that this experiment can answer include:
Does soil type affect the height of daffodil plants?
Do daffodil plants in sandy soil grow taller than daffodil plants in clay soil?
Are daffodil plants grown in sandy soil shorter than daffodil plants grown in clay soil?


Question: Is the air moving through a trombone a solid, a liquid, or a gas?

Choices:
- a gas
- a solid
- a liquid

natural science

Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases

Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.
When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.
Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.
When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.
Some liquids are thicker than others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.
When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.
Many gases are invisible. The oxygen you breathe is a gas. The helium in a balloon is also a gas.

Solution:
The air moving through a trombone is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space.
The air in a trombone expands to fill all the space inside the trombone. When air leaves the trombone, the air expands to fill a much larger space.


Question: Which animal's mouth is also adapted to tear through meat?

Choices:
- aardvark
- Eurasian lynx

Leopards are carnivores, or meat eaters. They eat large mammals like deer and antelope. The 's mouth is adapted to tear through meat.
Figure: leopard.

natural science

Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the leopard.
The leopard has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat. The leopard uses its large mouth to grab its prey. It uses its sharp teeth to cut up the meat of the prey into pieces it can swallow.
Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.
The Eurasian lynx has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted to tear through meat.
The aardvark has a long tube-shaped mouth and a few, small teeth. It does not have sharp teeth. So, its mouth is not adapted to tear through meat. The aardvark uses its mouth to get insects out of holes and burrows.


Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

Choices:
- weather
- climate

Figure: Chicago.
On February 12, 1894, a record high wind speed of 87 miles per hour was recorded in Chicago.
Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

natural science

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.
Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.
Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Solution:
Read the passage carefully.
On February 12, 1894, a record high wind speed of 87 miles per hour was recorded in Chicago.
This passage tells you about the wind speed in Chicago on February 12, 1894. This passage describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather.


Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate?

Choices:
- climate
- weather

Figure: Sahara Desert.
The Sahara Desert covers a large part of northern Africa. It does not get much rainfall each year.
Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

natural science

The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.
Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.
Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.

Solution:
Read the passage carefully.
The Sahara Desert covers a large part of northern Africa. It does not get much rainfall each year.
The underlined part of the passage tells you about the usual pattern of precipitation in the Sahara Desert. This passage does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Solomon Islands
- New Zealand
- Papua New Guinea
- Australia

social science

Identify and select countries of Oceania

Solution:
This country is Australia.
Is Australia a country or a continent?
Both! Australia is a country in Oceania, a region made up of many lands and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Many people say that Australia is the world's smallest continent. But some people call Oceania a continent instead.


Question: What is the capital of Nebraska?

Choices:
- Newport
- Omaha
- Lincoln
- Lansing

social science

Solution: Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.


Question: Which property do these two objects have in common?

Choices:
- shiny
- scratchy

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.
Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.

Solution:
Look at each object.
For each object, decide if it has that property.
A shiny object reflects a lot of light. Both objects are shiny.
A scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. Neither of the objects are scratchy.
The property that both objects have in common is shiny.


Question: What is the capital of South Carolina?

Choices:
- Columbia
- Atlanta
- Charleston
- Frankfort

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Columbia is the capital of South Carolina.


Question: Which material is this magnifying glass made of?

Choices:
- glass
- clay

natural science

A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.
Some objects are made of just one material.
Most nails are made of metal.
Other objects are made of more than one material.
This hammer is made of metal and wood.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the magnifying glass.
The magnifying glass is made of two different materials. The handle is made of plastic, and the lens is made of glass.


Question: Which fish's mouth is also adapted for tearing through meat?

Choices:
- starry moray
- copperband butterflyfish

Piranhas eat mostly fish. The 's mouth is adapted to tear through meat.
Figure: piranha.

natural science

Animal adaptations: beaks, mouths, and necks

An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors.
The shape of an animal's mouth is one example of an adaptation. Animals' mouths can be adapted in different ways. For example, a large mouth with sharp teeth might help an animal tear through meat. A long, thin mouth might help an animal catch insects that live in holes. Animals that eat similar food often have similar mouths.

Solution:
Look at the picture of the piranha.
The piranha has large, sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat. The piranha uses its teeth to cut up meat into pieces it can swallow.
Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation.
The starry moray has a large mouth and sharp teeth. Its mouth is adapted for tearing through meat.
The copperband butterflyfish has a small, narrow mouth. Its mouth is not adapted for tearing through meat.


Question: What is the name of the colony shown?

