Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
In fact, the peculiar aggravation of the Cawnpore massacres was this, that the deed was done by a subject race — by black men who dared to shed the blood of their masters, and that of poor helpless ladies and children. Here we had not only a servile war, but we had a war of religion, a war of race, and a war of revenge, of hope, of national promptings to shake off the yoke of a stranger, and to re-establish the full power of native chiefs, and the full sway of native religions. Whatever the causes of the mutiny and the revolt, it is clear enough that one of the modes by which the leaders, as if by common instinct, determined to effect their end was, the destruction of every white man, woman or child who fell into their hands.
British journalist William Howard Russell, My Indian Mutlny Diary, 1860
Violence, it must be emphasized, was an essential component of the British presence in India. A dominant power is always uneasy with violence directed against it. The right to violence is, therefore, everywhere a privilege that authority enjoys and refuses to share with those under it: power always insists on violence as its exclusive monopoly. British rule in India, as an autocracy, had meticulously constructed a monopoly of violence. The revolt of 1857 shattered that monopoly by matching an official, alien violence by an indigenous violence of the colonized. The bodies of the British had acquired certain dignities in India that were predestined by birth and by the colour of their skin. This was the condition of their domination, of their superiority: rulers and ruled were arranged hierarchically as superior and inferior races, as civilized and uncivilized. And this superiority manifested itself by denying to the Indians a "humanness"; by treating them and conceiving of them as animals.
Rudrangshu Mukherjee, "The Kanpur [Cawnpore] Massacres in India in the Revolt of 1857," 1990
The passages above can best be connected with which of the following forms of violence?
Choices
A. Banditry due to socio-economic breakdown
B. Killing of civilians during wartime
C. Collateral damage caused by weapons of mass destruction
D. State-sponsored campaigns of genocide

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Although in Protestant Europe, [Peter the Great] was surrounded by evidence of the new civil and political rights of individual men embodied in constitutions, bills of rights and parliaments, he did not return to Russia determined to share power with his people. On the contrary, he returned not only determined to change his country but also convinced that if Russia was to be transformed, it was he who must provide both the direction and the motive force. He would try to lead; but where education and persuasion were not enough, he could drive—and if necessary flog—the backward nation forward.
—Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World
Based on the above passage, what kinds of reforms did Peter the Great embrace?
Choices
A. Creation of an elected assembly
B. Declarations of human rights
C. Development of a constitutional monarchy
D. Reduction of aristocratic influence

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls round themselves, with which they have hitherto protected themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly.
Firstly, if pressed by the temporal power, they have affirmed and maintained that the temporal power has no jurisdiction over them, but, on the contrary, that the spiritual power is above the temporal.
Secondly, if it were proposed to admonish them with the Scriptures, they objected that no one may interpret the Scriptures but the Pope.
Thirdly, if they are threatened with a council, they pretend that no one may call a council but the Pope…
…The second wall is even more tottering and weak: that they alone pretend to be considered masters of the Scriptures; although they learn nothing of them all their life. They assume authority, and juggle before us with impudent words, saying that the Pope cannot err in matters of faith, whether he be evil or good, albeit they cannot prove it by a single letter. That is why the canon law contains so many heretical and unchristian, nay unnatural, laws; but of these we need not speak now. For whereas they imagine the Holy Ghost never leaves them, however unlearned and wicked they may be, they grow bold enough to decree whatever they like. But were this true, where were the need and use of the Holy Scriptures? Let us burn them, and content ourselves with the unlearned gentlemen at Rome, in whom the Holy Ghost dwells, who, however, can dwell in pious souls only. If I had not read it, I could never have believed that the devil should have put forth such follies at Rome and find a following."
Martin Luther, Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, 1520
When the author of the passage above discusses the "second wall," to what is he referring?
Choices
A. The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate definition of "Holy Ghost"
B. The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate use and interpretation of biblical texts
C. The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate theological belief about the divinity of Jesus
D. The differing views of Catholics and Reformers on the appropriate method of baptism

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"My little homestead in the city, which I recently insured for ￡2,000 would no doubt have shared the common fate, as the insurance companies will not make good that which is destroyed by the Queen's enemies. And although I have a farm of 50 acres close to the town, no doubt the crops and premises would have been destroyed. In fact, this has already partly been the case, and I am now suing the Government for damages done by a contingent of 1,500 natives that have recently encamped not many hundred yards from the place, who have done much damage all around."
Letter from a British citizen to his sister during the Anglo-Zulu War, South Africa, 1879
The inclusion of the author's pending litigation with the British government serves to do which of the following?
Choices
A. Highlight the extent of the author's property losses
B. Express his opposition to the ongoing war
C. Belittle British officials
D. Place blame on both his home country as well as the Zulus

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Every two months His Majesty sends from Lima 60,000 pesos to pay for the mita of the Indians. Up on the Huanacavelica range there are 3,000 or 4,000 Indians working in the mercury mine, with picks and hammers, breaking up the ore. And when they have filled up their little sacks, the poor fellows, loaded down, climb up those ladders and rigging, so distressing that a man can hardly get up them. That is the way they work in this mine, with many lights and the loud noise of the pounding and great confusion. Nor is that the greatest evil; that is due to thievish and undisciplined superintendents. According to His Majesty's warrant, the mine owners at Potosí have a right to the mita of 13,300 Indians. These mita Indians earn each day 4 reals. Besides these there are others not under obligation, who hire themselves out voluntarily: these each get from 12 to 16 reals, and some up to 24, according to how well they wield their picks or their reputation for knowing how to get the ore out.
Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa, report on mining in Huanacavelica and Potosí, 1620s
The third principal reason the local Yakut and Tungus natives are ruined is that from the time they first came under Russian control, they have been forced to pay yasak tribute. Some have paid in sables, others in red foxes, still others in cash. At first there were plenty of furbearing animals there, but now there are no sables and not many foxes in those lands, from the shores of the Arctic Ocean all the way south to the great Lena River. Moreover, almost half the natives cannot hunt because they no longer have horses, many of which have been pawned to the yasak collectors.
Heinrich von Füch, "On the Treatment of Natives in Northeast Siberia," 1744
According to the second passage, which of the following contributed most to the burden faced by native Siberians attempting to fulfill their tribute obligations?
Choices
A. Interference by Russian Orthodox missionaries
B. Native inexperience in hunting deep into the subarctic tundra
C. Competition from Russian hunters and trappers
D. Overhunting and depletion of furbearing animals

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to duties; let her nor dread tasks by day or by night. Let her not refuse to perform domestic duties whether easy or difficult. That which must be done, let her finish completely, tidily, and systematically, When a woman follows such rules as these, then she may be said to be industrious.
Let a woman be correct in manner and upright in character in order to serve her husband. Let her live in purity and quietness of spirit, and attend to her own affairs. Let her love not gossip and silly laughter. Let her cleanse and purify and arrange in order the wine and the food for the offerings to the ancestors. When a woman observes such principles as these, then she may be said to continue ancestral worship.
No woman who observes these three fundamentals of life has ever had a bad reputation or has fallen into disgrace. If a woman fail to observe them, how can her name be honored; how can she but bring disgrace upon herself?"
© The East Asian Library and the Gest Collection, Princeton University.
Ban Zhao, Lessons for a Woman, ca. 80 C.E.
In what way were women's lives in the period 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. generally more restricted than women's lives had been globally before the advent of sedentary societies?
Choices
A. Women were increasingly thought of as primary earners for the family.
B. Women were increasingly responsible for the care of their children.
C. Women's power increasingly fell within the private sphere.
D. Women's power increasingly fell within the public sphere.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
The passage below is the Chinese emperor's response to English King George III's diplomatic envoys, who were seeking expanded trading privileges (1793).
Strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. . . . As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures. It behooves you, O King, to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity.
According to the passage, what was the Chinese reaction to the British goods?
Choices
A. Awe at their technological superiority
B. Fascination with their strangeness
C. Offense at a perceived bribe
D. Interpreting them as an act of submission

