Question:
Question: Weber said that the 'spirit of capitalism' could be traced back to:
Choices
A. the movement towards religious pluralism
B. inspirational Protestant groups who revived religious ideas
C. new religious movements who rejected traditional forms of labour
D. Calvinists who engaged in ascetic practices to gain signs of salvation

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The terms 'crisis of the 1970s' is used to refer to:
Choices
A. declining profits and rising unemployment
B. the eradication of the welfare state
C. rising divorce rates and the decline of the traditional family
D. an unfortunate twist in fashion sensibility

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The Macpherson Report highlighted the increasing problem of:
Choices
A. hate crimes: violence against ethnic minorities simply because of their race
B. institutional racism: systematic forms of disadvantage built into the routines and practices of social institutions
C. overt racism in the police force that must be tackled by institutional reforms
D. growing numbers of asylum seekers in need of long term accommodation

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Seven people standing silently while waiting for a bus at a bus stop is an example of which of the following?
Choices
A. A primary group
B. A secondary group
C. An aggregate
D. A social category

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Environmentalist social movements are global in the sense that:
Choices
A. they increase our awareness of risks that affect the whole planet
B. they appeal to universal values and human rights
C. they use global media to generate publicity
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Chodorow (1978) argued that gender socialization occurred through:
Choices
A. both boys and girls being closely attached to their mothers, but then boys breaking away
B. girls being attached to their mothers but then breaking away
C. boys being attached to their fathers and girls to their mothers
D. both boys and girls being closely attached to their fathers, but girls breaking away

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'new man' of the 1980s was alleged to be:
Choices
A. sensitive, caring, and emotional
B. laddish, aggressive, and violent
C. a strong and dependable breadwinner
D. openly bisexual and proud of it

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In the 1960s, comprehensive schools did not eradicate class inequalities in education because:
Choices
A. they tended to recruit pupils from the inner cities and traditionally working class areas
B. selective schools could still 'cream off' the most able pupils, while the comprehensives put children into ability streams
C. teachers in comprehensive schools used the restricted code in the classroom, whereas working class pupils used elaborated codes of speech
D. national testing and league tables made the new schools highly competitive and selective

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In idealized views of science, the experimental method is said to involve:
Choices
A. testing out new research methods to see which one works best
B. isolating and measuring the effect of one variable upon another
C. using personal beliefs and values to decide what to study
D. interpreting data subjectively, drawing on theoretical paradigms

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: An 'open' society is one that:
Choices
A. grants every member equal status
B. does not have any official secrets in its government
C. has permissive attitudes towards sexual behaviour
D. allows people to move between levels of the hierarchy

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The Nation of Islam group appealed to:
Choices
A. British-born second generation immigrants from the Asian subcontinent
B. White Americans who wanted to convert to Islam
C. African-Americans who felt excluded from the 'ethnic melting pot' in the USA
D. African-Caribbeans who lived in the inner cities and had a distinctive youth culture

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Comte's term 'positivism' refers to:
Choices
A. a theory that emphasizes the positive aspects of society
B. the precise, scientific study of observable phenomena
C. a theory that posits difficult questions and sets out to answer them
D. an unscientific set of laws about social progress

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Theories of racialized discourse suggest that:
Choices
A. race is an objective way of categorizing people on biological grounds
B. the idea of race is socially constructed through powerful ideologies
C. race relations in Britain and America can be traced back to colonial times
D. people choose their racial identity and this becomes fixed

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A major car accident occurs. One man stops his car and starts helping people. After seeing him stop, others also stop and start helping. Which of the following theories best explains the scenario?
Choices
A. Convergence
B. Emergent-norm
C. Contagion
D. Value-added

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A new highway extends from a major city though an area used for farmland. Which of the following is most likely to happen as a result?
Choices
A. Farmers will increase the acreage under production.
B. The city will evolve into a multiple nuclei model.
C. Suburbanization will develop because the time it takes to commute to the city has been decreased.
D. People from the countryside will move to the city, depopulating the farmland region.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: According to W. E. B. Dubois, progress for African Americans in the aftermath of slavery
Choices
A. depended on the small group of African Americans receiving the same thorough and extensive education as the most talented White Americans were able to access
B. involved their use of skills they already had from farming, domestic work, and labors of rural life rather than being forced to learn new skills in the late 1800s
C. required that they be trained and prepared as craftspeople and service employees so they could become immediately self-sufficient
D. required them to move to large cities where they would be accepted as equals in government, religion, and education

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Pluralist theories suggest that:
Choices
A. the state's power can be exercised through several different administrative structures
B. the ruling elite is composed of people from various class backgrounds
C. political parties must compete for the votes of 'consumers' in the electorate
D. there is a close alignment between class background and party preference

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The term 'over-urbanization' means that:
Choices
A. life in modern Western cities is so far removed from that of the Third World that we find it difficult to understand these societies
B. in poorer countries, the rapidly developing cities drain resources from the rural areas
C. the extent to which urbanization affects development has been exaggerated
D. governments are so preoccupied with urbanization in the West that they forget to attend to problems in the Third World

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The capitalist class of the mid-twentieth century were said to join the upper class because they:
Choices
A. participated in the same leisure pursuits and events of the 'social calendar'
B. emulated the lifestyle and cultural values of the traditional aristocracy
C. owned companies and financial assets that generated wealth through corporations
D. had direct, personal ownerships of land and businesses as physical assets

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The term inter-generational mobility refers to:
Choices
A. movement into a different occupational category over a person's lifetime
B. movement into different occupational categories between generations
C. movement into a higher occupational category
D. movement into an occupation that generates a lower income

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The term 'culture industry', used by members of the Frankfurt School, referred to:
Choices
A. the globalization of culture through new technologies
B. the way in which cultural products were bought and sold for profit
C. the development of subcultures and counter-cultures in society
D. the way in which industrialization had created new means of communication

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: According to Hakim (1995, 1996), the majority of part-time work is done by women because:
Choices
A. part-time jobs pay relatively high wages and so are financially beneficial
B. they make a rational choice to combine employment with their 'home-centred' lives
C. their choices are constrained by structural factors, such as being unable to afford childcare
D. full time work is not available in the kinds of occupations that they want to enter

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A sect is organised around:
Choices
A. beliefs that can be challenged by members, a charismatic leader, and openness to new recruits
B. tolerance towards other religions and the separation of church and state
C. voluntary membership, democratic leadership, and high levels of emotional commitment
D. the idea of the secular world itself as being sacred

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: What is the name of the process by which we acquire a sense of identity and become members of society?
Choices
A. rationalization
B. colonization
C. McDonaldization
D. socialization

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Pre-testing a questionnaire is useful for:
Choices
A. finding out which topics are important to the respondents
B. testing out your computer and printer
C. identifying any problems with the question wording and routing
D. deciding which respondents to leave out of the final sample

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Judith Butler (1999) suggested that:
Choices
A. sexual characteristics are the biological determinants of gender
B. heterosexuality and homosexuality are essential, opposing identities
C. the 'two-sex' model replaced the 'one-sex' model in the eighteenth century
D. gender is performed through bodily gestures and styles to create 'sex'

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Patterns of drug use in Britain reveal that:
Choices
A. it has increased and is no longer confined to a hedonistic youth subculture
B. the most commonly used recreational drug is Ecstasy
C. teenage girls are more likely to experiment with hard drugs than teenage boys
D. despite a series of moral panics, the use of illegal drugs is very rare

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Murray thought that the 'underclass' consisted of people who:
Choices
A. formed an inferior 'race' with low levels of intelligence
B. lived morally unsound lives of crime and squalor
C. were too reliant upon welfare benefits
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Religious organizations such as the Church of Norway, Islam, the Church of England, and the Church of Greece have which of the following characteristics in common?
Choices
A. They are cultures as well as churches.
B. They practice separation of church and state.
C. They exclude women as clergy.
D. They are monotheistic.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A researcher mailed 1,000 questionnaires to members of a labor union and received 300 back. Most of those who returned the questionnaires indicated that they were dissatisfied with the union. Results based only on the returned questionnaires are most likely contaminated by
Choices
A. response rate bias
B. researcher bias
C. confusing correlation and causation
D. statistical regression

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Role-learning theory suggests that
Choices
A. we internalise and take on social roles from a pre-existing framework
B. we create and negotiate our roles through interaction with others
C. social roles are not fixed or stable but fluid and pluralistic
D. roles have to be learned to suppress unconscious motivations