Choices:
- Massachusetts
- Maryland
- New York
- Rhode Island

social science

Solution: The colony is Rhode Island.


Question: Which better describes the Buffalo Gap National Grassland ecosystem?

Choices:
- It has hot summers. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients.
- It has cool winters. It also has cool summers.

Figure: Buffalo Gap National Grassland.
Buffalo Gap National Grassland is a prairie grassland ecosystem in southwestern South Dakota.

natural science

An environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.
There are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:
the pattern of weather, or climate
the type of soil
the organisms that live there

Solution: A prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. Prairie grasslands have the following features: hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients. So, the Buffalo Gap National Grassland has hot summers. It also has soil that is rich in nutrients.


Question: What is the capital of New York?

Choices:
- New York City
- Albany
- Buffalo
- Montpelier

social science

Identify state capitals of the Northeast

Solution: Albany is the capital of New York.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Palau
- Tonga
- Samoa
- Papua New Guinea

social science

Identify and select countries of Oceania

Solution: This country is Samoa.


Question: What is the capital of Iowa?

Choices:
- Cedar Rapids
- Des Moines
- Indianapolis
- Cheyenne

social science

Solution: Des Moines is the capital of Iowa.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 1.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2.
- The magnitude of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces.
The strength of a force is called its magnitude. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
You can change the magnitude of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller when there is a greater distance between the magnets.

Solution:
The magnets in Pair 1 attract. The magnets in Pair 2 repel. But whether the magnets attract or repel affects only the direction of the magnetic force. It does not affect the magnitude of the magnetic force.
Distance affects the magnitude of the magnetic force. When there is a greater distance between magnets, the magnitude of the magnetic force between them is smaller.
There is a greater distance between the magnets in Pair 2 than in Pair 1. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is smaller in Pair 2 than in Pair 1.


Question: What is the capital of Oklahoma?

Choices:
- Tallahassee
- Little Rock
- Oklahoma City
- Missoula

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Oklahoma City is the capital of Oklahoma.


Question: What is the capital of Arkansas?

Choices:
- Carson City
- Fayetteville
- Jefferson City
- Little Rock

social science

Identify state capitals of the Southeast

Solution: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 2.
- The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.
- The magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.
These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is weaker when the magnets are farther apart.

Solution:
Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are farther apart, the magnetic force between them is weaker.
The magnets in Pair 1 are farther apart than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is weaker in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.


Question: Which of the following organisms is the secondary consumer in this food web?

Choices:
- orca
- sea urchin
- kelp bass
- kelp

Below is a food web from an ocean ecosystem in Monterey Bay, off the coast of California.
A food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.

natural science

A food web is a model.
A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web shows how some organisms in an ecosystem can get their food.
Arrows show how matter moves.
A food web has arrows that point from one organism to another. Each arrow shows the direction that matter moves when one organism eats another organism. An arrow starts from the organism that is eaten. The arrow points to the organism that is doing the eating.
An organism in a food web can have more than one arrow pointing from it. This shows that the organism is eaten by more than one other organism in the food web.
An organism in a food web can also have more than one arrow pointing to it. This shows that the organism eats more than one other organism in the food web.

Solution:
Secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and primary consumers eat producers. So, in a food web, secondary consumers have arrows pointing to them from primary consumers. Primary consumers have arrows pointing to them from producers.
The kelp does not have any arrows pointing to it. So, the kelp is not a secondary consumer.
The orca has an arrow pointing to it from the sea otter. The sea otter is not a primary consumer. So, the orca is not a secondary consumer.
The kelp bass has arrows pointing to it from the zooplankton and the plainfin midshipman. The zooplankton and the plainfin midshipman are primary consumers, so the kelp bass is a secondary consumer.
The black rockfish has an arrow pointing to it from the zooplankton. The zooplankton is a primary consumer, so the black rockfish is a secondary consumer.
The sea urchin has an arrow pointing to it from the kelp. The kelp is not a primary consumer. So, the sea urchin is not a secondary consumer.


Question: What is the capital of Colorado?

Choices:
- Santa Fe
- Denver
- Boise
- Colorado Springs

social science

Solution: Denver is the capital of Colorado.


Question: Which property do these three objects have in common?

Choices:
- rough
- shiny
- transparent

natural science

An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Properties can also tell you how an object will behave when something happens to it.
Different objects can have properties in common. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.