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"To slacken the tempo would mean falling behind. And those who fall behind get beaten. But we do not want to be beaten. No, we refuse to be beaten! One feature of the history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered because of her backwardness. She was beaten by the Mongol khans. She was beaten by the Turkish beys. She was beaten by the Swedish feudal lords. She was beaten by the Polish and Lithuanian gentry. She was beaten by the British and French capitalists. She was beaten by the Japanese barons. All beat her––because of her backwardness, because of her military backwardness, cultural backwardness, political backwardness, industrial backwardness, agricultural backwardness. They beat her because it was profitable and could be done with impunity. You remember the words of the pre-revolutionary poet: "You are poor and abundant, mighty and impotent, Mother Russia." Those gentlemen were quite familiar with the verses of the old poet. They beat her, saying: "You are abundant," so one can enrich oneself at your expense. They beat her, saying: "You are poor and impotent," so you can be beaten and plundered with impunity. Such is the law of the exploiters––to beat the backward and the weak. It is the jungle law of capitalism. You are backward, you are weak––therefore you are wrong; hence you can be beaten and enslaved. You are mighty––therefore you are right; hence we must be wary of you.
That is why we must no longer lag behind."
Joseph Stalin, speech delivered at the first All-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry, February 4, 1931
The speech as a whole is best understood in the context of which of the following historical developments?
Choices
A. Stalin's drive to motivate Soviet industry for the Winter War with Finland
B. Stalin's push to make the Soviet Union a nuclear nation
C. Stalin's implementation of five-year plans for the Soviet economy
D. Stalin's purges of dissidents and other political prisoners

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"My little homestead in the city, which I recently insured for ￡2,000 would no doubt have shared the common fate, as the insurance companies will not make good that which is destroyed by the Queen's enemies. And although I have a farm of 50 acres close to the town, no doubt the crops and premises would have been destroyed. In fact, this has already partly been the case, and I am now suing the Government for damages done by a contingent of 1,500 natives that have recently encamped not many hundred yards from the place, who have done much damage all around."
Letter from a British citizen to his sister during the Anglo-Zulu War, South Africa, 1879
Which of the following reasons explains why European citizens moved in large numbers to Zulu lands in 1867?
Choices
A. The British crown offered incentives to those who would establish homesteads in the unsettled lands of South Africa.
B. The Zulu created attractive trade ports along the Indian Ocean.
C. The Berlin Conference clarified boundaries, thus making it logistically sound for Europeans to move to the African colonies.
D. A diamond rush ensued following the discovery of diamonds on Zulu lands.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the capital of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed countries being used in such a way as to impoverish the less developed.
Non-alignment, as practiced by Ghana and many other countries, is based on co-operation with all States whether they be capitalist, socialist or have a mixed economy. Such a policy, therefore, involves foreign investment from capitalist countries, but it must be invested in accordance with a national plan drawn up by the government of the non-aligned State with its own interests in mind. The issue is not what return the foreign investor receives on his investments…The question is one of power. A State in the grip of neo-colonialism is not master of its own destiny."
Kwame Nkrumah, Neo-Colonialism, 1965
Which of the following most inspired the national plan advanced by Nkrumah in the second paragraph?
Choices
A. Fascism
B. Social Darwinism
C. Classical liberalism
D. Socialism

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Source 1:
"It is impossible to demand that an impossible position should be cleared up by peaceful revision and at the same time constantly reject peaceful revision. It is also impossible to say that he who undertakes to carry out these revisions for himself transgresses a law, since the Versailles "Diktat" is not law to us. A signature was forced out of us with pistols at our head and with the threat of hunger for millions of people. And then this document, with our signature, obtained by force, was proclaimed as a solemn law."
Adolf Hitler, speech to the Reichstag, September 1, 1939
Source 2:
"We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender."
Winston Churchill, speech before Parliament, June 4, 1940
Winston Churchill's speech in Source 2 is best understood in the context of which of the following?
Choices
A. British support for growing resistance movements in Eastern Europe
B. British trade deals with American manufacturers of military hardware
C. British appeasement of the Axis powers
D. British fears about a possible invasion attempt by Nazi Germany

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The spontaneous forces of capitalism have been steadily growing in the countryside in recent years, with new rich peasants springing up everywhere and many well-to-do middle peasants striving to become rich peasants. On the other hand, many poor peasants are still living in poverty for lack of sufficient means of production, with some in debt and others selling or renting out their land. If this tendency goes unchecked, the polarization in the countryside will inevitably be aggravated day by day. Those peasants who lose their land and those who remain in poverty will complain that we are doing nothing to save them from ruin or to help them overcome their difficulties. Nor will the well-to-do middle peasants who are heading in the capitalist direction be pleased with us, for we shall never be able to satisfy their demands unless we intend to take the capitalist road. Can the worker-peasant alliance continue to stand in these circumstances? Obviously not! There is no solution to this problem except on a new basis. And that means to bring about, step by step, the socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture simultaneously with the gradual realization of socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce; in other words, it means to carry out co-operation and eliminate the rich-peasant economy and the individual economy in the countryside so that all the rural people will become increasingly well off together. We maintain that this is the only way to consolidate the worker-peasant alliance."
Mao Zedong, On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation, 1955
Which of the following later developments would most undermine the hopes expressed by Mao in the second-to-last line of the passage?
Choices
A. The development of Special Economic Zones along the Chinese coast brought economic growth to China.
B. Political friction with the Soviet Union pushed China into the orbit of the United States during the Cold War.
C. The cooperatives of peasants on the farmland and an emphasis on countryside steel production brought famine and poverty to the Chinese peasantry.
D. Opposition voices in the Communist Party led by men such as Deng Xiaopeng were rooted out and silenced during the Cultural Revolution.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us! And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity. This is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have this injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land! Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.
Lin Zexu, Chinese trade commissioner, letter to Queen Victoria, 1839
Which of the following most likely prompted the complaint voiced in the passage?
Choices
A. British sale of opium in China
B. British exports of tobacco to China
C. British introduction of gunpowder to China
D. British encouragement of heroin use to China

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Gunpowder Weaponry: Europe vs. China
In Western Europe during the 1200s through the 1400s, early cannons, as heavy and as slow to fire as they were, proved useful enough in the protracted sieges that dominated warfare during this period that governments found it sufficiently worthwhile to pay for them and for the experimentation that eventually produced gunpowder weapons that were both more powerful and easier to move. By contrast, China, especially after the mid-1300s, was threatened mainly by highly mobile steppe nomads, against whom early gunpowder weapons, with their unwieldiness, proved of little utility. It therefore devoted its efforts to the improvement of horse archer units who could effectively combat the country's deadliest foe.
According to this passage, why did the Chinese, despite inventing gunpowder, fail to lead in the innovation of gunpowder weaponry?
Choices
A. They were discouraged by Confucian traditionalism from doing so.
B. They put too much faith in the numerical strength of their existing armed forces.
C. They logically decided to develop weapons better suited to their immediate military needs.
D. They could not afford the initial expense of converting to a new military technology.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
The condition of foreign states is not what it once was; they have invented the steamship, and introduced radical changes in the art of navigation. They have also built up their armies to a state of great efficiency and are possessed of war implements of great power and precision, in short have license to be formidable powers. If, therefore, we persistently cling to our antiquated systems, heaven only knows what a mighty calamity may befall our Empire.
—Adapted from a letter written by Lord Ii to Lord Tokugawa, 1847
How did Japan respond to the concerns raised by Lord Ii during this era?
Choices
A. The government dismantled the Chinese-style civil service system.
B. The government undertook a program of conquest in the Pacific.
C. The country sent emissaries to study western democracies and industry.
D. The country turned inward and closed its ports to all foreigners.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
At the peak of their power, the domains of the Mongol khans, or rulers, made up a vast realm in which once-hostile peoples lived together in peace and virtually all religions were tolerated. . . . The law code first promulgated by Chinggis Khan ordered human interaction. The result was an important new stage in international contact. From eastern Europe to southern China, merchants and travelers could move across the well-policed Mongol domains without fear for their lives or property. The great swath of Mongol territory that covered or connected most of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East served as a bridge between the civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere. The caravans and embassies that crossed the Mongol lands transmitted new food, inventions, and ideas from one civilized pool to others and from civilized pools to the nomadic peoples who served as intermediaries. Secure trade routes made for prosperous merchants and wealthy, cosmopolitan cities. They also facilitated the spread of foods [and] inventions . . . a major force for economic and social development and the enhancement of civilized life.
—Robert Guisepi, 1992
Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the Mongol conquest of Russia in the 1200s?
Choices
A. Russia was excluded from Western European developments (like the Renaissance).
B. Russia benefited by becoming the administrative center of Mongol political activity.
C. Islam became the dominant religion of Russia.
D. Russia developed a centralized bureaucracy.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
An Act to place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of Prohibited Immigrants.
…
3. The immigration into the Commonwealth of the persons described in any of the following paragraphs in this section (hereinafter called "prohibited immigrants") is prohibited, namely
(a) Any person who when asked to do so by an officer fails to write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer;
(b) Any person in the opinion of the Minister or of an officer to become a charge upon the public or upon any public or charitable organisation;
…
(g) Any persons under a contract or agreement to perform manual labour within the Commonwealth: Provided that this paragraph shall not apply to workmen exempted by the Minister for special skill required by Australia…
Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 (Australia)
Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof;
Therefore,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or having so come after the expiration of said ninety days to remain within the United States.
SEC. 2. That the master of every vessel who shall knowingly bring within the United States on such vessel, and land or permit to be landed, any Chinese laborer, from any foreign port or place, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars for each and every such Chinese laborer so brought, and may be also imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year….
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (United States)
The passages are best seen as examples of which prominent social or economic trend from the 1800s?
Choices
A. The rise of anti-Semitic ideologies
B. Trade protectionism
C. A growing desire to attract skilled labor from abroad
D. Hardening of anti-immigrant sentiment