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Post-modernist writers have argued that:
Choices
A. we live in a world of superficial, fragmented images
B. no theory is better than any other: 'anything goes'
C. society has changed and we need new kinds of theory
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Leroy visits his parents, who live in a primarily African American working-class neighborhood. During his visit, he notices that the community is changing. Several developments have been built to accommodate single-family homes, and upscale shopping centers have been added. While Leroy appreciates these changes, he is worried that his parents will not be able to afford to continue living in their neighborhood because property values are rising. Which of the following best explains what is happening to Leroy's old neighborhood?
Choices
A. Gentrification
B. Urbanization
C. White flight
D. The demographic transition

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Warner's study of the city of Natchez in the American Deep South showed that the 'colour line' there was:
Choices
A. no longer a powerful influence upon race relations
B. a way of marking out the land so that black people had less space for housing
C. a new policy that had been introduced to assimilate black and white groups
D. a sharp division between black and white castes, underpinned by beliefs about white superiority

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The social construction of childhood can be traced back to:
Choices
A. the introduction of compulsory education
B. increasingly emotional ties between parents and children
C. new consumer goods for children, such as clothes, toys and books
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In Marx's theory, the 'mode of production' means:
Choices
A. the way in which products are made in a factory
B. the average measure of productivity under capitalism
C. the organization of a society's technical and human resources
D. an integral part of the superstructure of a society

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The trend of decarceration involves:
Choices
A. community alternatives to imprisonment and institutional care
B. the increased use of imprisonment as the main form of punishment
C. transferring the management of prisons to private companies
D. decentralized organization due to the mobility of capital

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The work of Smart suggested that:
Choices
A. the rates of violent crime were similar for men and women
B. women's sexual delinquency was more likely to be normalized than men's
C. women's criminal behaviour tended to reflect traditional gender roles
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Allen's (2001) study of nurses showed that:
Choices
A. nurses perform a great deal of emotional labour for which they are not paid
B. the policies of Project 2000 had the effect of de-professionalising the career of nursing
C. more men were moving into nursing, which challenges some of the prevailing stereotypes about the occupation
D. the role of the nurse was ambiguous and had to be constantly redefined in the context of everyday interactions with other staff and patients

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following best describes the practice of placing the blame for the problems of a society on one particular group?
Choices
A. Ethnocentrism
B. Stereotyping
C. Scapegoating
D. Institutionalization

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Dahrendorf, Rex, and Habermas focused their attention on:
Choices
A. social solidarity and cohesion
B. the interpretive understanding of action
C. women's experiences and gendered knowledge
D. power, domination, and conflict

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Sreberny-Mohammadi (1996) argues that national cultures can resist American cultural domination of the media by:
Choices
A. domesticating its content, including more 'home-produced' programmes
B. controlling the distribution of imported products by banning satellite dishes
C. creating 'reverse flows' of their own programmes back to imperial societies
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Mulholland (1998) argued that privatization changed the relationship between companies and managers in that:
Choices
A. flexibility was reduced by the introduction of detailed daily worksheets
B. the state had greater control than managers over production processes
C. ownership was transferred from small shareholders to senior managers
D. employment depended on performance rather than trust and commitment

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is consistent with results of current research conducted in the area of gender roles and the workplace?
Choices
A. In about a quarter of households with children, men stay home with the children so their wives can work.
B. Most women believe that there is equal opportunity today between men and women in career choice, advancement, and income.
C. Most men believe that women should be homemakers because men earn more money.
D. Most men married to working women do not share housework and childcare obligations equally with their working wives.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Socialization is:
Choices
A. the formation of an attachment bond between an infant and its carer
B. a tendency of social theorists to explain everything in terms of social causes
C. the process of becoming part of a society by learning its norms and values
D. the historical process by which societies change from traditional to modern

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The term 'assets' refers to:
Choices
A. the culturally valued commodities and standards of living that make the poor feel relatively deprived
B. the flow of money a person receives from their salary or wage
C. a stock of economic resources, including land, shares and bank deposits
D. the 'slices' of the population who own differing amounts of wealth

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In the traditional hierarchy of status and precedence, which of these members of the upper class are in the right order (from highest to lowest status)?
Choices
A. Prime Minister, Archbishop of York, Viscounts of England
B. Marquesses of England, Earls of Great Britain, King's Brothers
C. Esquires, Serjeants of Law, Dukes' Eldest Sons
D. King's Grandsons, Lord High Treasurer, Companions of the Bath

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Social norms are:
Choices
A. creative activities such as gardening, cookery and craftwork
B. the symbolic representation of social groups in the mass media
C. religious beliefs about how the world ought to be
D. rules and expectations about interaction that regulate social life

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'nuclear family' means:
Choices
A. a group of people sharing living accommodation and meals
B. a network of relatives extended within or between generations
C. the new family created when an adult leaves home and gets married
D. a two generation unit of parents and their children

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The rise of new social movements indicates that:
Choices
A. people vote according to pragmatic issues and concerns
B. consumer identities are more important than class identities
C. personal, cultural and environmental issues can mobilise political consciousness just as much as economic interests
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following sociological perspectives views society as a system of interdependent and coordinated parts?
Choices
A. Functionalism
B. Conflict theory
C. Symbolic interactionism
D. Role theory

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Post-Fordist forms of media production and consumption involve:
Choices
A. the mass production of standardized products for passive audiences
B. television based on producer-broadcaster rather than publisher-broadcaster models
C. a diverse range of products aimed at niche markets
D. increasing numbers of advertisements for motoring and car-related products

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Marx said that the development of the labour movement through factory-based production would turn the working class into:
Choices
A. a class in itself
B. a class by itself
C. a class for itself
D. a ruling class

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In stage 3 of the 'health transition', the main causes of illness and death are:
Choices
A. acute, infectious diseases such as typhus, measles and cholera
B. respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and asthma
C. chronic, degenerative diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, and strokes
D. too diverse to put into one category

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Sociologists like Bordo (1993) have attributed the 'epidemic' of anorexia in Western cultures to:
Choices
A. a generally ascetic, frugal lifestyle that can be taken to extremes
B. traditional images of women as emotional, domesticated, and unassertive
C. the social construction of mental illness, through which 'normal' patterns of behaviour are pathologized
D. the new ideal of independent, self-assured femininity, combined with cultural values of achievement and control

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: One of the difficulties in 'operationalizing' concepts like social class is that:
Choices
A. definitions and indicators can vary, making valid comparisons problematic
B. there are no reliable indicators of such widely contested ideas
C. it takes all the fun out of armchair theorising
D. it has little use for applied, empirical research about the topic

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In the 1990 reform of the National Health Service, hospitals became:
Choices
A. self-governing trusts competing for purchasing contracts from health authorities
B. state-controlled providers, dependent on funding from the central government
C. increasingly detached from health authorities and providers of private health care
D. less inclined to run themselves efficiently, as demand for health care was falling

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Law and order was privatized in the 1980s and 1990s through:
Choices
A. the expansion of private security companies
B. the building of private prisons
C. the introduction of market disciplines to measure police performance
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'correspondence principle' (Bowles & Gintis) suggests that:
Choices
A. schools prepare children for work by teaching them to be obedient
B. teachers and parents tend to have similar attitudes to learning
C. children who write lots of letters develop a better grasp of language
D. boys' and girls' educational achievements have recently become similar

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Class segregation was apparent in mid-twentieth century Britain insofar as:
Choices
A. middle class owner-occupiers moved into the inner city through gentrification
B. working class communities formed in the inner cities, while the middle classes moved out to the suburbs
C. the middle classes lived in the countryside while the working class lived in the city
D. the upper and middle classes dominated public space, while working class people were more home-centred

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self emphasizes
Choices
A. the manner in which young children come to a realization that they have a separate identity
B. the difficulty one experiences in seeing oneself as others do
C. how one's self-concept is based on one's perception of how others see one
D. how one's self-concept is heavily influenced by one's physical appearance

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Queer Theory makes the claim that:
Choices
A. heterosexuality is the normal and most desirable way to be
B. the sexual categories and discourses we use are based upon true, underlying biological differences
C. deviant forms of masculinity are seen as more threatening to the gender order than deviant forms of femininity
D. all sexualities are pluralistic, fragmented and frequently reconstructed

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Scott (1991) introduced the term 'power elite' to describe:
Choices
A. the ruling class, or bourgeoisie, who exploit the proletariat
B. a capitalist class dependent on property ownership and advantaged life chances
C. an alignment of classes with shared interests but no state power
D. a state elite whose members are drawn overwhelmingly from a power bloc

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A sociologist is conducting research on institutional power relations at a local hospital. The sociologist is on staff at the hospital for several weeks, recording data as field notes. This method of research is called
Choices
A. experimentation
B. secondary data analysis
C. participant observation
D. survey administration

