---
language: en
tags:
- multimodal
- text
- image
license: other
datasets:
- HuggingFaceM4/OBELICS
- wikipedia
- facebook/pmd
- laion/laion2B-en
---
TODO: logo?
# Model Card for m4-80b
IDEFICS (**I**mage-aware **D**ecoder **E**nhanced à la **F**lamingo with **I**nterleaved **C**ross-attention**S**) is an open-access reproduction of Flamingo, a closed-source visual language model developed by Deepmind. The multimodal model accepts arbitrary sequences of image and text inputs and produces text outputs and is built solely on public available data and models.
IDEFICS (TODO) is on par with the original model on various image + text benchmarks, including visual question answering (open-ended and multiple choice), image captioning, and image classification when evaluated with in-context few-shot learning.
The model comes into two variants: a large [80 billion parameters version](https://huggingface.co/HuggingFaceM4/m4-80b) and a [9 billion parameters version](https://huggingface.co/HuggingFaceM4/m4-9b).
We also fine-tune these base models on a mixture of SFT datasets (TODO: find a more understandable characterization), which boosts the downstream performance while making the models more usable in conversational settings: (TODO: 80B-sfted) and (TODO: 9B sfted).
# Table of Contents
- [Model Card for m4-80b](#model-card-for--model_id-)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Model Details](#model-details)
- [Model Description](#model-description)
- [Uses](#uses)
- [Direct Use](#direct-use)
- [Downstream Use [Optional]](#downstream-use-optional)
- [Out-of-Scope Use](#out-of-scope-use)
- [Bias, Risks, and Limitations](#bias-risks-and-limitations)
- [Recommendations](#recommendations)
- [Training Details](#training-details)
- [Training Data](#training-data)
- [Training Procedure](#training-procedure)
- [Preprocessing](#preprocessing)
- [Speeds, Sizes, Times](#speeds-sizes-times)
- [Evaluation](#evaluation)
- [Testing Data, Factors & Metrics](#testing-data-factors--metrics)
- [Testing Data](#testing-data)
- [Factors](#factors)
- [Metrics](#metrics)
- [Results](#results)
- [Model Examination](#model-examination)
- [Environmental Impact](#environmental-impact)
- [Technical Specifications [optional]](#technical-specifications-optional)
- [Model Architecture and Objective](#model-architecture-and-objective)
- [Compute Infrastructure](#compute-infrastructure)
- [Hardware](#hardware)
- [Software](#software)
- [Citation](#citation)
- [Glossary [optional]](#glossary-optional)
- [More Information [optional]](#more-information-optional)
- [Model Card Authors [optional]](#model-card-authors-optional)
- [Model Card Contact](#model-card-contact)
- [How to Get Started with the Model](#how-to-get-started-with-the-model)
# Model Details
- **Developed by:** Hugging Face
- **Model type:** Multi-modal model (text+image)
- **Language(s) (NLP):** en
- **License:** other
- **Parent Model:** [laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K](https://huggingface.co/laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K) and [huggyllama/llama-65b](https://huggingface.co/huggyllama/llama-65b)
- **Resources for more information:**
- [GitHub Repo](https://github.com/huggingface/m4/)
- Description of [OBELICS](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceM4/OBELICS): [OBELICS: An Open Web-Scale Filtered Dataset of Interleaved Image-Text Documents
](https://huggingface.co/papers/2306.16527)
- Original Paper: [Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning](https://huggingface.co/papers/2204.14198)
IDEFICS is a large multimodal English model that takes sequences of interleaved images and texts as inputs and generates text outputs.
The model shows strong in-context few-shot learning capabilities (and on par with the closed-source model), and is a robust starting point to fine-tune multimodal models on custom data.
IDEFICS is built on top of two unimodal open-access pre-trained models to connect the two modalities. Newly initialized parameters in the form of Transformer blocks bridge the gap between the vision encoder and the language model. The model is trained on a mixture of image/text pairs and unstrucutred multimodal web documents.
# Uses
The model can be used to perform inference on multimodal (image + text) tasks in which the input is composed of a text query/instruction along with one or multiple images. This model does not support image generation.
It is possible to fine-tune the base model on custom data for a specific use-case. We note that the instruction-fine-tuned models are significantly better at following instructions and thus should be prefered when using the models out-of-the-box.
The following screenshot is an example of interaction with the model:
TODO: screenshot
# How to Get Started with the Model
Use the code below to get started with the model.
Click to expand
More information needed
To quickly test your software without waiting for the huge model to download/load you can use `HuggingFaceM4/tiny-random-idefics` - it hasn't been trained and has random weights but it is very useful for quick testing.
# Training Details
We closel follow the training procedure layed out in [Flamingo](https://huggingface.co/papers/2204.14198). We combine two open-source pre-trained models ([laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K](https://huggingface.co/laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K) and [huggyllama/llama-65b](https://huggingface.co/huggyllama/llama-65b)) by initializing new Transformer blocks. The pre-trained backbones are frozen while we train the newly initialized parameters.