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"And then Shapur, King of Kings, passed away. Then his son Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Hormizd, King of Kings, conferred on me cap and belt and created for me a higher rank and dignity, and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, throughout the whole empire he gave me more authority and power in matters of the divine services, and created for me the title "Kerdir, Ahura Mazda's [Chief Priest]" after the name of Ahura Mazda, the Deity. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence, and many Warham fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…
And then Hormizd, King of Kings, passed away. Then Bahram, King of Kings, son of Shapur, King of Kings, and brother of Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Bahram, King of Kings, also held me in high honor and dignity and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, gave me authority and power for divine services of every sort. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence and many Warharan fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…
And in kingdom after kingdom and place after place throughout the whole empire the services of Ahura Mazda and the gods became preeminent, and great dignity came to the Mazdayanian religion and the magi in the empire, and the gods and water and fire and small cattle in the empire attained great satisfaction, while Ahriman [the evil counterpart to Ahura Mazda] and the demons were punished and rebuked, and the teachings of Ahriman and the demons departed from the empire and were abandoned. And Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, Nasoreans [Orthodox Christians], Christians, Maktak [Baptists], and Manichaeans in the empire were smitten, and destruction of idols and scattering of the stores of the demons and god-seats and nests was abandoned."
Excerpt from the inscription of Kerdir at Naqsh-e-Rustam, Persia, late third century C.E.
Which of the following best describes Persia's relationship with Arabia in the period 600–1450 C.E.?
Choices
A. Persian armies were largely in control of Arabia throughout the period.
B. Persia and Arabia interacted infrequently throughout the period.
C. Persia supported Arabian client states throughout the period.
D. Persia was brought into the Arabian orbit over the course of the period.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
New York! I say New York, let black blood flow into your blood.
Let it wash the rust from your steel joints, like an oil of life
Let it give your bridges the curve of hips and supple vines…
See your rivers stirring with musk alligators
And sea cows with mirage eyes…
Just open your eyes to the April rainbow
And your eyes, especially your ears, to God
Who in one burst of saxophone laughter
Created heaven and earth in six days,
And on the seventh slept a deep Negro sleep.
Senegalese poet Léopold Sédar Senghor, "To New York," 1956
Which of the following best explains the phenomenon of an African poet writing so lyrically about New York?
Choices
A. Outmigration from Africa due to political violence
B. Stronger transatlantic influences linking art in Afro-Eurasia with that in the Americas
C. Preference on the part of African intellectuals for Western cultural advancements
D. Lack of a rich indigenous artistic tradition in Africa

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth and very frequently has been brought to our ears, namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race utterly alienated from God, a generation forsooth which has not directed its heart and has not entrusted its spirit to God, has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by the sword, pillage and fire; it has led away a part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion….The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismembered by them and deprived of territory so vast in extent that it cannot be traversed in a march of two months. On whom therefore is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you? You, upon whom above other nations God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to humble the hairy scalp of those who resist you.
Let the deeds of your ancestors move you and incite your minds to manly achievements; the glory and greatness of king Charles the Great, and of his son Louis, and of your other kings, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the pagans, and extended in these lands the territory of the holy church. Let the holy sepulchre of the Lord our Savior, which is possessed by unclean nations, especially incite you, and the holy places which are now treated with ignominy and irreverently polluted with their filthiness. Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, be not degenerate, but recall the valor of your progenitors.
Jerusalem is the navel of the world; the land is fruitful above others, like another paradise of delights. This the Redeemer of the human race has made illustrious by His advent, has beautified by residence, has consecrated by suffering, has redeemed by death, has glorified by burial. This royal city, therefore, situated at the center of the world, is now held captive by His enemies, and is in subjection to those who do not know God, to the worship of the heathens. She seeks therefore and desires to be liberated and does not cease to implore you to come to her aid. From you especially she asks succor, because, as we have already said, God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven."
Pope Urban II, Speech at the Council of Clermont as recorded by Robert the Monk, 1095 C.E.
The speech above is best understood in context of which of the following?
Choices
A. The Mongol invasions of the Middle East
B. The Protestant Reformation
C. The Age of Discovery
D. The Crusades

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
I have, in conformity without resolve, put together some few points concerning the reformation of the Christian estate, with the intent of placing the same before the Christian nobility of the German nation. . . . It is not out of mere arrogance and perversity that I, an individual poor man, have taken upon me to address your lordships. The distress and misery that oppress all the Christian estates, more especially in Germany, have led not only myself, but every one else, to cry aloud and to ask for help. . . . These Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls around themselves, with which they have hitherto protected themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly. . . . That the Temporal Power Has no Jurisdiction over the Spirituality . . . That No One May Interpret the Scriptures but the Pope . . . That No One May Call a Council but the Pope. . . . Let us now consider the matters which should be treated in the councils, and with which popes, cardinals, bishops, and all learned men should occupy themselves day and night. . . . It is a distressing and terrible thing to see that the head of Christendom, who boasts of being the vicar of Christ and the successor of St. Peter, lives in a worldly pomp that no king or emperor can equal. What is the use in Christendom of the people called "cardinals"? I will tell you. In Italy and Germany there are many rich convents, endowments, fiefs, and benefices, and as the best way of getting these into the hands of Rome, they created cardinals, and gave them the sees, convents, and prelacies, and thus destroyed the service of God.
—Martin Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
Which of the following reformers expressed views similar to those expressed by Martin Luther in his letter above?
Choices
A. Ulrich Zwingli
B. Sir Thomas More
C. Erasmus
D. John Wycliffe

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.
When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."
Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.
The description in the second paragraph of the procedures that Portuguese and other foreigners followed when trading in China supports which of the following inferences about trade policy in the later Ming Dynasty?
Choices
A. The Ming Dynasty was very supportive of and welcoming to all commercial enterprise.
B. The Ming Dynasty sought to regulate trade strictly to limit contact with foreigners and ease collection of taxes.
C. The Ming Dynasty was too busy battling pirates along its coast to pay any attention to regular merchant activity.
D. The Ming Dynasty only allowed Portugal to trade with China through Canton, permitting only one boat a year.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Is it not unity alone that can weld us into an effective force, capable of creating our own progress and making our valuable contribution to world peace? Which independent African state will claim that its financial structure and banking institutions are fully harnessed to its national development? Which will claim that its material resources and human energies are available for its own national aspirations? We are fast learning that political independence is not enough to rid us of the consequences of colonial rule. We have been too busy nursing our separate states to understand fully the basic need for union, rooted in common purpose, common planning and common endeavour.
Ghana's president, Kwame Nkrumah, addressing the Organization of African Unity, 1963
The speaker in the passage above is espousing which of the following causes?
Choices
A. Nationalism
B. Socialism
C. Pan-Africanism
D. Neocolonialism