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In Symbolic Interactionist theory, Mead defined the 'generalized other' as:
Choices
A. the group of structural theories of society that he was reacting against
B. the overall impression of ourselves that we try to give off to others
C. a significant figure in early childhood who teaches us the general values of society
D. an image of how people in the wider society might perceive our behaviour

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: According to Davis (1995), women may seek cosmetic surgery because:
Choices
A. they have a deep-rooted sense of ineffectiveness and are striving for control
B. they are in pursuit of the 'perfect' body, fuelled by images of beauty
C. they perceive a part of their body as stigmatizing, in relation to a cultural ideal
D. their male partners pressurize them to look like supermodels

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Marx (1844) claimed that capitalism had alienated workers from:
Choices
A. the product they were making
B. the production process
C. each other and humanity in general
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Herberg's (1955) study of religion in America suggested that:
Choices
A. ethnic minorities practised religion to achieve social acceptance in the culture
B. mainstream faiths were becoming increasingly identified with national identity
C. the moral teachings of the main religions were becoming relatively similar
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Structural-Functionalists describe society as:
Choices
A. a complex network of interaction at a micro-level
B. a source of conflict, inequality, and alienation
C. an unstable structure of social relations
D. a normative framework of roles and institutions

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Booth's (1901) study revealed that the percentage of people in London who were living in poverty was:
Choices
A. 30.70%
B. 27.50%
C. 18.60%
D. 33.20%

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Traditional working class identity was based around:
Choices
A. shared working conditions in the manufacturing industry
B. the class consciousness of members of the proletariat
C. local communities, extended kinship networks and shared leisure pursuits
D. collective aspirations to move into the middle class

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Bernstein thought that using 'restricted codes' of language disadvantaged pupils at school because:
Choices
A. this pattern of speech made them the target of bullying
B. they referred to explicit, context independent meanings
C. they prevented children from communicating outside of their peer groups
D. they involved short, simple sentences with a small vocabulary

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Telework is a form of employment that involves:
Choices
A. running one's own business through telephone helplines or hotlines
B. working at home for an outside employer, using information technology
C. babysitting and other jobs within a local network, through the informal economy
D. combining non-manual work with the leisure activity of watching television

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Frank (1967) made the claim that 'underdeveloped' societies were:
Choices
A. insufficiently involved in the international capitalist economy
B. reluctant to surrender their traditional ways of life
C. economically dependent on the wealthy countries that exploited them
D. the 'metropoles' to which 'satellite' countries were attached

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The case of the former Soviet Union supports Kerr et al.'s (1960) claim that:
Choices
A. totalitarian regimes are incompatible with the requirements of advanced industrial technology
B. democratic governments serve the interests of a ruling elite
C. advanced industrial technology strengthens the power of totalitarian regimes
D. communist societies disperse power between various political parties

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The print revolution of the nineteenth century resulted in:
Choices
A. mass production, mass circulation, and the decline of serious content
B. the public ownership of newspapers as a shared resource
C. more people going to the cinema as a new leisure activity
D. a reduction of 'virtual communities' on the Internet

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The term 'feminist standpoint' suggests:
Choices
A. taking a stand on the issues neglected by feminism
B. studying society from the perspective of women
C. the recognition of difference and diversity in women's lives
D. a tendency to ignore the gendered nature of knowledge

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Ethnographic research produces qualitative data because:
Choices
A. the findings are amenable to statistical analysis
B. it is conducted over a period of several years
C. it uncovers rich, detailed accounts from an insider's perspective
D. it compares findings from a number of different cases

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Marx proclaimed that religion would disappear when:
Choices
A. a new trend of moral individualism became established
B. a socialist revolution removed the need for capitalist ideology
C. church attendance dropped below 15%
D. people came to believe more in science and technology

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is not a feature of globalization?
Choices
A. an increasing awareness of the world as a whole
B. the extended power of nation states
C. the destruction of distance through communications technologies
D. the stretching of social relations beyond national boundaries

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Someone who gains a higher (or lower) social position than he or she was born into has experienced
Choices
A. absolute poverty
B. relative poverty
C. vertical mobility
D. horizontal mobility

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A survey should avoid asking:
Choices
A. fixed-choice questions
B. short questions
C. leading questions
D. funnelled questions

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The theory of development which suggests that societies move from traditional to modern, industrial forms of organization is called:
Choices
A. Westernization theory
B. Modernization theory
C. Industrialization theory
D. Dependency theory

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In modern societies, social status is typically measured by a person's:
Choices
A. age
B. income
C. verbal fluency
D. occupation

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Sociology differs from common sense in that:
Choices
A. it focuses on the researchers' own experiences
B. it makes little distinction between the way the world is and the way it ought to be
C. its knowledge is accumulated from many different research contexts
D. it is subjective and biased

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: World-affirming religions:
Choices
A. embrace conventional cultural values but offer new means of achieving them
B. react against the loss of any meaningful religious content in the teachings of churches
C. adopt an attitude of mild disapproval towards mainstream social values
D. reject both the goals and means of conventional society and provide utopian alternatives

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'extension pattern' that Parker (1976) identified was said to be:
Choices
A. the lifestyle of clerical and unskilled manual workers, who saw leisure time as a chance to escape from alienating work
B. characteristic of professionals and skilled workers, whose work interests spilled over into leisure time
C. a neutral balance between work and leisure as neither connected nor oppositional, as evidenced by semi-skilled manual and clerical workers
D. the tendency of students to leave essay-writing until the last minute and then ask for an extended deadline

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Weber defined a 'class situation' as:
Choices
A. the exploitation of the working class by their capitalist employers
B. a social group's consciousness of their status and life chances
C. a person's position in the capital, product and labour markets, based on their economic resources
D. the lifestyle of a social class, as defined by patterns of consumption

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The introduction of market principles to educational policy in the 1980s resulted in:
Choices
A. more funding for students in higher education
B. the delegation of power and budgetary control to LEAs
C. a reduction in parental choice of school
D. increased state regulation through national testing and inspections

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Smith & Tomlinson argued that:
Choices
A. differences in ethnic background were more significant than class or gender in predicting educational achievement
B. racism in schools undermined the move towards equality of opportunity for children from ethnic minorites
C. school character far outweighed ethnic background in determining educational success
D. gender differences in educational achievement could be attributed to inequalities of class

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'post-industrial society' identified by Bell (1973) involved:
Choices
A. the increasing power of trade unions in resolving industrial disputes
B. a resurgence of interest in industrial production and manufacturing
C. a shift towards a service economy, based on knowledge and information
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: White-collar crime is low in visibility because:
Choices
A. it involves only small amounts of money
B. the proletariat can outsmart the bourgeoisie
C. the police turn a blind eye to corporate crime
D. it goes undetected in the context of everyday business transactions

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: With industrial capitalism, leisure emerged as a concept that meant:
Choices
A. distinct periods of non-work and relaxation
B. regulated and organized activities to reduce social disorder
C. the growth of civic, municipal culture through public libraries, museums and art galleries
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A moral panic occurs when:
Choices
A. the media exaggerate reports of deviant groups, generating hostile reactions
B. children watch violent or sexually explicit films and then copy the behaviour
C. audiences challenge the ethnic stereotypes represented by the media
D. elitists express concern with the Americanization of culture

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'demographic transition' is a social trend that involves:
Choices
A. a reduction in population size, caused by a higher rate of emigration than immigration
B. a change in the principal causes of death and disease since industrialization
C. increased birth and death rates, resulting in a relatively young population
D. a decline in the birth rate, greater life expectancy, and an ageing population

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: 'Snowballing' is an example of:
Choices
A. probability sampling
B. non-probability sampling
C. cluster sampling
D. using the Christmas vacation constructively

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'class polarization' that Marx predicted referred to:
Choices
A. the division of each social class into the more or less privileged
B. a growing gap between rich and poor, resulting in class consciousness
C. the growth of intermediate strata in the middle classes
D. the tendency for the working class to live in very cold places

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In the context of the labour movement in the nineteenth century, 'incorporation' meant:
Choices
A. including union representatives in processes of policy decision making
B. creating links between the state and corporate organizations
C. recruiting women into full time paid employment
D. including working class organizations in political bargaining and representation

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Millions of immigrant children who entered the United States learned English and the duties of citizenship while attending public schools in the communities in which they settled. This is an example of which of the following sociological concepts?
Choices
A. Acculturation
B. Collective behavior
C. Social stratification
D. Social mobility