The model is trained on the following data mixture of openly accessible English data:
| Data Source | Type of Data | Number of Tokens in Source | Number of Images in Source | Epochs | Effective Proportion in Number of Tokens |
|-------------|-----------------------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|--------|-----------------------------------------|
| [OBELICS](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceM4/OBELICS) | Unstructured Multimodal Web Documents | 114.9B | 353M | 1 | 73.85% |
| [Wikipedia](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikipedia) | Unstructured Multimodal Web Documents | 3.192B | 39M | 3 | 6.15% |
| [LAION](https://huggingface.co/datasets/laion/laion2B-en) | Image-Text Pairs | 29.9B | 1.120B | 1 | 17.18%
| [PMD](https://huggingface.co/datasets/facebook/pmd) | Image-Text Pairs | 1.6B | 70M | 3 | 2.82% | |
**OBELICS** is an open, massive and curated collection of interleaved image-text web documents, containing 141M documents, 115B text tokens and 353M images. An interactive visualization of the dataset content is available [here](TODO). (https://atlas.nomic.ai/map/259c207e-a228-445b-af77-281c84f8bd52/1211f37e-6c31-4dab-80ba-fdb02dfc1a51 -> this is an early, non-final version)
**Wkipedia** is the multimodal equivalent of the encyclopedia. We used the English dump of Wikipedia created on February 20th, 2023.
**LAION** is a collection of image-text pairs collected from web pages from Common Crawl and texts are obtained using the alternative texts of each image. We deduplicated it (following [this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.12733)), slightly filtered it, and removed the opted-out images.
**PMD** is a collection of publicly-available image-text pair datasets. The dataset contains pairs from Conceptual Captions, Conceptual Captions 12M, WIT, Localized Narratives, RedCaps, COCO, SBU Captions, Visual Genome and a subset of YFCC100M dataset. Due to a server failure at the time of the pre-processing, we did not include SBU captions.
For multimodal web documents, we feed the model sequences corresponding to the succession of text paragraphs and images. For image-text pairs, we form the training sequences by packing images with their captions. The images are encoded with the vision encoder and vision hidden states are pooled with Transformer Perceiver blocks and then fused into the text sequence through the cross-attention blocks.
Following (Dehghani et al., 2023)[https://huggingface.co/papers/2302.05442], we apply a layer normalization on the projected queries and keys of both the Perceiver and cross-attention blocks, which improved training stability in our early experiments. We use the [RMSNorm](https://huggingface.co/papers/1910.07467) implementation for trainable Layer Norms.
The training objective is the standard next token prediction.
We use the following hyper and training parameters:
| Parameters | | IDEFICS | IDEFICS-9b |
| -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Perceiver Resampler | Number of Layers | 6 | 6 |
| | Number of Latents | 64 | 64 |
| | Number of Heads | 16 | 16 |
| | Resampler Head Dimension | 96 | 96 |
| Model | Language Model Backbone | [Llama-65b](https://huggingface.co/huggyllama/llama-65b) | [Llama-7b](https://huggingface.co/huggyllama/llama-7b) |
| | Vision Model Backbone | [laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K](https://huggingface.co/laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K) | [laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K](https://huggingface.co/laion/CLIP-ViT-H-14-laion2B-s32B-b79K) |
| | Cross-Layer Interval | 4 | 4 |
| Training | Sequence Length | 1024 | 1024 |
| | Effective Batch Size (# of tokens) | 3.67M | 1.31M |
| | Max Training Steps | 200K | 200K |
| | Weight Decay | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| | Optimizer | Adam(0.9, 0.999) | Adam(0.9, 0.999) |
| | Gradient Clipping | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| | [Z-loss](https://huggingface.co/papers/2204.02311) weight | 1e-3 | 1e-3 |
| Learning Rate | Initial Max | 5e-5 | 1e-5 |
| | Initial Final | 3e-5 | 6e-6 |
| | Decay Schedule | Linear | Linear |
| | Linear warmup Steps | 2K | 2K |
| Large-scale Optimization | Gradient Checkpointing | True | True |
| | Precision | Mixed-pres bf16 | Mixed-pres bf16 |
| | ZeRO Optimization | Stage 3 | Stage 3 |
# Evaluation
We closely follow the evaluation protocol of Flamingo and evaluate IDEFICS on a suite of downstream image + text benchmarks ranging from visual question answering to image captioning.
We compare our model to the original Flamingo along with [OpenFlamingo](openflamingo/OpenFlamingo-9B-vitl-mpt7b), another open-source reproduction.
We perform checkpoint selection based on validation sets of TODO, and select the checkpoint at step 65'000 for IDEFICS-9B and at step 37'500 for IDEFICS. The models are evaluated with in-context few-shot learning where the priming instances are selected from a support set to be similar (i.e. close in a vector space) to the queried instance. We do not use any form of ensembling.