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us! And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity. This is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have this injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land! Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.
Lin Zexu, Chinese trade commissioner, letter to Queen Victoria, 1839
On which of the following arguments does the author of the passage principally base his appeal?
Choices
A. It is hypocritical to sell one country a substance banned as harmful in one's own.
B. Confucian teachings forbid the use of all narcotics as inherently immoral.
C. Addiction is causing China to suffer an unfavorable balance of trade.
D. Britain is unwise to risk the wrath of a militarily more powerful state.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"My little homestead in the city, which I recently insured for ￡2,000 would no doubt have shared the common fate, as the insurance companies will not make good that which is destroyed by the Queen's enemies. And although I have a farm of 50 acres close to the town, no doubt the crops and premises would have been destroyed. In fact, this has already partly been the case, and I am now suing the Government for damages done by a contingent of 1,500 natives that have recently encamped not many hundred yards from the place, who have done much damage all around."
Letter from a British citizen to his sister during the Anglo-Zulu War, South Africa, 1879
A historian researching nineteenth-century conflicts in South Africa would most likely find this letter a useful source for information about which of the following?
Choices
A. The diffusion of cultural practices throughout South Africa
B. Economic boons present in British colonies
C. Daily challenges of Afrikaners during the colonial period
D. Unforeseen consequences of British imperialism

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"In Northern India the existence of separate States at this period is usually little more than a question of words. A zamindar who paid revenue to the Mogul was clearly in a position of dependence, and if he wished to establish a claim to sovereignty, the first step was to refuse, or omit to pay revenue. Such an omission might, however, arise from various other causes, and it is probable that in Rajputana, Central India, and Chota Nagpur there were numerous chiefs and tribes occupying what constitutional lawyers would regard as an anomalous position, sometimes paying the stipulated revenue, sometimes in open rebellion, and sometimes enjoying practical independence because the Mogul authorities found it inconvenient to undertake active measures of coercion."
W.H. Moreland, India at the Death of Akbar, 1920
Zamindars had an ability "to establish a claim to sovereignty" largely due to the Mughal Empire's policy of
Choices
A. religious toleration
B. universal taxation
C. martial law
D. suffrage

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Yi Yin sacrificed to the former king, and presented the heir-king reverently before the shrine of his grandfather. . . . Yi Yin then clearly described the virtue of the Meritorious Ancestor for the instruction of the young king.
"Oh! of old the former kings of Xia cultivated earnestly their virtue, and then there were no calamities from Heaven. The spirits of the hills and rivers were all in tranquility; and the birds and beasts enjoyed their existence according to their nature. But their descendant did not follow their example, and Heaven sent down calamities, using our ruler, who possessed of its favor. The attack on Xia may be traced to the orgies in Ming Tiao. . . . Our king of Shang brilliantly displayed his sagely prowess; for oppression he substituted his generous gentleness. Now your Majesty is entering on the inheritance of his virtue; all depends on how you commence your reign.
"Oh! the former king began with careful attention to the bonds that hold men together. . . . Revere these warnings in your person. . . . The ways of Heaven are not invariable: on the good-doer it sends down all blessings, and on the evil-doer it sends down all miseries. If you not be virtuous, be it in large things or in small, it will bring the ruin of your ancestral temple."
—Excerpted and adapted from the Shu Jing, 6th century BCE, China
What does the phrase below tell us about the ruler?
Choices
A. He had the Mandate of Heaven.
B. He was an absolute monarch.
C. He had lost the blessing of the gods.
D. He was killed as a result of natural disasters.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
But the decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. . . . The victorious legions, who, in distant wars, acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries, first oppressed the freedom of the republic, and afterwards violated the majesty of the purple. The emperors, anxious for their personal safety and the public peace, were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy; the vigour of the military . . . was relaxed . . . ; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians.
—Adapted from Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon
Most classical empires shared which of the following traits?
Choices
A. They required the cultural assimilation of conquered peoples to limit diversity within the empire.
B. They provided state support of foreign religions to improve support of the government.
C. They embarked on widespread public works projects to integrate their empires.
D. They had government bureaucracies based on the merit principle.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls round themselves, with which they have hitherto protected themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly.
Firstly, if pressed by the temporal power, they have affirmed and maintained that the temporal power has no jurisdiction over them, but, on the contrary, that the spiritual power is above the temporal.
Secondly, if it were proposed to admonish them with the Scriptures, they objected that no one may interpret the Scriptures but the Pope.
Thirdly, if they are threatened with a council, they pretend that no one may call a council but the Pope…
…The second wall is even more tottering and weak: that they alone pretend to be considered masters of the Scriptures; although they learn nothing of them all their life. They assume authority, and juggle before us with impudent words, saying that the Pope cannot err in matters of faith, whether he be evil or good, albeit they cannot prove it by a single letter. That is why the canon law contains so many heretical and unchristian, nay unnatural, laws; but of these we need not speak now. For whereas they imagine the Holy Ghost never leaves them, however unlearned and wicked they may be, they grow bold enough to decree whatever they like. But were this true, where were the need and use of the Holy Scriptures? Let us burn them, and content ourselves with the unlearned gentlemen at Rome, in whom the Holy Ghost dwells, who, however, can dwell in pious souls only. If I had not read it, I could never have believed that the devil should have put forth such follies at Rome and find a following."
Martin Luther, Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, 1520
How is the "temporal power" mentioned in the passage best understood contextually?
Choices
A. A clerical or ecclesiastical authority
B. A legal or scholarly authority
C. A state or secular authority
D. A business or economic authority

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Literacy rates among the Russian-speaking population of late Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, 1897–1955
Literacy Rate
1897  24%
1917  45%
1926  56%
1937  75%
1939  81.10%
1955  99.90%
Source: Census data and Soviet Ministry of Education
Which of the following segments of the Russian/Soviet population would probably have benefited most from the rising literacy rates depicted in the chart?
Choices
A. The rural peasantry
B. Members of the Russian Orthodox clergy
C. The urban middle class
D. Officers in the armed forces

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
O ye who believe! Strong drink and games of chance and idols… are only an infamy of Satan's handiwork. Leave it aside in order that ye may succeed.
the Qur'an, Sura 5: 89
When once you hear the roses are in bloom,
Then is the time, my love, to pour the wine.
the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám
A comparison of both verses would best support which of the following conclusions?
Choices
A. Many Muslims inclined toward atheism in the premodern era.
B. Religious restrictions were not universally observed by all Muslims.
C. Christian missionaries were steadily winning converts among Muslim populations.
D. Muslim intellectuals were generally hostile to traditional religious practice.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The real grievance of the worker is the insecurity of his existence; he is not sure that he will always have work, he is not sure that he will always be healthy, and he foresees that he will one day be old and unfit to work. If he falls into poverty, even if only through a prolonged illness, he is then completely helpless, exam_ins to his own devices, and society does not currently recognize any real obligation towards him beyond the usual help for the poor, even if he has been working all the time ever so faithfully and diligently. The usual help for the poor, however, leaves a lot to be desired, especially in large cities, where it is very much worse than in the country."
Otto von Bismarck, 1884
How would twentieth-century economist John Maynard Keynes suggest that society address Otto von Bismarck's evaluation of workers in Germany?
Choices
A. Keynes would recommend government intervention in order to maintain aggregate demand.
B. Keynes would suggest helping elderly workers, but claim that the government should not intervene in most circumstances.
C. Keynes would caution against government intervention in personal economic matters.
D. Keynes would advocate doing nothing because he felt poverty in rural areas was actually more severe than it was in cities.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Seizing me, he led me down to the House of Darkness…
To the house where those who enter do not come out,
Along the road of no return,
To the house where those who dwell, do without light,
Where dirt is their drink, their food is of clay…
Where light cannot be seen. They dwell in the dark,
And upon the door and bolt, there lies dust.
from Tablet VII, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumeria, ca. 2100 B.C.E.
Truth is good and its worth is lasting.
It has not been disturbed since the day of its creator,
Whereas he who transgresses its ordinances is punished.
It lies as a path in front of even him who knows nothing.
Wrongdoing has never yet brought its venture to port…
Those whom the gods guide cannot lose themselves.
Those to whom they forbid passage will not be able to cross the river of life.
from The Maxims of Ptahhotep, Egypt, ca. 2400 B.C.E.
The two texts best support which of the following conclusions?
Choices
A. Ancient Egyptians had a less gloomy view of the afterlife than ancient Sumerians.
B. Ancient Egyptians were more inclined than ancient Sumerians to view political obedience as morally proper.
C. Ancient Egyptians were more patriarchal in their gender relations than ancient Sumerians.
D. Ancient Egyptians suffered under a more rigid social hierarchy than ancient Sumerians.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"When the gods fashioned Gilgamesh*, to him they gave a perfect form. The glorious sun Shamash bestowed upon him glory; Adad the terrible god of storms bestowed upon him courage. The great gods perfected his magnificence beyond all others, terrible like the great wild bull. Two thirds god they made him; one third man they made him.
Of Uruk, its great rampart he built, and the wall of the sacred Eanna temple, the holy sanctuary. Behold the outer walls which gleam with the brilliance of copper; see the inner wall which none might rival. Touch the threshold stone—it is from ancient days. Goest thou into the Eanna temple, yea, the dwelling place of Ishtar, the like of which no subsequent king or living man might equal. Ascend and walk about on the wall of Uruk, inspect the corner-stone, and examine its brick-work, whether its wall is not made of burned brick, and its foundation laid by the Seven Sages. One third for city, one third for garden, one third for field, and a precinct for the temple of Ishtar. These parts and the precinct comprise Uruk."
The Epic of Gilgamesh, ca. 2100 B.C.E.
*Gilgamesh was a king of Uruk.
Which of the following best describes the origins of epic poetry such as the Epic of Gilgamesh?
Choices
A. The rise of a literate class of scribes in cities who could record poems
B. The rise of a merchant class in cities who could sponsor the creation of original art
C. The rise of a religious caste dedicated to solely recording the deeds of God-Kings
D. The rise of a warrior elite whose deeds were worthy of praise and recording