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The capitalist world economy is what Wallerstein (1974) would call a 'world system'. This term refers to:
Choices
A. a means of transporting money between different areas of a country
B. an empire with a bureaucratic administration but no political centre
C. an awareness of risks and dangers that affect the environment as a whole
D. a unit with a division of labour that extends across ethnic and cultural groups

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: According to Foucault, carceral organizations:
Choices
A. emphasised human relations and employee satisfaction
B. increased the amount of power held by managers
C. stripped inmates of their previous identities
D. isolated people and put them under surveillance

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is not recognised as a level of society?
Choices
A. the household
B. the office
C. the global village
D. the nation state

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Ethnic identity refers to:
Choices
A. the objective categories of ethnicity used in the census
B. a felt sense of group membership on the basis of religion, language, or history
C. the imposition of a racial label on a minority by a powerful majority
D. the fragmented and pluralistic nature of ethnicity

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Marriage appears to be in decline because:
Choices
A. the proportion of people living alone has fallen to 29%
B. many people are cohabiting in long term relationships
C. the upward curve of remarriages compensates for the drop in first marriages
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The market model of state welfare is based on the principle of:
Choices
A. individuals buying welfare privately, with some means-tested benefits
B. regular benefit payments to men as earners of the 'family wage'
C. a universalist system of welfare for all, regardless of income
D. decommodifying social welfare through state provision

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The term feminization of poverty refers to:
Choices
A. the critical deconstruction of 'poverty' by feminist theorists
B. women's increased chances of being in poverty, due to low pay and greater welfare dependency
C. the way in which managing a budget and avoiding poverty tends to be a woman's responsibility within the home
D. the disproportionate number of female sociologists who do research on poverty

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is not identified as a new form of community?
Choices
A. ethnic communities, based on shared identity and experiences of discrimination
B. gay villages, which are formed in certain parts of large cities
C. sociological communities, formed by unpopular lecturers
D. virtual communities that exist only in cyberspace

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The use of 'indentured labour' in the nineteenth century involved:
Choices
A. people being transported to the British colonies and forced to work for one employer under poor conditions
B. the sale of African people through the slave trade in the 'Atlantic triangle'
C. selecting the most skilled workers in factories to promote their employer's company overseas
D. extracting the teeth of the laziest workers to stop them from talking

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Cultural restructuring has involved:
Choices
A. regenerating cities in economic decline
B. turning industrial landscapes into tourist attractions
C. selling sites and images through the 'symbolic economy' of media advertising
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following was not part of Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy?
Choices
A. impersonal rules
B. extensive paperwork
C. hierarchy of officials
D. Salaries

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is the most important agent of socialization in early childhood?
Choices
A. A preschool provider
B. A peer group
C. The mass media
D. The family

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is not a 'research purpose'?
Choices
A. triangulation
B. explanation
C. description
D. exploration

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: 'Scientific' theories in the nineteenth century tried to explain race in naturalistic terms. Which of the following ideas was not considered?
Choices
A. genetics
B. evolution
C. height
D. brain size

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is not a regular national survey carried out by the British government?
Choices
A. Labour Force Survey
B. General Household Survey
C. Fashion Sensibility Survey
D. Family Expenditure Survey

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following industries did Blauner (1964) suggest was most alienating to its employees?
Choices
A. machine-based factory work
B. textile work as craft production
C. car manufacturing in assembly plants
D. chemical processing with automated practices

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'decentralized city' can be identified by:
Choices
A. the shift of employment and services away from the inner city towards multiple centres in smaller towns and rural areas
B. the degendering of public space as women use local facilities more
C. gentrification: the movement of middle class people back into the inner city
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Lombroso claimed that:
Choices
A. criminals were socialized into an 'underworld' of crime
B. no act is intrinsically deviant
C. biological failings drove some people into crime
D. women were less likely to be arrested than men

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Warner and Myrdal claimed that black former slaves were not joining the 'ethnic melting pot' of the North American cities because:
Choices
A. the white population did not believe in liberty, equality, and democracy
B. they wanted to retain a strong sense of their original ethnic identity
C. they were not prepared to leave the Southern states and move to North America
D. the promise of citizenship was contradicted by continued discrimination

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: When Berger & Luckmann said that reality is socially constructed, they meant:
Choices
A. scientists are guided in their work by social values and interests, so they define and measure phenomena that will support their theories
B. people negotiate shared definitions of their situation and live according to these, often forgetting that these social worlds are not fixed and external
C. sociologists decide what constitutes social reality and measure only that
D. terms like 'reality' have no deeper meaning beyond the level of discourse

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following groups or organizations can be identified as having the characteristics of a bureaucracy?
Choices
A. An extended or consanguine family, including all the relatives by blood, marriage, or adoption
B. The government of a large city
C. A book club in which books are chosen by members who take turns alphabetically to lead discussion
D. The volunteers who gather annually to clean the neighborhood

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Pilcher (1999) identified soap operas as a 'feminine genre' of media because:
Choices
A. most of the characters in soap operas are women
B. they represent images of women as both domesticated and independent
C. they alienate women and appeal to an audience of men
D. female television producers are most likely to work in this area

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of these was not one of Townsend's (1979) indicators of relative deprivation?
Choices
A. lacking exclusive use of a bath or shower
B. living in housing with serious structural defects
C. buying fewer than twenty DVDs in the previous year
D. going without a week's holiday in the previous year

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Children who are still sucking their thumbs when they enter kindergarten are often subject to teasing and ridicule for this behavior. What type of social sanction is applied in this instance?
Choices
A. Formal positive sanction
B. Formal negative sanction
C. Informal positive sanction
D. Informal negative sanction

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The concept of political culture refers to the
Choices
A. way that cultural products, such as novels or paintings, reflect the political ideologies of their creators
B. basic beliefs and orientation toward politics that are shared widely by the members of a culture
C. political beliefs and attitudes shared by people in public offices
D. ideological biases of the mass media

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Walt Disney, Sony and Time Warner are examples of:
Choices
A. transnational corporations
B. multi-media empires
C. ownership concentrated within one medium
D. government-owned companies

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Equilibrium theories of social change emphasize
Choices
A. globalization
B. stability and the structure of society
C. secularism and mechanization
D. industrialization

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following best describes the definition of poverty used by the United States government?
Choices
A. It specifies the poverty line at a level set in the 1960s and adjusted since to reflect inflation.
B. It includes the value of government services, such as Medicaid or public housing, when setting the poverty line.
C. It is based on the concept of relative deprivation, and the poverty line changes as the distribution of income changes.
D. It is based on the concept of lifestyle, and the poverty line varies according to the needs of the individual.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'absolute' poverty line is drawn to show:
Choices
A. the most extreme level of poverty that is found in a society
B. the estimated minimum level of income needed for subsistence
C. households that are poor, relative to the norms and values of their culture
D. the areas of a city in which poverty is concentrated

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: 'Eyeballing' is a technique that involves:
Choices
A. reading a textual document quickly to understand the gist of it
B. gathering a sample from whoever you can see in a public place
C. scanning a table to identify general patterns and significant figures
D. keeping your eyes on research participants at all times

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following was not a strategy used by the Conservative government of 1979 to reduce the power of the labour movement?
Choices
A. making all strike action illegal
B. imposing restrictions on picketing
C. banning political strikes that were not primarily concerned with the worker's own conditions of work
D. making secondary action (in support of workers elsewhere) illegal

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In the nineteenth century, homosexuality was understood as:
Choices
A. a positive identity in which gay people could take pride
B. an absolute taboo, which meant that all homosexuals were isolated
C. a subordinate form of masculinity that threatened 'compulsory heterosexuality'
D. confirmation of the two-sex model

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The population pyramid of a population that has had a slightly larger birth rate than death rate for several generations will most likely have which of the following shapes?
Choices
A. Wider at the top than in the middle
B. Wider at the bottom than at the top
C. Bulging in the middle
D. Having parallel sides

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'new racism' refers to:
Choices
A. a subtler form of prejudice, masked by nationalist pride
B. a post-modern deconstruction of racist ideas to reveal their lack of depth
C. racist practices found in newly emerging areas of social life, such as cyberspace
D. an anti-fascist movement which challenges nationalist politics

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Giselle graduated from college with high honors in management. She was recruited immediately following college by a large corporation and accepted a position in junior management. She quickly advanced to middle management. Ten years later Giselle was still in a middle-management position and had witnessed junior male colleagues promoted over her. Which of the following is a phenomenon that is most likely to explain Giselle's lack of promotion?
Choices
A. Glass ceiling
B. Gender constancy
C. Underemployment
D. Glass elevator

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The Mafia is an example of:
Choices
A. white collar crime
B. organized crime
C. non-criminal deviance
D. global terrorism

