---
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- bookcorpus
- glue
- squad_v2
language:
- en
metrics:
- accuracy
- f1
- exact_match
- matthews_correlation
- pearsonr
library_name: fairseq
---

# MCL base model (cased)

Pretrained model on English language using a Multi-perspective Course Learning (MCL) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.03981.pdf). This model is cased: it makes a difference between english and English.

## Model description

MCL-base is an Electra-stype transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labeling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with three self-supervision courses and two self-correction courses under an encoder-decoder framework:

- Self-supervision Courses : including Replaced Token Detection (RTD), Swapped Token Detection (STD) and Inserted Token Detection (ITD). As for the RTD, taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
  the entire masked sentence through the encoder and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
  BERT models that only conduct pre-training on the encoder. It allows the decoder to futher discriminate the output sentence from the encoder.
- Self-correction Courses: According to the above self-supervision courses, a competition mechanism between $G$ and $D$ seems to shape up. Facing the same piece of data, $G$ tries to reform the sequence in many ways, while $D$ yearns to figure out 
all the jugglery caused previously. However, the shared embedding layer of these two encoders becomes the only bridge of communication, which is apparently insufficient. To strengthen the link between the two components, and to provide more supervisory information on pre-training, we conduct an intimate dissection of the relationship between $G$ and $D$.

This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences, for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the MCL model as inputs.


### Pretraining

We implement the experiments on two settings: \textit{base} and \textit{tiny}.
\textit{Base} is the standard training configuration of BERT$_\text{Base}$.
The model is pre-trained on English Wikipedia and BookCorpus, containing 16 GB of text with 256 million samples.
We set the maximum length of the input sequence to 512, and the learning rates are 5e-4.
Training lasts 125K steps with a 2048 batch size. 
We use the same corpus as with CoCo-LM and 64K cased SentencePiece vocabulary.
\textit{Tiny} conducts the ablation experiments on the same corpora with the same configuration as the \textit{base} setting, except that the batch size is 512.

### Model Architecture

The layout of our model architecture maintains the same as CoCo-LM both on \textit{base} and \textit{tiny} settings. $D$ consists of 12-layer Transformer, 768 hidden size, plus T5 relative position encoding. $G$ is a shallow 4-layer Transformer with the same hidden size and position encoding. 
After pre-training, we discard $G$ and use $D$ in the same way as BERT, with a classification layer for downstream tasks.

## Evaluation results

When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, this model achieves the following results:

Glue test results:

| Task | MNLI-(m/mm) | QQP  | QNLI | SST-2 | CoLA | STS-B | MRPC | RTE  | Average |
|:----:|:-----------:|:----:|:----:|:-----:|:----:|:-----:|:----:|:----:|:-------:|
|      | 88.5/88.5   | 92.2 | 93.4 | 94.1  | 70.8 | 91.3  | 91.6 | 84.0 | 88.3    |


SQuAD 2.0 test results:

| Metric |  EM  |  F1  | 
|:------:|:----:|:----:|
|        | 82.9 | 85.9 | 


### BibTeX entry and citation info

```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-03981,
  author       = {Beiduo Chen and
                  Shaohan Huang and
                  Zihan Zhang and
                  Wu Guo and
                  Zhenhua Ling and
                  Haizhen Huang and
                  Furu Wei and
                  Weiwei Deng and
                  Qi Zhang},
  title        = {Pre-training Language Model as a Multi-perspective Course Learner},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.03981},
  year         = {2023},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.03981},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.2305.03981},
  eprinttype    = {arXiv},
  eprint       = {2305.03981},
  timestamp    = {Thu, 11 May 2023 15:54:24 +0200},
  biburl       = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2305-03981.bib},
  bibsource    = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
```