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
I walk alongside the column, ask what's going on.
A soldier says simply: "They call up more every day.
"Some of us were sent north to the Yellow River at age fifteen,
And now at forty we're heading off to the garrisons in the west.
On our first tour, the village headman had to tie our bandannas for us.
When we came back, our hair was white, but still there's more unrest.
The frontier garrisons run with blood, enough to fill an ocean,
But the Martial Emperor's territorial ambitions have yet to crest.
In the hundred districts east of the mountains, throughout the land of Han,
There must be ten thousand villages that brambles now infest.
Even if wives are strong enough to handle a hoe and plow,
The crops grow every which way, the fields are all a mess.
It's hardest for the Shanxi men, with their reputations as fighters:
They're rounded up like dogs or chickens, every male impressed.
"But sir, though it's good of you to ask,
Complaining isn't part of the soldier's task.
We can only shake our heads. Take this winter:
The Shanxi troops were never sent home.
The District Officers are demanding the land tax,
But where will it come from? You can't get blood from a stone!
I honestly think it's bad luck to bear a son now,
It's better to have a daughter: at least she can marry
And live with the neighbors next door.
But a son will end up lying on some distant prairie."
Du Fu, "Ballad of the Army Carts," ca. 750 C.E.
Which of the following does the poem provide direct evidence for in its discussion of taxation in the third stanza?
Choices
A. The Tang Dynasty's strong bureaucracy at the local level
B. The Tang Dynasty's large, standing professional army with no need of conscription
C. Relatively advanced Tang agricultural technologies
D. The relatively high level of urbanization in Tang China

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.
When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."
Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.
In addition to the sources of silver mentioned in the first paragraph, the greatest volume of additional silver came to China from which of the following regions?
Choices
A. Central Asia
B. Europe
C. The Middle East
D. The New World

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
But the decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. . . . The victorious legions, who, in distant wars, acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries, first oppressed the freedom of the republic, and afterwards violated the majesty of the purple. The emperors, anxious for their personal safety and the public peace, were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy; the vigour of the military . . . was relaxed . . . ; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians.
—Adapted from Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon
The reasons given in the above passage for the fall of the Roman Empire could also be applied to which other classical empires?
Choices
A. Tang and Ottoman
B. Ming and Aztec
C. Han and Gupta
D. Qin and Etruscan

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Woman, wake up; the bell of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. Enslaved man has multiplied his strength, [but] having become free, he has become unjust to his companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain. If our leaders persist, courageously oppose the force of reason to their empty pretentions of superiority. Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves!
Olympe de Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," 1791
The independence? Nothing of what I hoped for was achieved. I had expected that my children would be able to have an education, but they did not get it. We were poor peasants then, we are poor peasants now. Nothing has changed. Everything is the same. The only thing is that we are free, the war is over, we work without fear—but apart from that, nothing has changed.
Halima Ghomri, interviewed in the 1970s, after Algeria's war of independence
Which of the following factors is likeliest to have prevented the sort of progress hoped for by the speaker in the second passage?
Choices
A. Failure to eradicate Islamic traditionalism
B. Lack of industrial assets or infrastructure
C. Hostility to women's rights on the part of new elites
D. Prioritization of national liberation over social reform

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"And then Shapur, King of Kings, passed away. Then his son Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Hormizd, King of Kings, conferred on me cap and belt and created for me a higher rank and dignity, and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, throughout the whole empire he gave me more authority and power in matters of the divine services, and created for me the title "Kerdir, Ahura Mazda's [Chief Priest]" after the name of Ahura Mazda, the Deity. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence, and many Warham fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…
And then Hormizd, King of Kings, passed away. Then Bahram, King of Kings, son of Shapur, King of Kings, and brother of Hormizd, King of Kings, rose over the empire. And Bahram, King of Kings, also held me in high honor and dignity and at court and in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, gave me authority and power for divine services of every sort. And thereupon in kingdom after kingdom, place after place, many divine services were performed in magnificence and many Warharan fires were established, and many magi became happy and prosperous, and many fires and magi were imperially installed…
And in kingdom after kingdom and place after place throughout the whole empire the services of Ahura Mazda and the gods became preeminent, and great dignity came to the Mazdayanian religion and the magi in the empire, and the gods and water and fire and small cattle in the empire attained great satisfaction, while Ahriman [the evil counterpart to Ahura Mazda] and the demons were punished and rebuked, and the teachings of Ahriman and the demons departed from the empire and were abandoned. And Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, Nasoreans [Orthodox Christians], Christians, Maktak [Baptists], and Manichaeans in the empire were smitten, and destruction of idols and scattering of the stores of the demons and god-seats and nests was abandoned."
Excerpt from the inscription of Kerdir at Naqsh-e-Rustam, Persia, late third century C.E.
The source best supports which of the following inferences about sources of political authority in the period circa 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.?
Choices
A. Rulers derived legitimacy for their rule by their sponsorship of religion and chief priests.
B. Rulers were limited in their political authority by powerful religious figures.
C. Rulers derived legitimacy for their rule through victories over foreign peoples.
D. Rulers derived legitimacy for their rule through the consent of those they governed.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"Al-Zawawi also said 'This sultan Musa told me that at a town called ZKRY he has a copper mine from which ingots are brought to BYTY. "There is nothing in my kingdom, Musa said, on which a duty is levied except this crude copper which is brought in. Duty is collected on this and on nothing else. We send it to the land of the pagan Sudan and sell it for two-thirds of its weight in gold, so that we sell 100 measures of this copper for 66 2/3 measures of gold.' He also stated that there are pagan nations in his kingdom from whom he does not collect the tribute (jizya) but whom he simply employs in extracting the gold from its deposits. The gold is extracted by digging pits about a man's height in depth and the gold is found embedded in the sides of the pits or sometimes collected at the bottom of them."
From N. Levtzion & J.F.P. Hopkins, eds. Corpus of Early
Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge
University Press, 1981. Reprinted with permission of
Cambridge University Press.
Al' Umari, ca. 1300–1384
Based on your knowledge of world history and the passage, Mansa Musa's assertion about the lack of duties levied on goods in his kingdom most strongly reflects which of the following about the kingdom of Mali?
Choices
A. Mali's wealth came in large part from its exploitation of minerals.
B. Mali's wealth came in large part from its conquest of pagan neighbors.
C. Mali's wealth came in large part from large agricultural estates.
D. Mali's wealth came in large part from the exploitation of the slave trade.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.
When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."
Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.
The description of the route Portuguese sailors took in the first paragraph most directly supports which of the following historical developments?
Choices
A. Chinese merchants' domination of East Asian trade
B. Competition between Dutch and Portuguese traders for markets in Japan
C. European participation in East Asian trade patterns
D. Jesuit missionary work in Japan and China