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Goldthorpe identified the 'service class' as:
Choices
A. those in non-manual occupations, exercising authority on behalf of the state
B. people working in consultancy firms who were recruited by big businesses
C. the young men and women employed in domestic service in the nineteenth century
D. those who had worked in the armed services

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Industrial production in the nineteenth century was characterized by:
Choices
A. increasing numbers of women in high status positions
B. cottage industries and homeworkers doing piecework in the domestic sphere
C. the 'managerial revolution' by which ownership and control became separate
D. power-driven machinery and the concentration of workers in large workplaces

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The term 'collective consumption' (Castells 1977) refers to:
Choices
A. the privatization of public services by the Conservative government
B. the lifestyle practice of shopping in peer groups
C. the form of tuberculosis suffered by those who collect stamps
D. the provision of health, housing, and education services by the state

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The deviant subculture of homosexuals who met in seventeenth and eighteenth century London was called the:
Choices
A. pollies
B. mollies
C. dollies
D. lollies

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Robert and Tanya are married and live with their three children. Their family unit is called
Choices
A. a family of orientation
B. a nuclear family
C. an extended family
D. a communal family

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In Durkheim's work, the term 'collective representations' refers to:
Choices
A. effervescent ceremonies that create a feeling of belonging
B. images of gods or totems that are widely recognized
C. shared ideas and moral values, often symbolized by an object or figurehead
D. ideological tools used to obscure class divisions

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is not a characteristic of totalitarian societies?
Choices
A. indoctrination and propaganda
B. freedom of movement for citizens
C. one-party rule
D. a centrally planned economy

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Freud's notion of the 'ego' referred to:
Choices
A. the unconscious mass of instinctive drives that may be repressed
B. the self as a whole: an unstable mix of conscious and unconscious elements
C. the conscious part of the mind that regulates emotional drives on a practical, rational level
D. the neurotic part of the mind that longs for belonging and may suffer an inferiority complex

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following theories focuses on how society manages to carry out the activities necessary to maintain order and stability?
Choices
A. Functionalism
B. Interactionism
C. Rational-choice theory
D. Conflict theory

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is a personal document with closed access?
Choices
A. government 'white paper'
B. confidential medical records
C. household account book
D. the shares register of a business

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The tripartite system used the 11+ exam to select pupils for:
Choices
A. popular schools that lay outside their catchment area
B. private, public and comprehensive schools
C. grammar, technical, and secondary modern schools
D. polytechnics, colleges and universities

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Durkheim defined social facts as:
Choices
A. ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that are collective and social in origin
B. the way scientists construct knowledge in a social context
C. data collected about social phenomena that are proven to be correct
D. ideas and theories that have no basis in the external, physical world

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The media-themes model of media influence claims that:
Choices
A. audiences selectively interpret what they want to hear
B. content analysis is the best way to identify the themes covered by the media
C. audiences passively absorb whatever messages they are given
D. social interaction reinforces the ideas and images that audiences select

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Bowlby's maternal deprivation thesis claimed that:
Choices
A. mothers who are living in poverty cannot afford to give their children the resources that other children enjoy
B. children deprived of an early, secure attachment to their mother are prone to suffer physically, intellectually and socially in later life
C. 'mothering' is a socially constructed activity identified in the narratives of new mothers
D. deprivation is something children inherit, usually through their mother's side

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: War became possible between nation states in the nineteenth century because:
Choices
A. the world was divided into several rival overseas empires
B. industrialization provided better transport, technology and administration
C. there was intense economic, political and military competition
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is not identified by Fulcher & Scott as a criterion of community?
Choices
A. a shared sense of identity and belonging together
B. common activities involving all-round relationships
C. a fixed geographical location
D. collective action based on common interests

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The 'Great Migration' of 1916-1919 meant that Chicago became an ethnically diverse city. The consequence of this was:
Choices
A. assimilation: all racial boundaries were dissolved by the 'ethnic melting pot'
B. multiculturalism: all ethnic identities were celebrated equally
C. most ethnic groups were integrated into mainstream society, but the black population remained in the city's ghettos
D. racism: the white host population were hostile and prejudiced towards migrants

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: According to Scott (1990), a document is 'authentic' if it:
Choices
A. is a sincere and accurate account, free from political bias
B. is representative of all the similar documents that did not survive
C. has both a literal and an interpretable meaning
D. is a 'sound' original, or reliable copy, of known authorship

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is not a consequence of global tourism?
Choices
A. decreased rates of prostitution and sex tourism
B. developing countries can depend on it as a crucial source of income
C. the exploitation of cheap, unregulated labour in poor countries
D. we have become more aware of 'other' societies and ways of living

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following did Thatcher's government not strive to achieve:
Choices
A. marketization and privatization
B. individual freedom, choice and responsibility
C. generous financial benefits for single parents, students and the unemployed
D. the rolling back of the welfare state

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: One of the ethical problems with covert participant observation is:
Choices
A. not being able to write comprehensive fieldnotes or record conversations
B. deceiving the respondents as to the reason for your presence
C. observing people outside of their natural setting
D. subjecting the participants to physical harm

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The embourgeoisement thesis suggests that:
Choices
A. capitalists are being replaced by salaried managers with bureaucratic authority
B. the affluent working class is adopting middle class values and ways of life
C. white collar occupations are being 'deskilled' by the introduction of new technologies into the workplace
D. the class structure has fragmented and there are no longer any distinct social classes

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Women have been excluded from the public sphere because:
Choices
A. industrial capitalism separated the middle class home from the workplace
B. those who enter paid employment have been 'sidelined' into particular fields
C. it is difficult to succeed in 'malestream' politics without compromising their femininity
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Economic aid has largely failed to promote modernization in the developing countries because:
Choices
A. there are no clearly defined projects into which the money can be directed
B. the United Nations has refused to call on rich countries to provide it
C. debt repayments with interest can be greater than the amount of money received
D. debt repayments with interest can be greater than the amount of money received

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: How is terrorism different from the types of crime described by the Chicago School?
Choices
A. it is committed on a larger, often global, scale, and is well organized
B. it is associated with political conflict between states and their citizens
C. it can have far-reaching effects upon international relations
D. all of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The human relations approach emphasized the importance of:
Choices
A. scrutinizing employees as they interacted with customers
B. teamwork, communication and employee satisfaction
C. strict control and discipline to ensure high productivity
D. providing therapy and counselling in the workplace

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following did Domhoff not identify as a process of decision-making in the USA?
Choices
A. the ideology process
B. the exploitation process
C. the policy-formation process
D. the candidate-selection process

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A valid disjunctive syllogism has a major premise that:
Choices
A. includes two or more alternatives
B. classifies subjects
C. affirms the antecedent or denies the consequent
D. leads to a valid conclusion

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following best describes the fallacy of style over substance?
Choices
A. Changing the meaning of a word or phrase from one part of the argument to another.
B. Confusing figurative language with literal language.
C. Reasoning that ideas presented in an appealing manner are correct, regardless of the content of the message.
D. Using emotionally charged language to create an impression about the subject of a claim, without making an argument that the language fits the subject.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following fallacies is a way of suppressing evidence that eliminates a source of evidence from consideration by claiming the source is flawed, when there is no true relationship between the alleged flaw and the reliability of the source?
Choices
A. significance
B. snob appeal
C. poisoning the well
D. appeal to anonymous authority

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The false analogy fallacy is
Choices
A. a specific type of false cause fallacy that argues that since two event happened at the same time one event must have caused the other
B. arguing that an event that preceded another event necessarily is the cause of the second event
C. arguing that since something is new it is necessarily good
D. drawing a conclusion based on a comparison when the items being compared are not similar enough to support the conclusion.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The _ad nauseam_ fallacy is
Choices
A. arguing that something should be done because that's the way it's been done in the past.
B. arguing that an act should be carried out because it will not have any significant consequences, when there is no evidence of the effects
C. reasoning that a conclusion is true because it's been claimed so often
D. reasoning that a claim is true because so many people believe it is true

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Arguing that what is true of an entire object is also true of each part of that object is the fallacy of
Choices
A. false criteria
B. hasty generalization
C. ad crumenam
D. division

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following describes the horse laugh fallacy?
Choices
A. responding to an argument with an expression of derision instead of a counter argument
B. attempts to gain agreement based solely the feelings aroused by the message
C. characterizing an opponent's position in such way to make it or its consequences appear to be ridiculous
D. arguing actions should be taken to avoid negative results, when those results are exaggerated, unlikely, or irrelevant