Solution:
Look at each object.
For each object, decide if it has that property.
A shiny object reflects a lot of light. You can usually see your reflection in a shiny object. All three objects are shiny.
A rough object feels scratchy when you touch it. The car bumper and the hair clip are not rough.
You can see clearly through a transparent object. None of the objects are transparent.
The property that all three objects have in common is shiny.


Question: What is the capital of Wyoming?

Choices:
- Santa Fe
- Laramie
- Salt Lake City
- Cheyenne

social science

Solution: Cheyenne is the capital of Wyoming.


Question: Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?

Choices:
- sample B
- neither; the samples have the same temperature
- sample A

The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.

natural science

Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure

The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance.
The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of each particle in the substance and the higher the average speed of the particles, the higher their average kinetic energy.

Solution:
Each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. The particles in sample A also have a higher average speed than the particles in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B.
Because the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A must have the higher temperature.


Question: After the Akkadian Empire ended, many cities and empires tried to control Mesopotamia. Around the 1790s BCE, which empire started controlling Mesopotamia?

Choices:
- the Elamite Empire
- the Akkadian Empire
- the Babylonian Empire
- the Neo-Sumerian Empire

Look at the table. Then answer the question below.

social science

Solution:
Look at the table.
The abbreviation "ca." stands for the Latin word, circa. Circa means "about." It indicates when a date is estimated. So, around 1792 BCE, the Babylonian Empire started controlling Mesopotamia.
The Babylonian (ba-bih-LOH-nee-in) Empire came after the Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian empires. The capital of the Babylonian Empire was the city of Babylon (BA-bih-lahn).


Question: Select the organism in the same genus as the American alligator.

Choices:
- Lithobates catesbeianus
- Ictinia mississippiensis
- Alligator sinensis

This organism is an American alligator. Its scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis.

natural science

Use scientific names to classify organisms

Scientists use scientific names to identify organisms. Scientific names are made of two words.
The first word in an organism's scientific name tells you the organism's genus. A genus is a group of organisms that share many traits.
A genus is made up of one or more species. A species is a group of very similar organisms. The second word in an organism's scientific name tells you its species within its genus.
Together, the two parts of an organism's scientific name identify its species. For example Ursus maritimus and Ursus americanus are two species of bears. They are part of the same genus, Ursus. But they are different species within the genus. Ursus maritimus has the species name maritimus. Ursus americanus has the species name americanus.
Both bears have small round ears and sharp claws. But Ursus maritimus has white fur and Ursus americanus has black fur.

Solution:
An American alligator's scientific name is Alligator mississippiensis. The first word of its scientific name is Alligator.
Ictinia mississippiensis and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same genus.
These organisms are not in the same genus, but part of their scientific names is the same. Ictinia mississippiensis and Alligator mississippiensis have the same species name within their genus, mississippiensis. But the first words of their scientific names are different. Ictinia mississippiensis is in the genus Ictinia, and Alligator mississippiensis is in the genus Alligator.
Lithobates catesbeianus is in the genus Lithobates. The first word of its scientific name is Lithobates. So, Lithobates catesbeianus and Alligator mississippiensis are not in the same genus.
Alligator sinensis is in the genus Alligator. The first word of its scientific name is Alligator. So, Alligator sinensis and Alligator mississippiensis are in the same genus.


Question: Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Choices:
- repel
- attract

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on other magnets without touching them. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. These pulls and pushes are called magnetic forces.
Magnetic forces are strongest at the magnets' poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: a north pole (N) and a south pole (S).
Here are some examples of magnets. Their poles are shown in different colors and labeled.
Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles.
If opposite poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.
If the same, or like, poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

Solution:
To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other.
The north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Opposite poles attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.


Question: Select the fish below.

Choices:
- emerald tree boa
- bison
- wombat
- piranha

Fish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.
Fish are cold-blooded. The body temperature of cold-blooded animals depends on their environment.
A goldfish is an example of a fish.

natural science

Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians

Birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are groups of animals. Scientists sort animals into each group based on traits they have in common. This process is called classification.
Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. Classification also helps scientists compare similar animals.

Solution:
A bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.
Male bison have horns. They can use their horns to defend themselves.
A wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.
Wombats have strong claws on their front feet. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows.
A piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.
Piranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.
An emerald tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.
Tree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!


Question: Will these magnets attract or repel each other?

Choices:
- attract
- repel

Two magnets are placed as shown.