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The spontaneous forces of capitalism have been steadily growing in the countryside in recent years, with new rich peasants springing up everywhere and many well-to-do middle peasants striving to become rich peasants. On the other hand, many poor peasants are still living in poverty for lack of sufficient means of production, with some in debt and others selling or renting out their land. If this tendency goes unchecked, the polarization in the countryside will inevitably be aggravated day by day. Those peasants who lose their land and those who remain in poverty will complain that we are doing nothing to save them from ruin or to help them overcome their difficulties. Nor will the well-to-do middle peasants who are heading in the capitalist direction be pleased with us, for we shall never be able to satisfy their demands unless we intend to take the capitalist road. Can the worker-peasant alliance continue to stand in these circumstances? Obviously not! There is no solution to this problem except on a new basis. And that means to bring about, step by step, the socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture simultaneously with the gradual realization of socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce; in other words, it means to carry out co-operation and eliminate the rich-peasant economy and the individual economy in the countryside so that all the rural people will become increasingly well off together. We maintain that this is the only way to consolidate the worker-peasant alliance."
Mao Zedong, On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation, 1955
Mao's quotation is best understood in the context of which of the following?
Choices
A. Governments in communist countries implementing liberal political and economic reforms to mitigate social unrest
B. Governments promoting collectivization of the land to reduce inequality between sectors of the population
C. Governments promoting policies intended to hasten industrialization
D. Governments promoting capitalist policies to reduce inequality between sectors of the population

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
As for their men there is no sexual jealousy in them. And none of them derives his genealogy from his father but, on the contrary, from his maternal uncle. A man does not pass on inheritance except to the sons of his sister to the exclusion of his own sons. . . . They are Muslims keeping to the prayers, studying fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and learning the Qur'an by heart. With regard to their women, they are not modest in the presence of men; they do not veil themselves in spite of their perseverance in the prayers. He who wishes to marry among them can marry, but the women do not travel with the husband, and if one of them wanted to do that, she would be prevented by her family. The women there have friends and companions amongst men outside the prohibited degrees of marriage [i.e., other than brothers, fathers, etc.]. Likewise for the men, there are companions from amongst women outside the prohibited degrees. One of them would enter his house to find his wife with her companion and would not disapprove of that conduct.
—Adapted from an account by Ibn Battuta of his travels in Mali during the 1300s
What evidence is there in the passage that the Malians take their Muslim faith seriously?
Choices
A. The genealogy is derived from the maternal side.
B. They study Islamic law faithfully.
C. The men do not yield to sexual jealousy.
D. They enjoy friendship with all, regardless of gender.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The spontaneous forces of capitalism have been steadily growing in the countryside in recent years, with new rich peasants springing up everywhere and many well-to-do middle peasants striving to become rich peasants. On the other hand, many poor peasants are still living in poverty for lack of sufficient means of production, with some in debt and others selling or renting out their land. If this tendency goes unchecked, the polarization in the countryside will inevitably be aggravated day by day. Those peasants who lose their land and those who remain in poverty will complain that we are doing nothing to save them from ruin or to help them overcome their difficulties. Nor will the well-to-do middle peasants who are heading in the capitalist direction be pleased with us, for we shall never be able to satisfy their demands unless we intend to take the capitalist road. Can the worker-peasant alliance continue to stand in these circumstances? Obviously not! There is no solution to this problem except on a new basis. And that means to bring about, step by step, the socialist transformation of the whole of agriculture simultaneously with the gradual realization of socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce; in other words, it means to carry out co-operation and eliminate the rich-peasant economy and the individual economy in the countryside so that all the rural people will become increasingly well off together. We maintain that this is the only way to consolidate the worker-peasant alliance."
Mao Zedong, On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation, 1955
Mao's view of the cooperation of peasant labor most directly reflects the influence of which of the following?
Choices
A. The ideals of communism as stated by Joseph Stalin
B. The ideals of the Enlightenment as stated by political revolutionaries such as Maximilian Robespierre
C. The ideals of classical liberalism as stated by Adam Smith
D. The ideals of globalization as evidenced by multinational trade blocs such as NAFTA or the European Union

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"After the Tencteri came, in former days, the Bructeri; but the general account now is, that the Chamavi and Angrivarii entered their settlements, drove them out and utterly exterminated them with the common help of the [neighboring] tribes, either from hatred of their tyranny, or from the attractions of plunder, or from heaven's [favorable] regard for us. It did not even grudge us the spectacle of the conflict. More than sixty thousand fell, not beneath the Roman arms and weapons, but, grander far, before our delighted eyes. May the tribes, I pray, ever retain if not love for us, at least hatred for each other; for while the destinies of empire hurry us on, fortune can give no greater boon than discord among our foes."
Germania, Publius Cornelius Tacitus, ca. 98 C.E.
The views expressed in the excerpt are best seen as evidence of which of the following in Roman society?
Choices
A. Disgust for barbarian peoples
B. Concern about barbarian attacks
C. Absence of Stoicism among the aristocracy
D. Maintenance of large armies

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
I have, in conformity without resolve, put together some few points concerning the reformation of the Christian estate, with the intent of placing the same before the Christian nobility of the German nation. . . . It is not out of mere arrogance and perversity that I, an individual poor man, have taken upon me to address your lordships. The distress and misery that oppress all the Christian estates, more especially in Germany, have led not only myself, but every one else, to cry aloud and to ask for help. . . . These Romanists have, with great adroitness, drawn three walls around themselves, with which they have hitherto protected themselves, so that no one could reform them, whereby all Christendom has fallen terribly. . . . That the Temporal Power Has no Jurisdiction over the Spirituality . . . That No One May Interpret the Scriptures but the Pope . . . That No One May Call a Council but the Pope. . . . Let us now consider the matters which should be treated in the councils, and with which popes, cardinals, bishops, and all learned men should occupy themselves day and night. . . . It is a distressing and terrible thing to see that the head of Christendom, who boasts of being the vicar of Christ and the successor of St. Peter, lives in a worldly pomp that no king or emperor can equal. What is the use in Christendom of the people called "cardinals"? I will tell you. In Italy and Germany there are many rich convents, endowments, fiefs, and benefices, and as the best way of getting these into the hands of Rome, they created cardinals, and gave them the sees, convents, and prelacies, and thus destroyed the service of God.
—Martin Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
In his letter, Martin Luther avoided speaking about which of the following topics?
Choices
A. The wealth of the church
B. The power of the clergy
C. The sale of indulgences
D. The political nature of the church

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"MAHATMA GANDHI'S MESSAGE.
REMAIN NON-VIOLENT
The following message was sent by Mahatma Gandhi from Waltair:—
Maulana Mohamed AH was arrested at Waltair under sections 107 and 108 to be called upon to give security, to be of good behaviour for one year. The place and date of trial is unknown.
The Begum Saheba and Mr. Hayat were permitted to see him after arrest.
He and I were going to address a meeting outside the station. He was arrested. I continued going to the meeting and addressed them. There is no cause for sorrow, but every cause for congratulation. There should be no hartal. Perfect peace and calmness should be observed. I regard the arrest as a prelude to Swaraj and the redress of the Khilafat and the Punjab wrongs, if we can remain non-violent. Retain Hindu-Muslim Unity despite the madness of some Moplahs, and fulfil the Swadeshi programme.
I hope every Indian, man or woman, will completely boycott foreign cloth and take up spinning or weaving during every spare minute.
By striving like the Maulana, be insistent on religious and national rights.
Let us earn imprisonment. I am conscious of the Maulana's innocence and I am sure the imprisonment of the innocent will enable the nation to reach the cherished goal."
Mohandas Gandhi, The Pilgrims' March, 1921
The instructions indicated in the fourth paragraph to remain nonviolent most likely inspired which of the following historical developments?
Choices
A. The Zionist movement that created the modern state of Israel
B. The independence movements that freed the states of southeast Asia from colonial rule
C. The civil rights movements that changed the legal status of minorities in the United States
D. The communist movement that changed the government of Cuba