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Arguing that a lack of evidence proves something is the fallacy of...
Choices
A. Appeal to ignorance
B. Double negative
C. Equivocation
D. Burden of proof

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The argument against the person consists of
Choices
A. ignoring another person's arguments and attacking her character instead
B. asserting an opposing arguer has taken an easily defeated position, which she has not really taken
C. causing confusion during an argument by a lack of ability to engage in refutation
D. using threats of harm instead of reasoning to gain agreement

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following fallacies happens when someone concludes that someone must be honest because the people he hangs around with are honest?
Choices
A. Laudatory personality
B. Guilt by association
C. Reprehensible personality
D. Circular reasoning

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Asking a question that includes an unproven assumption may lead to which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. Appeal to ignorance
B. Extension
C. a priori
D. Complex question

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Polonius in William Shakespeare's Hamlet: "Your noble son is mad: Mad call I it, for to define true madness, What is't but to be nothing else but mad?"
Choices
A. Attacking the Person (ad hominem)
B. Equivocation
C. Begging the Question
D. Appeal to Pity

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Notice from the Hyatt Regency Hotel in New Orleans: We are pleased to confirm your reservation. It will be held on a space-available basis.
Choices
A. Equivocation
B. Affirming the Consequent
C. Gambler's Fallacy
D. Inconsistency

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The natural law fallacy is
Choices
A. arguing that something is necessarily bad because it doesn't cost very much
B. substituting individual stories for a larger sample when supporting a generalization
C. arguing that what is true in nature must be true about humans
D. the same thing as the  post hoc  fallacy

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: If someone uses an emotionally charged restatement of a claim in place of support for the claim, that person may have committed which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. Style over substance
B. Question begging epithets
C. Hypostatization
D. Amphiboly

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it is called the fallacy of...
Choices
A. Tu quoque
B. Composition
C. Appeal to the masses
D. Appeal to reason

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: _Ad populum_. is another name for which fallacy?
Choices
A. poisoning the well
B. suppressed evidence
C. appeal to pride
D. appeal to the people

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In a valid disjunctive syllogism the minor premise must
Choices
A. accept one choice
B. reject all but one choice
C. either A or B
D. none of the above

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following describes the fallacy of appeal to spite?
Choices
A. responding to an argument with an expression of derision instead of a counter argument
B. arguing against a position based only on negative personal feelings toward the position
C. arguing someone should do something only because that person dislikes someone else
D. saying someone shouldn't do something because if he or she does it people won't like him or her

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: _Ad hominem_ is another name for the fallacy of
Choices
A. appeal to loyalty
B. reducing to an absurdity
C. ignorance of refutation
D. argument against the person

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The fallacy of appeal to the person is rejecting a claim by...
Choices
A. Using rhetoric
B. Making false statements
C. Ignoring the person
D. Criticizing the person who makes it

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Another name for hasty conclusion is
Choices
A. hasty generalization
B. post hoc ergo prompter hoc
C. jumping to a conclusion
D. ad novitatem

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: John S. Knight, Detroit Free Press (3 July 1970): ...Capitalism is the economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit. The alternative system is called socialism, the theory of the ownership and operation of the means of production by society, with all members sharing in the work and the products.
Choices
A. Begging the Question
B. False Dilemma
C. Straw Man
D. Appeal to Gallery (Provicialism)

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The fallacy of composition is
Choices
A. attributing the cause of an event to a simple cause when the cause is more complex
B. arguing that what is true of part of an object must be true of the entire object
C. drawing a conclusion without enough evidence to support that conclusion
D. drawing a conclusion based on sign reasoning when there is not really a direct relationship between the alleged sign and the subject of the conclusion

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: " _Ad crumenam_ " is a specific kind of
Choices
A. False analogy
B. Hasty Generalization
C. False sign
D. Hasty Conclusion

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following fallacies happens when someone draws a conclusion that is simply a restatement of one of the premises?
Choices
A. Laudatory personality
B. Guilt by association
C. Accident
D. Begging the question

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: I don't know what the answer is to number 8. But Heather hasn't made the third option into the correct answer for a while, and even then only once, so I'm guessing that this is the fallacy of Composition!
Choices
A. Gambler's Fallacy
B. Equivocation
C. Fallacy of Composition
D. Appeal to Pity

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: When someone argues that making a change will have no significant effect, but there is no evidence that the effect will not be significant, that person has committed which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. poisoning the well
B. solid slope
C. appeal to tradition
D. argument from authority

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following best describes the fallacy of question begging epithets?
Choices
A. Treating something that exists in the mind as if it was a real object.
B. A form of loaded language that uses an emotionally charged restatement of the claim, often in the form of name calling, in place of support for the claim.
C. Changing the meaning of a word or phrase from one part of the argument to another.
D. Reasoning that ideas presented in an appealing manner are correct, regardless of the content of the message.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following describes he fallacy of appeal to pride?
Choices
A. arguing a claim should be accepted based only on evidence that unidentified authorities accept it.
B. arguing someone should accept a claim based only on the evidence that he or she has the favorable characteristics to understand the truth of the claim.
C. arguing something should be done based only on evidence that it's been done that way in the past, or should be believed only because it's been believed for a long time.
D. arguing that an act or series of acts should be carried out because they will have no significant consequences, when there is no evidence for the lack of significant effects.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A syllogism that is formally invalid
Choices
A. cannot be materially true
B. might be materially true
C. might be materially untrue
D. both B and C

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Another name for the fallacy of false dilemma is
Choices
A. Guilt by association
B. Circular reasoning
C. Laudatory personality
D. False dichotomy

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: When someone responds to your argument with a sarcastic statement such as, "Yeah, right. Like that's ever going to happen," that person may have committed which fallacy?
Choices
A. appeal to indignation
B. appeal to spite
C. horse laugh
D. tu quoque

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The _post hoc_ fallacy is
Choices
A. arguing that a single event caused another when the cause is really several events
B. arguing that since two things happened at the same time one must have caused the other
C. drawing a conclusion about a causal relationship when there is no evidence of a causal relationship
D. arguing that since one event preceded another event the first event must have caused the second event

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The fallacy of reprehensible personality is a specific type of
Choices
A. the fallacy of accident
B. False dilemma
C. Begging the question
D. Circular reasoning

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: _A priori_ is a fallacy that involves
Choices
A. asking a question that includes either an unproven assumption or more than one question, thus making a straightforward yes or no answer meaningless.
B. arguing something is inferior just because it doesn't do something it was never intended to do.
C. arguing that a claim must be true because there is no evidence that it is false.
D. reasoning that determines the conclusion one wants first, then accepts only evidence supporting that conclusion, or interprets all evidence as support for that conclusion.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: If you say an opposing arguer has taken a position that you can easily defeat, when he or she has not taken that position, then you go on to defeat that position and claim to have done significant damage to that arguer's overall argument, you are probably guilty of which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. genetic fallacy
B. appeal to emotions
C. straw person
D. ignorance of refutation

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: "The minor premise must affirm the antecedent or deny the consequent" is a way to determine the validity of which type of argument?
Choices
A. Categorical syllogism
B. Disjunctive syllogism
C. Hypothetical syllogism
D. Toulmin model

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Arguing that someone couldn't have done something good because he is incapable of doing good commits the fallacy of
Choices
A. Begging the question
B. False dilemma
C. Accident
D. False dichotomy

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The complex proposition fallacy involves
Choices
A. including more than one claim in the proposition and treating proof for one claim as proof for all the claims.
B. asking a question that includes either an unproven assumption or more than one question, thus making a straightforward yes or no answer meaningless.
C. arguing that a claim must be true because there is no evidence that it is false.
D. arguing something is inferior just because it doesn't do something it was never intended to do.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Anecdotal evidence is a specific kind of
Choices
A. False sign
B. False criteria
C. False cause
D. Hasty Generalization

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Fallacies can be psychologically persuasive even though they are...
Choices
A. Psychologically impotent
B. Logically flawed
C. Deductively valid
D. Inductively valid

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Referring to an act committed by an opponent in negative terms while referring to the same act committed by the arguer or supporters in favorable terms describes which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. Ambiguity
B. Special pleading
C. Reification
D. Hypostatization

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following explanations best fits the fallacy of ignorance of refutation?
Choices
A. asserting an argumentative opponent has taken an easily defeated position, which the opponent has not really taken, defeating the position, and acting as if you've done significant damage to that person's overall argument.
B. causing confusion during refutation because of a real or feigned lack of the ability to engage in refutation
C. characterizing an opposing argument in such a way to make it or its consequences appear to be ridiculous
D. arguing an action should be taken based only on the need to be loyal to someone or to a group