Hint: Magnets that attract pull together. Magnets that repel push apart.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.
Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles, called north and south.
Here are some examples of magnets. The north pole of each magnet is marked N, and the south pole is marked S.
If different poles are closest to each other, the magnets attract. The magnets in the pair below attract.
If the same poles are closest to each other, the magnets repel. The magnets in both pairs below repel.

Solution:
Will these magnets attract or repel? To find out, look at which poles are closest to each other.
The north pole of one magnet is closest to the south pole of the other magnet. Poles that are different attract. So, these magnets will attract each other.


Question: Which country is highlighted?

Choices:
- Dominica
- Haiti
- Cuba
- The Bahamas

social science

Identify and select countries of the Caribbean

Solution:
This country is Haiti.
Does Haiti have any territorial disputes?
Haiti claims to own Navassa Island, which is a disputed territory. In other words, multiple countries or groups claim that the area rightfully belongs to them.
Navassa Island is also claimed by the United States. The United States claimed the island in 1857 and has controlled it since then. But Haiti considers the island part of its territory and has protested the United States' claim since this time. No one lives on the island. Today, it is a nature preserve.


Question: What is the capital of Utah?

Choices:
- Columbia
- Phoenix
- Salt Lake City
- Provo

social science

Solution: Salt Lake City is the capital of Utah.


Question:
Complete the sentence.
The mutation in the () affected the structure and function of the ().

Choices:
- chloride channel protein . . . CLCN1 gene
- CLCN1 gene . . . chloride channel protein

The following passage describes the effects of a gene mutation, which is a permanent change in a gene. Read the passage and then follow the instructions below.

Muscle movement is controlled by charged atoms called ions. Ions move in and out of muscle cells through tube-like structures called channels.
One of these channels is made from the chloride channel protein. The chloride channel protein is encoded by the CLCN1 gene.
A certain person had a mutation in the CLCN1 gene. Compared to the CLCN1 gene without a mutation, the mutated CLCN1 gene encoded a form of the chloride channel protein with a different structure.
This different form of the chloride channel protein allowed fewer ions than normal to travel through it. The person with the mutation had muscles that were slow to relax, which resulted in muscle stiffness. Having muscle stiffness due to a mutation in the CLCN1 gene is called Thomsen disease.
Figure: muscles in the human body.

natural science

Describe the effects of gene mutations on organisms

An organism's genes contain information about its proteins. Each gene encodes, or contains the instructions for making, one protein or a group of proteins.
A permanent change in a gene is called a mutation. Because a mutation changes a gene, the mutation may change the structure of the protein encoded by that gene.
The function of a protein depends on its structure. So, if a mutation in a gene changes a protein's structure, the mutation may also change the protein's function.
An organism's observable traits are affected by the functions of its proteins. So, a gene mutation that affects a protein's function may also affect an organism's observable traits.

Solution:
A mutation in a gene may affect the protein it encodes.
So, the mutation in the CLCN1 gene affected the structure and function of the chloride channel protein.


Question: Think about the magnetic force between the magnets in each pair. Which of the following statements is true?

Choices:
- The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 2.
- The strength of the magnetic force is the same in both pairs.
- The magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1.

The images below show two pairs of magnets. The magnets in different pairs do not affect each other. All the magnets shown are made of the same material.

natural science

Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart.
These pulls and pushes between magnets are called magnetic forces. The stronger the magnetic force between two magnets, the more strongly the magnets attract or repel each other.
You can change the strength of a magnetic force between two magnets by changing the distance between them. The magnetic force is stronger when the magnets are closer together.

Solution:
Distance affects the strength of the magnetic force. When magnets are closer together, the magnetic force between them is stronger.
The magnets in Pair 1 are closer together than the magnets in Pair 2. So, the magnetic force is stronger in Pair 1 than in Pair 2.


Question: Look at the models of molecules below. Select the elementary substance.

Choices:
- oxygen
- fluoromethane
- carbon tetrachloride

natural science

Identify elementary substances and compounds using models

There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.
A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.
Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element boron is B, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element chlorine is Cl.
Scientists use different types of models to represent substances whose atoms are bonded in different ways. One type of model is a ball-and-stick model. The ball-and-stick model below represents a molecule of the compound boron trichloride.
In a ball-and-stick model, the balls represent atoms, and the sticks represent bonds. Notice that the balls in the model above are not all the same color. Each color represents a different chemical element. The legend shows the color and the atomic symbol for each chemical element in the substance.


Question: Which continent is highlighted?

Choices:
- Antarctica
- Australia
- North America
- Asia

social science

A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.

Solution: This continent is Australia.