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
An Act to place certain restrictions on Immigration and to provide for the removal from the Commonwealth of Prohibited Immigrants.
…
3. The immigration into the Commonwealth of the persons described in any of the following paragraphs in this section (hereinafter called "prohibited immigrants") is prohibited, namely
(a) Any person who when asked to do so by an officer fails to write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer;
(b) Any person in the opinion of the Minister or of an officer to become a charge upon the public or upon any public or charitable organisation;
…
(g) Any persons under a contract or agreement to perform manual labour within the Commonwealth: Provided that this paragraph shall not apply to workmen exempted by the Minister for special skill required by Australia…
Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 (Australia)
Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to this country endangers the good order of certain localities within the territory thereof;
Therefore,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or having so come after the expiration of said ninety days to remain within the United States.
SEC. 2. That the master of every vessel who shall knowingly bring within the United States on such vessel, and land or permit to be landed, any Chinese laborer, from any foreign port or place, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars for each and every such Chinese laborer so brought, and may be also imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year….
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (United States)
Which of the following economic activities did the most to drive the rising levels of immigration that led to the enactment of the law described in the second passage?
Choices
A. Railroad construction
B. Fertilizer harvesting
C. Sugarcane production
D. Gold mining

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The quicksilver mines of Huancavelica are where the poor Indians are so harshly punished, where they are tortured and so many Indians die; it is there that the noble caciques [headmen] of this kingdom are finished off and tortured. The same is true in all the other mines: the silver mines of Potosi [and others]….The owners and stewards of the mines, whether Spaniards, mestizos, or Indians, are such tyrants, with no fear of God or Justice, because they are not audited and are not inspected twice a year….
And they are not paid for the labor of traveling to and from the mines or for the time they spend at the mines. The Indians, under the pretext of mining chores, are made to spend their workdays herding cattle and conveying goods; they are sent off to the plains, and the Indians die. These Indians are not paid for their labor, and their work is kept hidden.
And [the mine owners] keep Indian cooking women in their residences; they use cooking as a pretext for taking concubines….And they oblige the Indians to accept corn or meat or chicha [corn beer]…at their own expense, and they deduct the price from their labor and their workdays. In this way, the Indians end up very poor and deep in debt, and they have no way to pay their tribute.
There is no remedy for all this, because any [colonial official] who enters comes to an agreement with the mine owners, and all the owners join forces in bribing him….Even the protector of the Indians is useless;…he [does not] warn Your Majesty or your royal Audiencia [court] about the harms done to the poor Indians."
Excerpt from The First New Chronicle and Good Government [abridged], by Felipe Guaman Poma de Alaya. Selected, translated, and annotated by David Frye. Copyright 2006 Hackett Publishing Company. Reprinted with permission from the publisher.
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, The First New Chronicle and Good Government, ca. 1610
The views expressed in the passage are best seen as evidence for which of the following in the society of Spanish South America?
Choices
A. The formal adoption of debt slavery as a means to clear debts
B. The absence of corruption among elites
C. The king's lack of interest in the welfare of Native American subjects
D. The imposition of social stratification based on origin of birth

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The Chinese are all infidels: they worship images, and burn their dead just like the [Hindus]. The King of China is a Tartar, and one of the descendants of [Ghenghis] Khan…In all the Chinese provinces, there is a town for the [Muslims], and in this they reside. They also have cells, colleges, and mosques, and are made much of by the Kings of China…
When we approached this city [of Hangzhou] we were met by its judge, the [elders] of Islamism, and the great merchants. The [Muslims] are exceedingly numerous here. This whole city is surrounded by a wall: each of the six [districts of Hangzhou] is also surrounded by a wall. In the first reside the guards, with their commander. I was told that, in the muster-rolls, these amount to twelve thousand…In the second division are the Jews, Christians, and the Turks who worship the sun: these are numerous, their number is not known: and theirs is the most beautiful city. Their streets are well disposed, and their great men are exceedingly wealthy. There are in the city a great number of [Muslims], with some of whom I resided for fifteen days; and was treated most [honorably]…"
Ibn Battuta, Voyages, 1332–1346 C.E.
Which of the following conclusions about the period 600 C.E.–1450 C.E. is most directly supported by the passage?
Choices
A. Long-distance contact between civilizations stagnated.
B. New religious traditions overturned prior lasting religious beliefs.
C. The empires of steppe nomads united trade links across Eurasia.
D. Technological developments spread across trade routes.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Every two months His Majesty sends from Lima 60,000 pesos to pay for the mita of the Indians. Up on the Huanacavelica range there are 3,000 or 4,000 Indians working in the mercury mine, with picks and hammers, breaking up the ore. And when they have filled up their little sacks, the poor fellows, loaded down, climb up those ladders and rigging, so distressing that a man can hardly get up them. That is the way they work in this mine, with many lights and the loud noise of the pounding and great confusion. Nor is that the greatest evil; that is due to thievish and undisciplined superintendents. According to His Majesty's warrant, the mine owners at Potosí have a right to the mita of 13,300 Indians. These mita Indians earn each day 4 reals. Besides these there are others not under obligation, who hire themselves out voluntarily: these each get from 12 to 16 reals, and some up to 24, according to how well they wield their picks or their reputation for knowing how to get the ore out.
Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa, report on mining in Huanacavelica and Potosí, 1620s
The third principal reason the local Yakut and Tungus natives are ruined is that from the time they first came under Russian control, they have been forced to pay yasak tribute. Some have paid in sables, others in red foxes, still others in cash. At first there were plenty of furbearing animals there, but now there are no sables and not many foxes in those lands, from the shores of the Arctic Ocean all the way south to the great Lena River. Moreover, almost half the natives cannot hunt because they no longer have horses, many of which have been pawned to the yasak collectors.
Heinrich von Füch, "On the Treatment of Natives in Northeast Siberia," 1744
Both passages are best seen in the context of which of the following broad developments?
Choices
A. Emerging systems of coerced labor
B. The expansion of chattel slavery
C. Increased reliance on prison-camp workforces
D. Colonization of overseas territories by joint-stock companies

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Source 1:
"You may well ask: "Why direct action? Why sit-ins, marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?" You are quite right in calling, for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored. My citing the creation of tension as part of the work of the nonviolent-resister may sound rather shocking. But I must confess that I am not afraid of the word "tension." I have earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth. Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, we must we see the need for nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of tension in society that will help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice and racism to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood."
Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1966
Source 2:
"We, men and women, who hereby constitute ourselves as the National Organization for Women, believe that the time has come for a new movement toward true equality for all women in America, and toward a fully equal partnership of the sexes, as part of the world-wide revolution of human rights now taking place within and beyond our national borders.
The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men.
We believe the time has come to move beyond the abstract argument, discussion and symposia over the status and special nature of women which has raged in America in recent years; the time has come to confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings."
National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose, 1966
Source 3:
"The long-term goal of Gay Liberation, which inevitably brings us into conflict with the institutionalized sexism of this society, is to rid society of the gender-role system which is at the root of our oppression. This can only be achieved by eliminating the social pressures on men and women to conform to narrowly defined gender roles. It is particularly important that children and young people be encouraged to develop their own talents and interests and to express their own individuality rather than act out stereotyped parts alien to their nature.
As we cannot carry out this revolutionary change alone, and as the abolition of gender rotes is also a necessary condition of women's liberation, we will work to form a strategic alliance with the women's liberation movement, aiming to develop our ideas and our practice in close inter-relation. In order to build this alliance, the brothers in gay liberation will have to be prepared to sacrifice that degree of male chauvinism and male privilege that they still all possess."
Gay Liberation Front, Manifesto, 1971
According to the text, the authors of Source 3 see which of the following as an obstacle to achieving Gay Liberation?
Choices
A. Rigid societal gender roles
B. Conflicts with the women's rights movement
C. Societal privileging of some races over others
D. Inequity in pay scales