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Another name for the fallacy of reducing to an absurdity is
Choices
A. tu quoque
B. ad baculum
C. ad hominem
D. reductio ad absurdum

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Another name for the fallacy of complex question is
Choices
A. Fallacy of interrogation
B. Compound proposition
C. Appeal to ignorance
D. Extension

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The appeal to joy fallacy involves
Choices
A. arguing that someone should do something based only on the assertion that it will make him or her feel happier
B. causing confusion during refutation because of a lack of ability to engage in refutation
C. arguing for a conclusion based only on feeling sorry for someone when that feeling is irrelevant to the conclusion
D. arguing someone should do something only because other people will like him or her for doing it

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Another name for the fallacy of accident is
Choices
A. Sweeping generalization
B. Black-or-white fallacy
C. Petitio principii
D. False dichotomy

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following describes the fallacy of evading the issue?
Choices
A. arguing that someone should do something only because of ill will towards someone else
B. characterizing an opponent's position in a way that makes it seem ridiculous
C. supporting a claim with evidence or reasoning that is not relevant to the proposition, or responding to another's argument by changing the subject
D. attempting to gain agreement based only on the feelings aroused in the message

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Including more than one claim in a proposition may lead to which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. Complex question
B. Appeal to ignorance
C. Compound proposition
D. Extension

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following fallacies happens when someone concludes that someone couldn't have done something bad because he or she has good qualities?
Choices
A. Laudatory personality
B. Guilt by association
C. Reprehensible personality
D. Circular reasoning

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following describes the fallacy of appeal to popularity?
Choices
A. saying someone should do something because he or she dislikes someone else
B. saying someone should do something to be better liked by others
C. saying someone should do something because it will make him or her feel good
D. saying someone should accept an idea because of the source of the idea

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which fallacy happens because of a failure to recognize the alternatives presented are not mutually exclusive?
Choices
A. Begging the Question
B. Accident
C. Circular reasoning
D. False dilemma

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In a conditional syllogism, when the minor premise denies the antecedent
Choices
A. no valid conclusion can be drawn
B. the conclusion must affirm the consequent
C. the conclusion must deny the consequent
D. the conclusion must affirm the antecedent

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The Dean was showing a visitor around the campus. The visitor asked, "About how many students do you have here?" After a moment of reflection the Dean replied, "Oh, I'd guess about one in a hundred."
Choices
A. Equivocation
B. Fallacy of Division
C. Appeal to Authority
D. Denying the Antecedent

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The appeal to anonymous authority fallacy consists of
Choices
A. reasoning that an act or series of acts should be carried out because they will have no significant consequences, when there is no evidence there will be no consequences.
B. arguing that a claim should be accepted based on the evidence that a large number of people accept it
C. arguing that something should be done because it has been done in the past
D. arguing a claim should be accepted based only on the assertion that unidentified authorities accept it

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A hasty generalization is a fallacy of...
Choices
A. Acceptable premises
B. Unacceptable premises
C. Deduction
D. Acceptable but untrue premises

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following best describes the fallacy of figure of speech?
Choices
A. Using emotionally charged language to create an impression about the subject of a claim, without making an argument that the language fits the subject.
B. Treating something that exists in the mind as if it was a real object.
C. Confusing figurative language with literal language.
D. A form of loaded language that uses an emotionally charged restatement of the claim in place of support for the claim.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The fallacy of extension consists of
Choices
A. asking a question that includes either an unproven assumption or more than one question, thus making a straightforward yes or no answer meaningless.
B. arguing something is flawed because it doesn't do what it was never intended to do.
C. arguing about something when you don't know what you're talking about
D. including more than one claim in the proposition and treating proof for one claim as proof for all the claims.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Arguing that a claim must be true because there is no evidence that it is false is which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. a priori
B. Extension
C. Appeal to ignorance
D. plurium interrogationum

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following describes the fallacy of appeal to common practice?
Choices
A. eliminating a source of evidence from consideration by claiming the source is flawed, when there is no true relationship between the alleged flaw and the reliability of the source
B. reasoning that an act or series of acts should be carried out because they will have no significant consequences, when there is no evidence there will be no consequences
C. drawing a conclusion after purposely leaving out evidence or ignoring known evidence that might contradict a claim
D. arguing that something is the right thing to do based only on evidence that other people are already doing it.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following is another name for evading the issue?
Choices
A. "you too" fallacy
B. irrelevant conclusion
C. appeal to fear
D. argument against the person

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: I don't understand why everyone thinks they belong in college. After all, everyone knows that when you are intelligent you'll succeed. But so many people that elect to attend college don't have even the most basic intelligence. How do they expect to get anywhere here?
Choices
A. Attacking the Person (ad hominem)
B. Straw Man
C. Denying the Antecedent
D. Begging the Question

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: When someone treats an imaginary concept as if it was something tangible that person might commit the fallacy of
Choices
A. Question begging epithets
B. Misusing ambiguity
C. Hypostatization
D. Amphiboly

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Another name for hasty generalization is
Choices
A. false criteria
B. secundum quid
C. anecdotal evidence
D. ad crumenam

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: An arguer who threatens another to gain agreement commits the fallacy of
Choices
A. appeal to force
B. tu quoque
C. ignorance of refutation
D. straw person

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which type of syllogism's major premise takes the form, "All A's are B"?
Choices
A. categorical
B. disjunctive
C. conditional
D. hypothetical

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following fallacies happens when someone argues that a choice must be made among a certain set of alternatives, when there are really other alternatives to choose from?
Choices
A. Laudatory personality
B. Accident
C. False dilemma
D. Circular reasoning

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: If you think that someone's argument is strong based on their compelling use of language and confident delivery, you've probably committed which fallacy?
Choices
A. Amphiboly
B. Equivocation
C. Special pleading
D. Style over substance

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following describes the fallacy of appeal to indignation?
Choices
A. attacking the character or background of someone making an argument instead of his or her evidence and reasoning
B. responding to charges of wrongdoing by saying other people do the same thing
C. arguing against a position only based on personal feelings toward the position
D. responding to an argument with an expression of derision instead of a counter argument

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Evading burden of proof is another name for the fallacy of
Choices
A. Extension
B. Appeal to ignorance
C. Complex question
D. Complex proposition

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: In a hypothetical syllogism, when the minor premise affirms the antecedent
Choices
A. no valid conclusion can be drawn
B. the conclusion must affirm the consequent
C. the conclusion must deny the consequent
D. the conclusion must deny the antecedent

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Moses Maimonides, "The Guide of the Perplexed": God, may He be exalted ... existed alone, and nothing else. ...Afterwards, through His will and His volition, He brought into existence out of nothing all the beings as they are, time itself being one of the created things. For time is consequent upon motion, and motion is an accident of what is moved. Furthermore, what is moved...is itself created in time ....
Choices
A. Equivocation
B. Appeal to Authority
C. Inconsisteny
D. Slippery Slope

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: John Stuart Mill: Each person's happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons.
Choices
A. Fallacy of Composition
B. Fallacy of Division
C. Gambler's Fallacy
D. Equivocation

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: _Circulus in probando_ is another name for
Choices
A. The fallacy of accident
B. False dilemma
C. Begging the question
D. Guilt by association

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Arguing that an idea should be accepted or rejected only because of the source of the idea commits which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. genetic fallacy
B. appeal to popularity
C. scare tactics
D. appeal to emotions

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: At the end of the course, Professor Jones told us that we were the best class he had ever had. That's why I'm sure that the 0.0 the appeared on my grade report is a mistake. Surely, if we were as good a class as Professor Jones said we were, none of us deserved to fail.
Choices
A. Fallacy of Composition
B. Fallacy of Division
C. Questionable Cause
D. Appeal to Gallery (Provicialism)

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following best describes the fallacy of equivocation?
Choices
A. A form of loaded language that uses an emotionally charged restatement of the claim in place of support for the claim.
B. Changing the meaning of a word or phrase from one part of the argument to another.
C. Confusing figurative language with literal language.
D. Referring to an act committed by an opponent in negative terms while referring to the same act committed by the arguer or supporters in favorable terms.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The fallacy of appeal to emotions consists of
Choices
A. trying to make an opponent's argument seem ridiculous
B. defending wrongdoing by claiming the opposing arguer does the same thing
C. arguing that an argument should be rejected because the source of the argument
D. trying to get someone else to agree to a claim only by arousing that person's feelings about the subject

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: "To be valid, the minor premise must either agree with the antecedent, or disagree with the consequent" is a requirement for
Choices
A. a disjunctive syllogism
B. a categorical syllogism
C. a conditional syllogism
D. disjunctive enthymeme