TODO: beautiful plots of shots scaling laws.
| Model | Shots | VQAv2 (OE VQA acc) | OKVQA (OE VQA acc) | TextVQA (OE VQA acc) | VizWiz (OE VQA acc) | TextCaps (CIDEr) | Coco (CIDEr) | NoCaps (CIDEr) | Flickr (CIDEr) | ImageNet1k (accuracy) | VisDial (NDCG) | HatefulMemes (ROC AUC) | ScienceQA (accuracy) | RenderedSST2 (accuracy) | Winoground (group (text/image)) |
|:-----------|--------:|---------------------:|---------------------:|-----------------------:|----------------------:|-------------------:|---------------:|-----------------:|-----------------:|------------------------:|-----------------:|-------------------------:|-----------------------:|--------------------------:|----------------------------------:|
| IDEFIX 80B | 0 | 60.0 | 45.2 | 30.9 | 36.0 | 56.8 | 91.8 | 65.0 | 53.7 | 74.3 | 48.8 | 60.6 | 68.9 | 60.5 | 8.0 (18.8/22.5)|
| | 4 | 63.4 | 52.3 | 34.7 | 45.8 | 77.9 | 109.3 | 101.1 | 68.9 | - | 48.6 | 58.7 | 66.3 | 63.9 | - |
| | 8 | 64.5 | 55.2 | 35.4 | 49.3 | 82.5 | 113.9 | 104.7 | 74.3 | - | 48.1 | 57.8 | - | 64.3 | - |
| | 16 | 65.4 | 56.8 | 36.3 | 51.5 | 85.2 | 116.6 | 105.6 | 76.8 | - | - | 56.0 | - | 66.9 | - |
| | 32 | 66.0 | 58.0 | 37.0 | 52.6 | 86.1 | 116.5 | 106.3 | 78.9 | - | - | 54.3 | - | 68.0 | - |
| IDEFIX 9B | 0 | 50.9 | 38.4 | 25.9 | 35.5 | 25.4 | 46.0 | 36.8 | 27.3 | 70.7 | 48.7 | 51.7 | 44.2 | 61.8 | 5.0 (16.8/20.8)|
| | 4 | 55.6 | 45.8 | 26.8 | 42.0 | 60.8 | 88.9 | 78.4 | 52.2 | - | 48.1 | 52.6 | 41.6 | 60.6 | - |
| | 8 | 56.4 | 47.3 | 26.8 | 42.8 | 63.7 | 96.9 | 84.3 | 60.3 | - | 47.5 | 52.3 | - | 66.8 | - |
| | 16 | 57.2 | 49.0 | 28.1 | 45.0 | 68.0 | 99.6 | 87.2 | 65.0 | - | - | 52.5 | - | 66.0 | - |
| | 32 | 57.9 | 50.4 | 28.2 | 45.9 | 69.7 | 101.5 | 88.6 | 66.0 | - | - | 53.1 | - | 63.4 | - |
# Technical Specifications
## Hardware
The training was performed on an AWS SageMaker cluster with 64 nodes of 8x80GB A100 GPUs (512 GPUs total). The cluster uses the current EFA network which provides about 340GBps throughput.
As the network is quite slow for the needs of DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 we were only able to clock ~90 TFLOPs.
## Software
The training software is built on top of HuggingFace Transformers + Accelerate, and DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 for training, and [WebDataset](https://github.com/webdataset/webdataset) for data loading.
# Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., [Sheng et al. (2021)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.330.pdf) and [Bender et al. (2021)](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445922)).
As a derivative of such a language model, IDEFICS can produce texts that include disturbing and harmful stereotypes across protected classes; identity characteristics; and sensitive, social, and occupational groups.
Moreover, IDEFICS can produce factually incorrect texts, and should not be relied on to produce factually accurate information.
Here are a few examples of outputs that could be categorized as factually incorrect, biased, or offensive:
TODO: give 4/5 representative examples
To measure IDEFICS's ability to recognize socilogical (TODO: find a better adjective) attributes, we evaluate the model on FairFace...
TODO: include FairFace numbers
# Environmental Impact
Carbon emissions can be estimated using the [Machine Learning Impact calculator](https://mlco2.github.io/impact#compute) presented in [Lacoste et al. (2019)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09700).
- **Hardware Type:** 64 nodes of 8x 80GB A100 gpus, EFA network
- **Hours used:** ~672 node hours
- **Cloud Provider:** AWS Sagemaker
- **Carbon Emitted:** unknown
# Citation
**BibTeX:**
More information needed
**APA:**
More information needed
# Model Card Authors [optional]
V, i, c, t, o, r, ,, , S, t, a, s, ,, , X, X, X
# Model Card Contact
Please open a discussion on the Community tab!