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
At the peak of their power, the domains of the Mongol khans, or rulers, made up a vast realm in which once-hostile peoples lived together in peace and virtually all religions were tolerated. . . . The law code first promulgated by Chinggis Khan ordered human interaction. The result was an important new stage in international contact. From eastern Europe to southern China, merchants and travelers could move across the well-policed Mongol domains without fear for their lives or property. The great swath of Mongol territory that covered or connected most of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East served as a bridge between the civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere. The caravans and embassies that crossed the Mongol lands transmitted new food, inventions, and ideas from one civilized pool to others and from civilized pools to the nomadic peoples who served as intermediaries. Secure trade routes made for prosperous merchants and wealthy, cosmopolitan cities. They also facilitated the spread of foods [and] inventions . . . a major force for economic and social development and the enhancement of civilized life.
—Robert Guisepi, 1992
Which statement most accurately compares the Mongol (post-classical) empire with the Persian (classical) empire?
Choices
A. Both the Mongols and the Persians allowed conquered peoples to maintain their local traditions and cultures.
B. The Mongols invested in building large-scale monuments, whereas the Persians focused on public works.
C. Both the Persians and the Mongols improved the social, economic, and legal status of women.
D. The Mongols created a new syncretic belief system, but the Persians maintained a traditional monotheistic religion.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"At least one of the [world's] societies would have to somehow enormously increase its productivity [in order to achieve global hegemony]. That quantum jump would have to be made before the various scientific, technological, agricultural, and industrial revolutions on which our post-quantum-leap world rests. It could only be accomplished by exploiting the ecosystems, mineral resources, and human assets of whole continents outside the lands of the society making the jump. Western Europe did just that by means of its brutality and guns and, more important, by geographical and ecological luck."
Copyright © 2015 Cambridge University Press.
Alfred Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism, 2004
Which of the following would best support the author's assertion regarding the "quantum jump" that would help Western Europe achieve global hegemony between 1450 and 1750 C.E.?
Choices
A. The colonization of the interior of Africa
B. The conquest of the Aztec Empire
C. The reformation of Catholic Christianity
D. The isolationism of Tokugawa Japan

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Literacy rates among the Russian-speaking population of late Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, 1897–1955
Literacy Rate
1897  24%
1917  45%
1926  56%
1937  75%
1939  81.10%
1955  99.90%
Source: Census data and Soviet Ministry of Education
The information presented in the above chart is best understood in which of the following historical contexts?
Choices
A. Educational reform in the modern era
B. Centralized and state-directed campaigns of modernization
C. Experimentation with syndicalist forms of socio-economic organization
D. Second-stage industrialization in the non-Western world

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
Whether the question be to continue or to discontinue the practice of sati, the decision is equally surrounded by an awful responsibility. To consent to the consignment year after year of hundreds of innocent victims to a cruel and untimely end, when the power exists of preventing it, is a predicament which no conscience can contemplate without horror. But, on the other hand, to put to hazard by a contrary course the very safety of the British Empire in India is an alternative which itself may be considered a still greater evil. When we had powerful neighbours and greater reason to doubt our own security, expediency might recommend a more cautious proceeding, but now that we are supreme my opinion is decidedly in favour of an open and general prohibition.
William Bentinck, Govenor-General of India, "On the Suppression of Sati," 1829
I have made it my study to examine the nature and character of the Indians [who trade with us], and however repugnant it may be to our feelings, I am convinced they must be ruled with a rod of iron, to bring and keep them in a proper state of subordination, and the most certain way to effect this is by letting them feel their dependence on [the foodstuffs and manufactured goods we sell them].
George Simpson, Head of Northern Department, Hudson's Bay Company, 1826
The authors of both passages served institutions associated with which of the following colonial techniques commonly used by Western imperial powers?
Choices
A. Direct rule by the crown
B. Complete privatization of colonial authority
C. Martial law enforced by sizable armies
D. The chartering of companies to assume costs and share profits

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
I walk alongside the column, ask what's going on.
A soldier says simply: "They call up more every day.
"Some of us were sent north to the Yellow River at age fifteen,
And now at forty we're heading off to the garrisons in the west.
On our first tour, the village headman had to tie our bandannas for us.
When we came back, our hair was white, but still there's more unrest.
The frontier garrisons run with blood, enough to fill an ocean,
But the Martial Emperor's territorial ambitions have yet to crest.
In the hundred districts east of the mountains, throughout the land of Han,
There must be ten thousand villages that brambles now infest.
Even if wives are strong enough to handle a hoe and plow,
The crops grow every which way, the fields are all a mess.
It's hardest for the Shanxi men, with their reputations as fighters:
They're rounded up like dogs or chickens, every male impressed.
"But sir, though it's good of you to ask,
Complaining isn't part of the soldier's task.
We can only shake our heads. Take this winter:
The Shanxi troops were never sent home.
The District Officers are demanding the land tax,
But where will it come from? You can't get blood from a stone!
I honestly think it's bad luck to bear a son now,
It's better to have a daughter: at least she can marry
And live with the neighbors next door.
But a son will end up lying on some distant prairie."
Du Fu, "Ballad of the Army Carts," ca. 750 C.E.
The poem provides evidence of which of the following with respect to gender relations in Tang society?
Choices
A. Confucian relationships between husband and wife were still strong in Tang society.
B. Imperial rescripts emphasized the birth of able sons over daughters to fulfill conscription quotas.
C. Agricultural work could be shared by women and men alike.
D. Traditional Chinese gender relations were reversed during the reign of Empress Wu Zetian.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"The Chinese are all infidels: they worship images, and burn their dead just like the [Hindus]. The King of China is a Tartar, and one of the descendants of [Ghenghis] Khan…In all the Chinese provinces, there is a town for the [Muslims], and in this they reside. They also have cells, colleges, and mosques, and are made much of by the Kings of China…
When we approached this city [of Hangzhou] we were met by its judge, the [elders] of Islamism, and the great merchants. The [Muslims] are exceedingly numerous here. This whole city is surrounded by a wall: each of the six [districts of Hangzhou] is also surrounded by a wall. In the first reside the guards, with their commander. I was told that, in the muster-rolls, these amount to twelve thousand…In the second division are the Jews, Christians, and the Turks who worship the sun: these are numerous, their number is not known: and theirs is the most beautiful city. Their streets are well disposed, and their great men are exceedingly wealthy. There are in the city a great number of [Muslims], with some of whom I resided for fifteen days; and was treated most [honorably]…"
Ibn Battuta, Voyages, 1332–1346 C.E.
Compared to the observations expressed in the excerpt, Mongol administration of its Russian domains in the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. differed in that it
Choices
A. was only tolerant of Orthodox Christianity, while the Mongol administration in China favored many religious traditions
B. relied heavily on tribute from the Russian principalities, while the Mongol administration in China emulated a centralized Chinese bureaucratic state
C. was viewed favorably by its subjects, while the Mongol administration in China encountered immense domestic unrest
D. stimulated Russian export of trade goods to China, while the Mongol administration in China intentionally curtailed Chinese economic activity

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: This question refers to the following information.
"When the Portuguese go from Macao in China to Japan, they carry much white silk, gold, musk, and porcelain: and they bring from Japan nothing but silver. They have a great carrack which goes there every year and she brings from there every year about six hundred coins: and all this silver of Japan, and two hundred thousand coins more in silver which they bring yearly out of India, they employ to their great advantage in China: and they bring from there gold, musk, silk, copper, porcelains, and many other things very costly and gilded.
When the Portuguese come to Canton in China to traffic, they must remain there but certain days: and when they come in at the gate of the city, they must enter their names in a book, and when they go out at night they must put out their names. They may not lie in the town all night, but must lie in their boats outside of the town. And, their time expired, if any man remains there, he is imprisoned."
Ralph Fitch, an account of his travels to the Far East, 1599 C.E.
Which of the following developments from the period 1750–1900 C.E. most directly undid the trade patterns mentioned in the first paragraph?
Choices
A. The discovery of certain goods that the Chinese were interested in purchasing from European merchants
B. Enlightenment revolutions in Europe and the Americas
C. The Industrial Revolution
D. The colonization of Africa

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D