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following fallacies happens when someone concludes that someone couldn't have done something good because he or she has negative qualities?
Choices
A. Laudatory personality
B. Guilt by association
C. Reprehensible personality
D. Circular reasoning

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Another name for the bandwagon appeal is
Choices
A. appeal to beliefs
B. appeal to authority
C. appeal to the people
D. common man appeal

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: A valid disjunctive syllogism has which of the following characteristics?
Choices
A. The minor premise must either affirm the antecedent or deny the consequent
B. The minor premise must either accept an alternative or reject an alternative
C. One of the premises is missing
D. It reaches a truthful conclusion

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Appeal to beliefs is another name for which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. ad nauseam
B. appeal to tradition
C. solid slope
D. self evident truths

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: When a claim is supported only by asserting that unidentified experts accept the claim the arguer has committed which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. appeal to tradition
B. ad vericundiam
C. appeal to anonymous authority
D. snob appeal

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The black-or-white fallacy is another name for
Choices
A. The fallacy of accident
B. False dilemma
C. Begging the question
D. Circular reasoning

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The false sign fallacy is
Choices
A. arguing that what is true of part of an object is necessarily true of the entire object
B. arguing that two things are similar enough that what is true of one is true of the other
C. arguing that since something is inexpensive it is necessarily of low quality
D. reasoning by sign when there is really not a direct relationship between the alleged sign and the subject of the argument

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: " _Ad novitatem_ " is
Choices
A. arguing that what is true of a few members of a class is true of all members of the class
B. drawing a conclusion by applying irrelevant criteria to a subject
C. substituting individual stories for a larger sample as support for a claim
D. arguing that something must be good because it is new, or must be bad because it is old

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: When someone tries to support a proposition with information that really has nothing to do with the claim being made, that person has probably committed which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. straw person
B. genetic fallacy
C. irrelevant conclusion
D. ignoratio elenchi

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Applying irrelevant standards to the subject of the argument is the fallacy of
Choices
A. ad crumenam
B. ad antiquitatem
C. false criteria
D. hasty generalization

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: If you argued something is flawed because it fails to do something, when it was never intended to do that, you may have committed which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. ad ignorantium
B. Many questions
C. Extension
D. Compound proposition

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: " _Ad antiquitatem_ " is
Choices
A. a specific type of false cause fallacy that argues that since two event happened at the same time one event must have caused the other
B. a specific type of false sign fallacy that reasons something is necessarily better because it is old, or is worse because it is new
C. a specific type of false sign fallacy that reasons something is necessarily better because it is new, or is worse because it is old
D. arguing that what is true of an individual part of an object must be true of the entire object

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: " _Ad crumenam_ " is
Choices
A. basing a conclusion on an analogy when the items being compared are not similar enough to sustain the analogy
B. a specific type of false sign fallacy that reasons someone is necessarily better because he or she is wealthy, or is worse because he or she is poor
C. drawing a firm conclusion without enough evidence to support that conclusion
D. a specific type of false cause that involves mistakenly attributing the cause of an event to a simple cause when the cause is more complex

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The fallacy of laudatory personality is a specific type of
Choices
A. The fallacy of accident
B. False dilemma
C. Begging the question
D. Circular reasoning

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Appeal to ignorance is a fallacy that involves
Choices
A. determining the conclusion one wants first, then accepting only evidence supporting that conclusion, or interpreting all evidence as support for that conclusion.
B. arguing something is inferior just because it doesn't do something it was never intended to do.
C. arguing that a claim must be true because there is no evidence that it is false.
D. arguing about something when you are ignorant about the subject

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following statements is **not** true?
Choices
A. A formally valid syllogism may be materially untrue
B. A formally valid syllogism must be materially true
C. A materially true conclusion may arise from a formally valid syllogism
D. The formal validity of a syllogism does not guarantee it is materially true

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: "The minor premise must affirm the antecedent or deny the consequent" is a validity requirement of which type of argument?
Choices
A. Toulmin
B. Categorical
C. Disjunctive
D. Conditional (or hypothetical)

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following describes the fallacy of appeal to loyalty?
Choices
A. arguing that someone should do something because it will make him or her better liked by others
B. responding to an argument with an expression of derision
C. arguing that an idea should be accepted only because of who originated the idea
D. arguing that someone should do something to be loyal to a person or a group

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Arguing in favor of a claim based only on the evidence that some regular people believe the claim is one way to commit which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. poisoning the well
B. common person appeal
C. ad numerum
D. suppressed evidence

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The appeal to fear involves
Choices
A. arguing something should be done only because it will make the person doing it feel good
B. arguing someone should do something only because of ill will towards someone else
C. arguing actions should be taken to avoid exaggerated, unlikely, or irrelevant negative results
D. characterizing an opponents position in a way that makes it seem silly

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: It's silly to pass laws against discrimination, since it is obvious that we can't live without it. We discriminate between pleasant and unpleasant tastes in selecting our food, between pleasant and unpleasant sounds in selecting our music, between harmonious and unharmonious colors in decorating our homes, between interesting and uninteresting people in choosing our friends, and so on. We can't live without discriminating.
Choices
A. Prejudicial Language
B. Equivocation
C. Inconsistency
D. Straw Man

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The fallacy of guilt by association is a specific type of
Choices
A. Fallacy of accident
B. Laudatory personality
C. Begging the question
D. Circular reasoning

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Appeal to compassion is
Choices
A. an appeal to emotion that argues against a position based only on negative personal feelings toward the position
B. an appeal to emotion that argues a conclusion should be made based only on feeling sorry for someone
C. an appeal to emotion that argues an action should be taken based only on the need to be loyal to someone
D. arguing that an idea should be accepted based only on who originated the idea

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: When someone uses highly emotionally charged terms during an argument, without giving any reasons why those terms fit the subject, that person may have committed which of the following fallacies?
Choices
A. Special pleading
B. Amphiboly
C. Equivocation
D. Loaded language

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Arguing that someone couldn't have done something good because she holds a particular position commits the fallacy of
Choices
A. Guilt by association
B. False dilemma
C. Reprehensible personality
D. False dichotomy

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: " _Ad antiquitatem_ " is a specific kind of
Choices
A. False cause
B. False sign
C. False analogy
D. Hasty Generalization

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The hasty conclusion fallacy is
Choices
A. arguing that a single event caused another when the cause is really several events
B. making an argument without enough evidence to support the conclusion
C. substituting individual stories for a larger sample in support of a claim
D. reasoning that applies irrelevant criteria to the subject of the argument.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: " _Ad lazarum_ " is
Choices
A. a specific type of false sign that argues there is necessarily an inverse relationship between cost and quality, so something is necessarily a better value because it costs less
B. arguing that what is true of an entire object must also be true of every individual part of that object
C. a specific type of false analogy that reasons what is true about nature must be true about humans
D. drawing a conclusion without enough evidence to support that conclusion

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: All things that are spoiled are inedible. Timothy is spoiled. So, Timothy is inedible.
Choices
A. Equivocation
B. Attacking the Person (ad hominem)
C. Fallacy of Division
D. Questionable Cause

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the statements below is correct about the following argument?

"If the sky is blue there won't be rain. The sky is blue today. Therefore, there won't be rain."
Choices
A. It is a formally valid categorical syllogism
B. It is a formally invalid disjunctive syllogism
C. It is a formally valid conditional syllogism
D. It is a formally invalid conditional syllogism

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Which of the following best describes the snob appeal fallacy?
Choices
A. reasoning that a claim is true based only on the evidence that it has been made so often.
B. arguing someone should accept a claim based only on the evidence that he or she has the favorable characteristics to understand the truth of the claim.
C. arguing a claim should be accepted based only on evidence that unidentified authorities accept it.
D. arguing that someone should accept an idea or product based only on evidence that prestigious people accept it, or that non-prestigious people reject it.

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: "Each term must be used twice, no more and no less," is a test of validity for which type of syllogism?
Choices
A. Enthymeme
B. Categorical
C. Disjunctive
D. Conditional

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The universe, like a watch, must have a maker.
Choices
A. Fallacy of Accident
B. Questionable Analogy
C. Questionable Cause
D. Fallacy of Composition

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: The natural law fallacy is a specific type of
Choices
A. false analogy
B. false cause
C. false criteria
D. false sign

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D


Question:
Question: Given the following major premise, which of the following minor premises could lead to a valid conclusion?

"Either I'm going to do well on this test or I'm going to be mad."
Choices
A. "I won't do well on the test"
B. "I won't take the test"
C. "My birthday is today"
D. both A and B

Choices:
- A
- B
- C
- D